A Review of Power Converter Topology used with

PMSG Based Wind Power Generation

Majid Jamil

Ravi Gupta

Department of Electrical Engineering,

Jamia Millia Islamia,
New Delhi, India

Department of Electrical Engineering,

Jamia Millia Islamia,
New Delhi, India
e-mail address ravigupta@kiet.edu

Mukhtiar Singh
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Delhi Technical University,
Delhi, India
Abstract Wind energy conversion systems are becoming popular in
the research areas of renewable energy resources. The commonly
used generators with wind energy conversion system (WECS) are
Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (SCIG), Doubly Fed Induction
Generator (DFIG), Wound Field Synchronous Generator (WFSG)
and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). Recently
PMSG is gaining popularity as it has many advantages over
conventional generators. Due to the variable nature of wind, PMSG
cannot be directly coupled with the grid. An intermediate power
electronic link needs to be provided between the generator and the
grid. Many power electronic converter topologies are being used with
PMSG. In this paper a review of recent and past grid connected
converter topologies, used with PMSG for wind power generation,
has been presented.

Keywords-multi-pole PMSG; multilevel converter; matrix

converter; Z-source inverter

I.

converter topologies have come up for integrating wind

generators with the grid [20], [21]. This paper presents the
state of the art of integration of PMSG with the grid using
power electronic converters.
II.

WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

Aerodynamically designed blades of wind turbines capture

power from the wind and convert it into rotating mechanical
power [22]. To match the operating speed of wind turbine and
generator a gear-box is included. A multi-pole PMSG either
totally eliminates the gear box or reduces its size [25]. For
decoupling of generator from the grid so as to enable the
variable speed operation of wind turbine an interfacing power
electronic converter is also included as illustrated in Fig. 1
[21].

INTRODUCTION

Burning of fossil fuels for generation of electrical energy has

been considered as the major factor of global warming and
environmental degradation [1]. Owing to the benefits of wind
power generation as a clean source of sustainable energy, it is
becoming more and more popular with the passage of time
[2]-[7]. The global wind energy capacity has grown rapidly
over the last decade and has become the fastest growing
renewable energy technology [8]. The average annual growth
rate of wind energy generation capacity over the period 2006
to 2011 is about 26% [10]. Many control strategies for wind
generators have already been developed so as to efficiently
utilize the wind power, which is variable in nature [11], [12].
The induction machine has the advantages such as robustness,
low cost and maintenance-free operation [15]-[17]. The
drawbacks of this machine are low power factor, as it draws
magnetizing current from the grid and requires a bulky
gearbox, which generates lot of noise, mechanical losses as
well as mechanical loading of wind turbine tower. In order to
eliminate the drawbacks of induction generator, PMSG is
being used in WECS [18], [19]. Recently many power

978-1-4673-0766-6/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

Fig. 1.

Components of wind energy conversion system.

After converting the mechanical wind energy into

electrical energy by the generator, the power electronic
converters are incorporated for conversion of generated AC
power into DC power (used either for storing energy in
batteries or supplying DC power to resistive loads) or in
AC/DC/AC systems supplying AC power to standalone AC
loads or to the grid, in grid coupled systems. Thus, various
topologies of converters used with the PMSG based WECS
have been explored resulting in conversion at low cost and
high efficiency [31], [32], [33]. Next section discusses the
various grid connected converter topologies, found in the
literature normally used with PMSG based WECS.

II.

POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTER

By the application of power electronics in wind energy

conversion system, the variable speed operation of the wind
turbine with improved dynamic and steady-state performances
of the wind generators, was made possible [34]. Two main
topologies of power converters used with PMSG are Stand
alone topology and Grid connected topology. The commonly
used grid connected topologies with PMSG can be further
classified on the basis of grid side converters.
Thyristorised grid side inverter
Hard switched grid side inverter
Multilevel converters
Matrix converter
Z-source inverter
The most cited grid connected converter topologies used
with PMSG for each of the above category are given below.
A. Thyristorised Grid Side Inverter
The AC output of PMSG is converted into DC using any of the
following converters and then again converted back to AC
using thyristorised inverter coupled to the grid. This topology
can be further categorized into following types depending on
the type of generator side converter used.
1) Generator Side Diode Rectifier: The output of PMSG is
rectified with the help of an uncontrolled rectifier to form a
DC link [35]. A line commutated thyristorised inverter
converts the DC power into AC and coupled with the grid as
shown in Fig. 2. The advantages of this topology as compared
to the hard-switched inverters are reduced cost and higher
available power rating. The main disadvantage of this scheme
is that it requires an active compensator for meeting reactive
power demand and reduction in total harmonic distortion.

Fig. 3.

PMSG with diode rectifier and series connected thyristorised CSI

bridges.

B. Hard Switched Grid Side PWM Converters

The following topologies are being used with the grid side
PWM converters.
1) Back to Back PWM VSI: In [38] generator side
converter is controlled to extract maximum power under
different wind conditions and grid side converter is controlled
for power factor regulation, as shown in Fig. 4. In [39] an
intermediate chopper circuit is used for stable operation under
line fault condition and output power smoothening is achieved
via coordinated action of DC link voltage and pitch angle
control of wind turbine. In [41] the grid side converter has
four legs to supply three phase 4 wire nonlinear load locally.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 2.

PMSG with uncontrolled rectifier, grid side thyristoried inverter

and compensator.

2) Generator Side Diode Rectifier with Series Connected

Thyristorised Current Source Inverter (CSI) Bridges: In this
topology the generator output is rectified by an uncontrolled
rectifier and fed to two series connected thyristorised CSIs
shown in Fig. 3. The output of CSIs are fed to the grid through
a three winding transformer (star-star-delta). This topology is
useful for large multi-megawatt wind turbines [36], [37]. As
PWM is not used so switching losses are reduced. The firing
angles of the two series connected converters are maintained
to be negative and equal to each other so as to reduce fifth &
seventh harmonics.

PMSG with Back to back PWM converters.

2) Generator Side Phase Shifting Transformer feeding

Series Type 12 Pulse Uncontrolled Rectifier (Fig. 5): At the
generator side passive filters and phase shifting transformer
feeding a series type 12 pulse rectifier result in high efficiency
and suppression of distortions present in the Interior
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator output voltages
and currents [23]. The output of the rectifier is inverted into
AC voltage of desired magnitude and frequency and fed to the
grid by PWM inverter. A grid side filter is also used.

= 0

=30

Fig. 5.

PMSG with phase shifting transformer feeding series type 12 pulse

uncontrolled rectifier

3) Generator Side Uncontrolled Rectifier with Boost

Converter (Fig.6) : The output of the generator is rectified by
an uncontrolled rectifier and Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT) is achieved through a boost converter [24]. The
advantage of the technique used is that no wind speed
measurement is required and the controller adapts to the
parameter variations of the turbine or generator.

Fig. 6.

presence of large number of capacitors it has short duration

fault ride through capability and good performance is attained
even with the switching frequency of only 1 KHz. The
disadvantages of this topology are: precharging of the
capacitors to the same voltage level is required, large number
of capacitors makes the system bulky and expensive,
balancing control of flying capacitor voltages is required.
2) Neutral Point Clamped (Fig. 9): In [48] a boost three
level (TL) chopper has been used in the front of a TL diodeclamped inverter. The switch-signal phase delay control
(SSPDC) has been implemented for Neutral Point (NP)
potential balancing of TL inverter based on the characteristics
of boost TL chopper.

PMSG with uncontrolled rectifier and boost converter.

4) Generator Side Semicontrolled Rectifier (Fig. 7): The

main advantages of the topology are simplicity, no possibility
of shoot through fault, high efficiency and low cost as the
number of controlled switches is reduced [43].

Fig. 9.

Fig. 7.

PMSG with semicontrolled rectifier.

C. Multilevel Converters
In order to connect power semiconductor switches directly to
medium voltage grids (2.3, 3.3, 4.16, or 6.9 kV) a new
category of multilevel inverters have been developed [44][46], [66]-[70]. Three different topologies of multilevel
inverters are popular: diode-clamped (neutral-clamped);
capacitor-clamped (flying capacitors); and cascaded multi-cell
with separate dc sources.

Fig. 8.

Neutral point clamped inverter.

3) Cascaded H Bridge: Offshore wind farms is the latest

trend in wind power generation [55]-[61]. In an offshore
application to avoid copper loss, a step up transformer is
included in the necelle of wind turbine along with the
generator and converters. But it increases the mechanical
loading of the tower. In order to have a transformerless design
a multilevel cascaded voltage source converter, as shown in
Fig. 10, has been developed to generate high AC voltage [50].
The dc link voltage in each module is obtained by the
rectification of output voltages of two isolated generator coils.
An H-bridge inverter converts this DC voltage into AC
voltage. The switching scheme used in inverter equalizes the
power sharing among series connected modules, as shown in
Fig. 11.

PMSG with flying capacitor multilevel converter.

1) Flying Capacitor (Fig. 8): In [47], three-level flying

capacitor converter with carrier phase shifted SPWM
technique CPS-SPWM) has been used. Its advantages are that
real and reactive power flow can be controlled, due to the

Fig. 10.

Cascaded H-Brigde modules.

Fig. 11.

Two individual generator coils feeding two paraller rectifiers and

H - Bridge module.

D. Matrix Converter(Fig. 12)

This topology has the advantage that generated voltage of
PMSG is converted into desired AC output voltage without the
need of any intermediate AC to DC conversion stage. In [52]
the output of PMSG is converted by a Reduced Matrix
Converter (RMC), placed in the nacelle of each turbine, into a
high frequency single phase AC voltage. A high frequency
transformer of reduced weight and size is used for insulation
purposes. The output of the transformer is rectified and the
rectified DC outputs of all the generators so obtained are
series connected to generate high voltage DC (HVDC) link.
HVDC transmission through under water cables in the sea,
reduces cable losses and as it requires less number of
conversion stages thus reduces the investment cost also.

Fig. 12.

PMSG with Reduced matrix converter.

E. Z-Source Inverter
In Fig. 13, PMSG based WECS with Z-source inverter is
shown. Here the switching device count has been reduced by
one in comparison to the conventional WECS with boost
converter [53]. As there is no requirement of dead time with Z
source inverter, hence reliability of the system is improved
and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is reduced by 40% in
comparison to the conventional system with 5 millisecond
dead time. The generator output is feasible even during low
wind speed condition as Z- source inverter boosts the voltage
level. In Fig. 14, PMSG has been integrated with a threeswitch buck-type rectifier and at the grid-side a Z-source
inverter has been used [54]. The voltage-oriented control has
been adopted for the Z-source inverter and the maximum wind
power could be extracted by adjusting the shoot through
duration of the Z-source network.

Fig. 13.

Fig. 14.

PMSG with uncontrolled rectifier and grid side Z- Source inverter.

PMSG with three switch buck converter and grid side Z-source
inverter.

III.

CONCLUSION

As wind energy generation is gaining popularity, many

solutions to integrate it to the power grid have come up
recently. The advances in the area of VLSI technology giving
birth to new power electronic devices capable of operating at
higher frequency and higher voltage level, development of
faster processors and newer permanent magnet materials
available at lower cost have allowed the use of PMSG not only
in low power applications but also in medium and large power
generation. This paper has categorized different popular
converter topologies used with PMSG on the basis of grid side
converters and further sub-categorized each category on the
basis of generator side converters. The Generator side diode
rectifier with thyristorised grid-side inverter is one of the
earliest topology which is although cheap but generates lot of
harmonics in the generator current thus increases losses and
reduces generators life. Besides, this topology is not capable
of extracting power under low wind speed condition. An
improved design of this topology is discussed in [61] where
two series connected thyristorised CSI are added to generator
side diode rectifier thus reducing harmonics. In hard switched
inverter category back to back PWM VSI is the most popular
topology but is a costly solution for smaller capacity
generators. Generator side uncontrolled rectifier with boost
converter and generator side semi-controlled rectifier are the
cheaper solutions striking a trade-off between power quality
and cost. Direct drive technology without gear box uses multipole PMSG and feeding power through multilevel converters
results in light weight transformer-less design. This topology
reduces the weight of the tower and is being used for offshore
wind farms. The power transmission to the on shore
converters is being done through HVDC link using under sea

marine cables. Recently new converter topologies besides

multilevel converter that are being used with the PMSG are
matrix converter and Z-source inverter. Matrix converters
eliminate the intermediate AC to DC stage thus improves
reliability of the system. Zsource inverter topology improves
the reliability of the system as it is nearly immune to the shoot
through fault and permits boosting of the voltage under low
harmonic distortion condition.
IV.
[1]

[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]

[12]
[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]
[20]

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