Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Electric Heating
Heat can be produced by passing current through
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Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Conduction
Heat transfers from one part of substance to another
MJ
where k is the coefficient of the thermal conductivity for the material and is
measured in MJ/m3 /0C/hr
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Convection
Heat transfer takes place from one part to another part
H aT1 T2
W/m2
where a and b are the constants whose values are depend upon the heating
surface and T1 and T2 are the temperatures of heating element and fluid in oC,
Respectively.
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Radiation
Heat transfers from source to the substance to be heated without
W/m2
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operation.
3) Embrittlement caused by gain growth.
4) Containment and corrosion.
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Formation of Hotspots
Points on the heating element where the temperature
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at high temperatures.
When cold, the elements are very brittle and liable to
rupture easily on the slightest handling and jerks.
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(1)
(2)
T
T
4
1
2
H 5.72 10 ke
W/m2
1000 1000
(3)
Contd..
Surface area of the circular heating element:
S=dl
Total heat dissipated= surface area x H
= Hdl
Under thermal equilibrium,
power input= heat dissipated
P = H x dl
V2d2/4l = H x dl
d/l2 = 4H/V2
(4)
Ribbon-type Element
Let w be the width and t be the thickness of the ribbon-type
heating element.
Electrical power input P= V2 /R
(5)
we know that R= l/a = l/(w x t)
as area for ribbon or rectangular element, a= w x t
P= V2 / [l/(w x t)]
l/w = V2 t/P
(6)
Total surface area of the rectangular element (S)= 2l x w
Total heat dissipated = H x S = H x 2lw
Under thermal equilibrium,
Electrical power input = Heat dissipated
P = H x 2lw
(7)
lw = P/2H
Solving equations (6) and (7) , the length and width of the heating
element can be determined
Resistance
Heating
Arc
Heating
Direct Arc
Heating
Indirect Arc
Heating
Indirect
Direct
Resistance Resistance
Heating
Heating
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Election
Bombardment
Heating
Induction
Heating
Direct
Induction
Heating
Dielectric
Heating
Indirect
Induction
Heating
Infrared(or)
Radiant
Heating
P.Srinivas Rao Nayak, Assistant Professor NITT
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Resistance Heating
When current passes through a high-resistive body(or)
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Electrode Boiler
Used to heat the water by immersing
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heating element.
In case of industrial heating, sometimes
the heating element is placed in a
cylinder which is surrounded by the
charge placed in a jacket is known as
heating chamber.
Heat is proportional to power loss
produced in the heating element is
delivered to the charge by one or more of
the modes of transfer of heat.
This arrangement provides uniform
temperature and automatic temperature
control.
This method of heating is used in
immersion water heaters, room heaters,
and the resistance ovens used in
domestic and commercial cooling and
salt bath furnace.
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Resistance Ovens
Low temperature heating chamber with the
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Arc Heating
If high voltage is applied across an air gap, the air in the gap
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Induction Heating
This process makes use of currents induced by the
4.
5.
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losses.
Absence of crucibles.
Consistent performance and simple control.
It is operating at high power factor.
Pinch effect can be avoided.
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stirring.
The cost is less for erection and operation.
It can be used for heating and melting.
Any shape of crucible can be used.
It is suitable for intermittent operation.
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Electric Welding
Welding is the process of joining two pieces of metal
or non-metal together by heating them to their melting
point.
Filler metal may or may not be used to join two pieces.
The physical and mechanical properties of a material
to be welded such as melting temperature, density, thermal
conductivity and tensile strength take an important role in
welding.
Welding is nowadays extensively used in automobile
industry, pipe-line fabrication in thermal power plants,
machine repair work, machine frames, etc.
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Advantages of Welding
Welding
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Disadvantages of Welding
Welding gives out harmful radiations and fumes.
Welding needs internal inspection.
If welding is not done carefully, it may result in the
distortion of workpiece.
Skilled welding is necessary to produce good welding.
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Resistance
Welding
Spot
Welding
Seam
Projection
Butt
Welding Welding Welding
Upset
Butt
Welding
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Arc
Welding
Metal
Arc
Welding
Carbon
Arc
Welding
Atomic
Hydrogen
Arc
Welding
Helium
(or)
Argon
Welding
Flash Percussion
Butt
Butt
Welding Welding
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Resistance Welding
The process of joining two metals together by the heat
H I 2 Rt
where I is current through the electrodes, R is the
contact resistance of the interface and t is the time for
which current flows.
Total resistance offered to the circuit includes
resistance of the current path, resistance between the
contact surfaces of the parts being welded and
resistance between electrodes and the surface of parts
being welded.
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Spot Welding
The joining of two metal sheets and fusing them together
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Seam Welding
Series of continuous spot welding results in seam welding.
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Projection Welding
In this welding, both current and pressure are
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Applications
Employed on punched, formed, or stamped parts.
Mass production work, i.e., welding of refrigerators,
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Butt Welding
Butt welding is similar to the welding; however, the
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Percussion Welding
It is a form of flash welding, where high current of short
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Applications
It is useful for welding satellite tips to tools, silver
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Advantages
Heat developed during the welding can be easily
Disadvantages
Input current required in this welding is very high.
In case of the ferrous metal, there is chance of
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Applications
It can be employed for the welding of stainless steel
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AC is used.
Arc length should be kept as small as possible,
otherwise the weld will be brittle.
Current required varies from 10 to 500 A depending
upon the type of work to be welded.
Main disadvantage in DC metal arc welding is the
presence of arc blow, i.e., distortion of arc stream from
the intended path due to the magnetic forces of the
non-uniform magnetic field with AC arc blow is
considerably reduced.
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Advantages
Flux is not required since inert gas envelope protects
Applications
The welding is employed for light alloys, stainless
steel, etc.
The welding of non-ferrous metal such as copper,
aluminum, etc.
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Advantages
Deep penetration with high quality weld is possible.
Job with heavy thickness can be welded.
The weld so obtained has good ductility, impact
Applications
Widely used in heavy steel plant fabrication work.
Employed for welding high strength steel, corrosion
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