1.

a) An insulated rigid vessel contains some powdered coal and air at a pressure of 10 bar and a
temperature of 200 C. The coal is ignited, there results a rise in the pressure and temperature
of the contents of the vessel, the final temperature is 538 0 C. Taking the vessel and the
contents to be the system under consideration evaluate the increase in the energy of the
system. b) The insulation is now removed. A heat transfer. of 50 kJ from the system causes
the temperature to fall to the initial value, 200 C. Evaluate the increase in the energy of the
system during this process. c) Taking the initial energy of the system 32 kJ, write down the
energy values after process (a) and after process (b)
Solution: a) The vessel is rigid i.e., dv = 0 W = 0
System boundary is insulated, Q = 0
By 1st law
Q = E + W E = 0
(Though there is a change in temperature and pressure of the system, there is no change in
energy. All that happens is chemical energy of the system is converted into internal energy).
b) W = 0 ; Insulation removed:
Q = - 50 kJ
-50 = 0 + E
E = -50 kJ or decrease in energy = 50 kJ
c) During process (a) E = 0 Initial energy = energy after process = 32 kJ
For process (b) initial energy = Final energy in process (a) = 32 kJ
E for process (b) = -50 kJ
i.e., Efinal Einitial = - 50 kJ
Efinal = -50 + 32
= 18 kJ
2. On a warm summer day, a housewife decides to beat the heat by closing the windows and
doors in the kitchen and opening the refrigerator door. At first she feels cool and refreshed,
but after a while the effect begins to wear off. Evaluate the situation as it relates to first law,
considering the room including the refrigerator as the system.
Solution:
Room

..

+
We
-

System

Ref

At first the temperature of air in the room falls since it communicates with the cool refrigerator.
This makes the housewife feel cool.
Considering the room and its contents as a system, and assuming walls, windows and doors nonconducting, Q = 0. For the operation of refrigerator, electricity is supplied from outside and
hence electrical work We = is done on the system.
From first law of TD
Q = E + W e
0 = E - We E = We
Positive sign of energy indicates the increase in energy of the system with time. As the energy is
increasing, the temperature of air increases and hence effect of coolness gradually begins to wear
off.

Dr. T.N. Shridhar, Professor, NIE, Mysore

3. The average heat transfer from a person to the surroundings when he is not actively working
is about 950 kJ/hr. suppose that in the auditorium containing 1000 people the ventilation
system fails. a) How much does the internal energy of air in the auditorium increase during
the first 15 minutes after the ventilation fails? b) Considering the auditorium and all the
people as system and assuming no heat transfer. to surroundings, how much does the int.
energy of the system change? How do you account for the fact that the temperature of air
increases?
Solution: a) Average heat transfer per person = 960 kJ/hr
= 960 / 60 = 15.83 kJ /min
Average heat transfer / person for 15 min = 237.5 kJ
Average heat transfer for 15 min in the auditorium containing 1000 people
Q = 237.5 x 1000 = 237500 kJ/min
From first law of TD, we have Q = E + W
237500 = E + 0
E = 237.5 MJ
b) Considering the auditorium and all the people as system,
Q = 0; W = 0
Q = E + W
0 = E + 0
E = 0
Increase in internal energy of the air due to increase in its temperature is compensated by the
decrease in internal energy of the people.
4. A household refrigerator is loaded with fresh food and closed. Consider the whole
refrigerator and the contents as a system. The machine uses 1 kWhr of electrical energy in
cooling the food and the internal energy of the food (system) decreases by 5250 kJ, as the
temperature drops. Find the magnitude and direction of heat transfer during the process.
Solution:
Ref
Power +
Supply Contents

Given: Electrical work, = 1 kWhr

We = 860 Kcal
= 860 (4.187) = - 3600.8 kJ
Given, E = - 5250 kJ
From first law of TD Q = E + We
= - 5250 3600.8
= - 8850 kJ
Negative sign indicates heat flows from the refrigerator to the surroundings
5. A closed system undergoes a constant volume process in which 85 kJ of heat is supplied to it.
The system then undergoes a constant pressure process in which 90 kJ of heat is rejected by

Dr. T.N. Shridhar, Professor, NIE, Mysore

the system and 15 kJ of work is done on it. Finally the system is brought back to its original
state by a reversible adiabatic process. Determine i) The magnitude and direction of work
transfer during the adiabatic process. ii) The energy of the system at all end states if the
energy at the initial state is 100 kJ.
Solution:
3

p
1
V
Process 1-2: Constant volume process i.e., dv = 0 i.e., W1-2 = 0
Q1-2 = (E2 E1) + W1-2
85 = (E2 E1) + 0
(E2 E1) = 85 kJ
But E1 = 100 kJ
E2 -100 = 85 E2 = 185 kJ
Process 2-3: (Constant pressure process)
Q2-3 = (E3 E2) + W2-3
-90 = (E3 E2) 15 (E3 E2) = -75 kJ
But E2 = 185 kJ
E3 = -75 + 185 = 110 kJ
In a cyclic process Q W
Q1-2 + Q2-3 + Q3-1 = W1-2 + W2-3 + W3-1
85 90 + 0 = 0 -15 + W3-1
W3-1 = 10 kJ
6. A system undergoes a constant pressure process which is followed by a constant volume
process. during the constant pressure process, 125 kJ of heat is transferred to the system and
50 kJ of work is done by the system. during a constant volume process, 125 kJ of heat is
rejected from the system. find the work interaction if a rev. adiabatic process restores the
system to the initial state.
Solution: Process 1-2: Constant pressure process
We have Q12 = 125 W12 = + 50
Q12 = E2 E1 + W12
125 = (E2 E1) + 50
(E2 E1) = 75 kJ
Process 2-3: Constant volume process, i.e., dv = 0 W23 = 0
We have Q23 = -125
Q2-3 = (E3 E2) + W2-3
-125 = (E3 E2) + 0 (E3 E2) = - 125 kJ
Q3-1 = 0
For a cyclic process Q W
125 125 + 0 = 50 + 0 + W3-1
Dr. T.N. Shridhar, Professor, NIE, Mysore

W3-1 = - 50 kJ
or Process 3-1: (Rev. Adiabatic process) dQ = 0
Q3-1 = E1 E3 + W3-1
0 = (E1 E2) + (E2 E3) + W3-1
= -75 + 125 + W3-1 W3-1 = -50 kJ
7. A system executes a cyclic process which includes four processes: 1-2, 2-3, 3-4 and 4-1. The
magnitudes of the energy transfer are shown in the following table.
Process heat transfer
Work transfer
Change in internal
Q (kJ)
W(N-m)
energy U (kJ)
1-2
10
0
10
3
2-3
-25
15 x 10
-40 kJ
3-4
60
23.5 kJ
36.5 kJ
4-1
-15
-8.5 x 103
-6.5 kJ
Find the magnitude of the unknown quantities in kJ (Hint: For the process 3-4, use dU 0
8. A system composed of a stone having a mass of 10 kg and a bucket containing 100 kg of
water are at the same temperature the stone being at a height of 10.2 m above the water level.
Stone falls into the water. Determine U, kE, PE, Q and W for the following cases. a) The
stone is above to enter the water. b) The stone has just come to rest in the bucket and c) Heat
has been transferred to the surroundings in such an amount that the stone and water are at the
same temperature they were initially.
Solution: The 1st law of THERMODYNAMICS. is
m
Q1-2 = U2 U1 + (v22 v12) + mg (h2 h1) + W1-2
--- (1)
2
a) The stone is about to enter the water
Assuming no heat transfer. to or from the stone a sit falls,
Q1-2 = 0 W1-2 = 0
U = 0
Equation: 1) reduces to 0 = kE + pE or
- kE = pE
= mg (h2 h1)
= 10 (9.81) (-10.2)
= - 1000 J = - 1kJ
i.e., kE = 1 kJ & pE = - 1kJ
b) Just after the stone comes to rest in the bucket,
Q1-2 = 0 ; W1-2 = 0
kE = 0
Equation 1) reduce to pE = -U = mg (h2 h1) = - 1kJ
U = 1kJ & pE = - 1kJ
c) After heat has been transferred so that stone & water are at the same temperature they
were initially, U = 0 In this case
U = 0
kE= 0
W1-2 = 0
Equation 1) reduces to Q1-2 = PE = mg (h2 h1) = -1kJ

Dr. T.N. Shridhar, Professor, NIE, Mysore

The Pure Substance

The system encountered in thermodynamics is often quite less complex and consists of fluids
that don not change chemically, or exhibit significant electrical, magnetic or capillary effects.
These relatively simple systems are given the generic name the Pure Substance.
Definition
A system is set to be a pure substance if it is (i) homogeneous in chemical composition, (ii)
homogeneous in chemical aggregation and (iii) invariable in chemical aggregation.
Homogeneous in chemical composition means that the composition of each part of the system is
same as the composition of any other part. Homogeneous in chemical aggregation implies that
the chemical elements must be chemically combined in the same way in all parts of the system.
Invariable in chemical aggregation means that the chemical aggregation should not vary with
respect to time.
Steam

Water

H2 + O2
(Gas)

H2 + O2
(Gas)

Water

Water

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Satisfies condition (i)
Satisfies condition (i)
Does not satisfies condition (i)
Satisfies condition (ii) Does not satisfies condition (ii)
Satisfies condition (iii)
Figure Illustration of the definition of pure substance
In figure three systems are shown. The system (i) shown in the figure is a mixture of steam and
water. It is homogeneous in chemical composition because in every part of the system we have,
for every atom of oxygen we have two atoms of hydrogen, whether the sample is taken from
steam or water. The same is through for system (ii) consisting of water and uncombined mixture
of hydrogen and oxygen. System (iii) however is not homogeneous in chemical composition
because in the upper part of the system hydrogen and oxygen are present in the ratio 1:1 where as
in the bottom portion they are present in the ratio 2:1.
System (i) also satisfies condition (ii), because both hydrogen and oxygen have combined
chemically in every part of the system. System (ii) on the other hand does not satisfies condition
(ii) because the bottom part of the system has two elements namely hydrogen and oxygen have
chemically combined where as in the upper part of the system the (ii) elements appear as a
mixture of two individual gases.
Invariable in chemical aggregation means that the state of chemical combination of the system
should not change with time. Thus the mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, if it is changing into
steam during the time the system was under consideration, then the systems chemical

Dr. T.N. Shridhar, Professor, NIE, Mysore

aggregation is varying with time and hence this system is not a pure substance. Thus the system
(i) is a pure substance where as the systems (ii) and (iii) are not pure substances.
The Two Property Rule for a Pure Substance
The thermodynamics state of a pure substance of a given mass can be fixed by specifying two
independent properties provided (i) the substance is in equilibrium and (ii) the effects of gravity,
motion, capillarity, electricity and magnetism are negligible.
The above rule indicates that if the values of two properties of a pure substance are fixed then the
values for all other properties are fixed. This means that there is a definite relation between the
two independent properties and each of the other properties. Each of these relations is called
Equation of state for a pure substance. The equation of state for a pure substance can be in any
one of the following forms: (i) Algebraic equation (example: perfect gas equation), (ii) Tables
(example: steam tables) and (iii) Charts (example: Mollier chart for steam).
Specific heat, C
When interaction of heat takes place between a closed system and its surroundings, the
internal energy of the system changes. If Q is the amount of heat transferred to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of substance by dT, then, specific heat C = Q/dT
As we know, the specific heat of gas depends not only on the temperature but also upon the type
of the heating process. i.e., specific heat of a gas depends on whether the gas is heated under
constant volume or under constant pressure process.
We have dQ = m CV. dT for a rev. non-flow process at constant volume
and dQ = m Cp. dT for a rev. non-flow process at constant pressure
For a perfect gas, Cp & CV are constant for any one gas at all pressure and temperatures. Hence,
integrating above equations.
Flow of heat in a rev. constant pressure process = m Cp (T2 T1)
Flow of heat in a rev. constant volume process = m CV (T2 T1)
The internal energy of a perfect gas is a function of temperature only. i.e, u = f (T), to evaluate
this function, let 1 kg of gas be heated at constant volume
From non-flow energy equation, Q = dU + W
W = 0
since volume remains constant
Q = dU = CV. dT
Int. U = CVT + k where k is a constant
For mass m, Int. energy = m CVT
Any process between state 1 to state 2,
Change in int. energy = m CV (T2 T1)
(U2 U1)
= m CV (T2 T1)
We can also find the relationship between Cp & CV & shown that
Cp
R
rR
Cp Cv = R ;
;
&
Cv
CP
CV
r 1
r 1

Dr. T.N. Shridhar, Professor, NIE, Mysore

Enthalpy: Consider a system undergoing a quasi equilibrium constant pressure process. We

have from 1st law of thermodynamics for a non-flow process,
Q1-2 = U2 U1 + W1-2
W1-2 = 12 pdv
Since pressure is constant W1-2 = p (V2 V1)
Q1-2 = U2 U1 + p (V2 V1)
= (U2 + p2V2) (U1 + p1V1)
i.e., heat transfer during the process is given in terms of the change in the quantity (U + pV)
between initial and final states. Therefore, it find more convenient in thermodynamics to define
this sum as a property called Enthalpy (H)
i.e., H = U + pV
In a constant pressure quasi equilibrium process, the heat transfer is equal to the change in
enthalpy which includes both the change in internal energy and the work for this particular
process.
The enthalpy of a fluid is the property of the fluid, since it consists of the sum of a property and
the product of the two properties. Since enthalpy is a property, like internal energy, pressure,
specific volume and temperature, it can be introduced into any problem whether the process is a
flow or a non-flow process.
For a perfect gas, we have h = u + pV
= CV T + RT
= (CV + R) T
= Cp T
i.e., h = CpT & H = mCpT
For any process, Q = dH
= mCpdT
For a process between states 1 & 2
Change in enthalpy = (H2 H1) = mCp (T2 T1)
Specific heat at Constant Volume:
When heat interaction takes place at constant volume, W = 0 and from 1 st law of
thermodynamics, for unit mass, (q)V = dU
The amount of heat supplied or removed per degree change in temperature, when the system is
kept under constant volume, is called as the specific heat at constant volume,

Q
dU
CV =
dT V dT V
Or dU = CV dT
Or

Specific heat at Constant pressure

When heat interaction is at constant pressure, (q)p = dh

Dr. T.N. Shridhar, Professor, NIE, Mysore

The amount of heat added or removed per degree change in temperature, when the system is kept
under constant pressure, is called as the specific heat at constant pressure.

Q
dh
Or Cp =
dT p dT p
Or dh = Cp. dT
Application of 1st law of thermodynamics to non-flow or closed system:
a) Constant volume process (V = constant)
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics to the process,
Q1-2 = U2 U1 + W1-2
= U2 U1 + 0
i.e., Q1-2 = CV (T2 T1)
For mass m of a substance, Q = mCV (T2 T1)
b) Constant pressure (p = Constant)
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics to the process,
Q1-2 = u2 u1 + W1-2
The work done, W1-2 = 12 p dV = p (V2 V1)
i.e., Q1-2 = u2 u1 + p (V2 V1) = (u2 + pV2) (u1 + pV1)
= h2 h 1
i.e., Q = Cp (T2 T1)
For mass m of a substance, Q = mCp (T2 T1)
c) Constant temperature process (Isothermal process, T = constant)
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics to the process,
Q1-2 = U2 U1 + W1-2
= CV (T2 T2) + W1-2
i.e., Q1-2 = W1-2
T1 T2
Q1-2 = p1V1 lnV2/V1
= p1 V1 ln p1/p2
d) Reversible adiabatic process (pV) = constant
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics to the process,
Q1-2 = U2 U1 + W1-2
O = u2 U1 + W1-2 --- (1)
p V p 2V2
Or (U1 U2) = 1 1
1
RT1 T2
(U1 U2) =
1
The above equation is true for an adiabatic process whether the process is reversible or not.
In an adiabatic experiment, the work done W1-2 by the fluid is at the expense of a reduction

Dr. T.N. Shridhar, Professor, NIE, Mysore

in the internal energy of the fluid. Similarly in an adiabatic composition process, all the
work done on the fluid goes to increase the internal energy of the fluid.
To derive pV = C: For a reversible adiabatic process
We have q = du + u
For a reversible process, w = p dV
q = du+ p dV
= O For an adiabatic process q = 0
Also for a perfect gas, pV = RT or p = RT
V
dV
dU + RT
V
Also, u = CV T or du = CV dT
dV
CV dT + RT
V
dT
dV
or CV
R
0
T
V
Int., CV ln T + R ln V = constant
Sub. T = pV/R
Cv ln Pv R ln v = constant
R
pV
R
Or ln

ln V = constant
R CV
R
R
Also, CV =
or
1
1 CV
pV
ln
( 1) ln V = constant
R
pV
ln
ln V 1 = constant
R
pVxV 1
or ln
= constant
R
pV r
i.e., ln
= constant
R
pV r
or
= econstant = constant
R
i.e., pV = constant
we have pV = RT
RT
or p =
V
sub. This value of p in pV = C

Dr. T.N. Shridhar, Professor, NIE, Mysore

RT
V =C
V

Also, V =

or TV-1 = constant

--- (a)

RT
sub. This in equation pressure = C
P

RT
= constant
p
p
T2
= constant
p 1

or

T
1

= constant --- (b)

p
For a reversible adiabatic process for a perfect gas between states 1 & 2, we can write
p1V1

T1V1-1

= T2V2

T1

T2

r 1

p1

V
p
or 2 1
p1 V2

p2V2

r 1

p2

-1

--- (c)

V
T
or 2 1
T1 V2

p
T
or 2 2
T1 p1

--- (d)

r 1
r

--- (e)

The work done in an adiabatic process is W = u1 u2

The gain in I.E. of a perfect gas, is u2 u1 = CV (T2 T1)
W = CV (T1 T2)
R
But CV =
1
R(T1 T2 )
W =
1
p V p 2V2
Using pV = RT,
W= 1 1
1
e) Poly tropic process (pVn = constant)
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics, Q1-2 = u2 u1 + W1-2
R T1 T2
= (u2 u1) +
n 1
R T1 T2
i.e., Q =
- CV (T1 T2)
n 1
R
n
Also CV =
sub. & simplifying Q =
W
1
n 1
In a poly tropic process, the index n depends on the heat and work quantities during the
process.

Dr. T.N. Shridhar, Professor, NIE, Mysore

10

9. A cylinder contains 0.45 m3 of a gas at 1 bar & 800C. The gas is compressed to a volume of
0.13 m3, the final pressure being 5 bar. Determine i) the mass of the gas, ii) the value of
index n for composition, iii) the increase in internal energy of the gas and iv) the heat
received or rejected by the gas during compression. (Take = 1.4, R = 294.2 J/kg-K).
Solution: V1 = 0.45 m3
p1 = 1 x 105 Pa
V2 = 0.13 m3 T1 = 353 K
p2 = 5 x 105 Pa
1x10 5 x0.45
i) We have p1V1 = mRT1 m =
= 0.433 kg
294.2 x353
ii)

p1V1n

p2V2n

V
i.e., 1
V2

p
2
p1

0.45
5
Or

0.13
1
n 1

n = 1.296

V
T
0.45
iii) 2 1
T2 = 509.7 K

T1 V2
0.13
Increase in int. energy, U = mCv (T2 T1)
R
= 0.433 x
(T2 T1)
r 1
294.2
509.7 353
= 0.433 x
1.4 1
= 49.9 kJ
iv) We have Q = U + W
p V p 2V2 mRT1 T2 0.433294.27 353 509.7
W= 1 1
=
=
0.296
n 1
n 1
= - 67.44 kJ
Q = 49.9 67.44 = - 17.54 kJ
Heat rejected = - 17.54 kJ
0.296

10. The properties of a certain fluid are related as follows

U = 196 + 0.718 t
pv = 0.287 (t + 273)
where u is the sp. Internal energy (kJ/kg), t is in 0C,
p is pressure (kN/m2) and v is sp. Volume (m3/kg).
For this fluid, find Cv & Cp
du
du
Solution: By definition sp. Heat at constant volume Cv =
dt v dt
d
CV =
(196 + 0.718 t)
dt
= 0.718 kJ/kg0C
d
dh
Also, Cp = u pv
dt p dt

Dr. T.N. Shridhar, Professor, NIE, Mysore

11

du d
pv
dt dt
d
196 0.718t d 0.287t 0.287 x 273
=
dt
dt
d
0.718t 0.287t
dt
= 1.005 kJ/kg0C

11. A fluid system consisting of 4.17 kg of a pure substance has an energy E of 85 kJ. The
kinetic energy of the system is 17 kJ and its gravitational potential energy is 5 kJ. The system
undergoes an adiabatic process in which the final sp. i.e., is 150 kJ/kg, the final kinetic
energy is 1.9 kJ and the final gravitational potential energy is 1.1 kJ. The effects due to
electricity, capillary and magnetism are assumed to be absent. a) Evaluate the initial value of
the sp. i.e., of the fluid. b) Determine the magnitude and sign of the work done during the
process.
Solution: Total initial energy E1 =KE1 + PE1 +U1
85 = 17 + 5 + U1 U1 = 63 kJ
63
Initial sp. i.e., =
15.108kJ / kg
4.17
Final state: E2 = k2 + P2 + U2 = 1.9 + 1.1 + 4.17 (150) = 628.5 kJ
From 1st law, Q = E2 E1 + W
0 = 628.5 63 + W = - 565.5 kJ
12. A mass of 0.2 kg of a pure substance at a pressure of 1 bar and a temperature of 313 k
occupies a volume of 0.15 m3. Given that the int. energy of the substance is 31.5 kJ, evaluate
the sp. Enthalpy of the substance.
Solution: m = 0.2 kg P = 1 x 105 N/m2
T = 313 k
v = 0.15
v = 31.5 kJ
We have, enthalpy = U + Pv
= 31.5 x 103 + 1 x 105 x 0.15
= 46.5 kJ
sp. Enthalpy = 46.5/0.2 = 232.5 kJ/kg
13. A gas enters a system at an initial pressure of 0.45 MPa and flow rate of 0.25 m 3/s and leaves
at a pressure of 0.9 MPa and 0.09 m3/s. During its passage through the system the increase in
i.e., is 20 kJ/s. Find the change of enthalpy of the medium.
Solution: p1 = 0.45 x 106 Pa
V1 = 0.25 m3/s
6
p2 = 0.9 x 10 Pa
V2 = 0.09 m3/s
(u2 u1) = 20 x 103 J/s
We have from 1st law for a constant pressure quasi static process
Q1-2 = (u2 + p2V2) (u1 + p1V1)
= (H2 H1)
= Change in enthalpy
= (u2 u1) + p2V2 p1V1
= 20 x 103 + 0.9 x 106 x 0.09 0.45 x 106 x 0.25

Dr. T.N. Shridhar, Professor, NIE, Mysore

12

(H2 H1) = - 11.5 kJ/s

There is a decrease in enthalpy during the process
14. A closed system of constant volume experiences a temperature rise of 200C when a certain
process occurs. The heat transferred in the process is 18 kJ. The specific heat at constant
volume for the pure substance comprising the system is 1.2 kJ/kg0C, and the system contains
2 kg of this substance. Determine the change in the internal energy and the work done.
Solution: T = 200C Q = + 18 kJ Cv = 1.2 kJ/kg0C
m = 2kg
U= ?
W=?
Change in int. energy, v = mCv T
= 2 (1.2) (20) = 48 kJ
st
From 1 law of thermodynamics
Q = U + W
+ 18 = 48 + W
W = - 30 kJ
15. The stationary mass of gas is compressed without friction from an initial state of 2 m3 and 2 x
105 N/m2 to a final state of 1 m3 and 2 x 105 N/m2, the pressure remaining the same. There is
a transfer of 360 kJ, of heat from the gas during the process. How much does the internal
energy of the gas change?
Solution: p1 = p2 = 2 bar
V1 = 2m3
V2 = 1m3
Q = -360 kJ U = ?
W = pdV = 2 x 105 (1-2) = - 2 x 105 J
From 1st law of thermodynamics,
Q = U + W
- 360000 = U 2 x 105
U = - 160 kJ
16. The internal energy of a certain substance is given by the following equation
u = 3.56 pv + 84 where u is given in kJ/kg, p is in KPa and v in m3/kg. A system composed
of 3 kg of this substance expands from an initial pressure of 500 KPa and a volume of 0.22
m3 to a final pressure of 100 KPa in a process pv1.2 = constant. i) If the expansion is quasistatic, find Q, U, and W for the process. ii) In another process the same system expands
according to the same pressure volume relationship as in part (i) and from the same initial
state to the same final state as in part (i) but the heat transfer in this case is 30 kJ. Find the
work transfer for this process. iii) Explain the difference in work transfer in parts (i) and (ii).
Solution: internal energy equation is, u = pv + 84, V1 = 0.22 m3 p1 = 500 kPa p2 = 100 kPa,
Process is pv1.2 = C
i) u = 3.56 pv + 84
u = u2 u1 = 3.56 (p2 v2 p1 v1) per kg
U = U2 U1 = 3.56 (p2 V2 p1 V1) for 3 kg
We have p1 V11.2 = p2 V21.2 V2 = (p1/p2)1/1.2 V1 = 0.8412 m3
U = 3.56 (100 x 103 x 0.8412 500 x 103 x 0.22)
= - 92.134 kJ
p V p 2V2
For a quasi static process, W = pdv = 1 1
n 1
3
100 x10 x0.8412 500 x10 3 x0.22

0 .2
= + 129.4 kJ

Dr. T.N. Shridhar, Professor, NIE, Mysore

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From 1st law of thermodynamics, Q = U + W

= - 92.134 + 129.4
= 37.27 kJ
ii) Here Q = 30 kJ
Q = U + W
30 = -92.134 + W
W = 122.134 kJ
iii) The work in (ii) is not equal to pdv since the process is not quasi-static.
17. A fluid is contained in a cylinder by a spring-loaded, frictionless piston so that the pressure in
the fluid is a linear friction of the volume (p = a + bv). The internal energy of the fluid is
given by the following equation, U = 34 + 3.15 pV where U is in kJ, p is in kPa and V in m3.
If the fluid changes from an initial state of 170 kPa, 0.03 m3 to a final state of 400 kPa, 0.06
m3, with no work other than that on the piston, find the direction and magnitude of the work
and heat transfer.
Solution: Change in internal energy of the fluid during the process, U
U2 U1 = 3.15 (p2V2 p1V1)
= 3.15 (400 x 0.06 170 x 0.03)
= 59.54 kJ
Now p = a + bV
Or 170 = a + b (0.03)
400 = a + b (0.06)
Solve above two equations
230 = b (0.03) b = 7666.67 kN/m2
a = - 60 kN/m2
Work transfer involved during the process W1-2 = 12 pdv = 12 (a + bV) dV

b. V22 V12
0.06 2 0.03 2
= a (V2 V1) +
= - 60 (0.06-0.03) + 7666.67
2
2
= 8.55 kJ
From 1st law of thermodynamics Q1-2 = (U2 U1) + W1-2
= 59.54 + 8.55
= 68.09 kJ
i.e., heat flow into the system during the process.

18. A piston cylinder arrangement has a gas in the cylinder space. During a constant pressure
expansion to a larger volume the work effect for the gas are 1.6 kJ, the heat added to the gas
and cylinder arrangement is 3.2 kJ and the friction between the piston and cylinder wall
amounts to 0.24 kJ. Determine the change in internal energy of the entire apparatus. (Gas,
cylinder, piston).
Solution: W1-2 = 1.6 kJ
Q1-2 = 3.2 kJ (Q)f = - 0.24 U = ?
Q1-2 = U + W - Qf
3.2 = U + 1.6 0.24
U = 1.84 kJ
19. A system receives 42 kJ of heat white expanding with volume change of 0.123 m3 against an
atmosphere of 12 N/m2. A mass of 80 kg in the surroundings is also lifted a distance of 6 mts.

Dr. T.N. Shridhar, Professor, NIE, Mysore

14

i) Find the change in energy of the system. ii) The system is returned to its initial volume by
an adiabatic process which require 100 kJ of work. Find the change in energy of the system.
iii) Determine the total change in energy of the system.
Solution: Q = 42 kJ, V = 0.123 m3,
p = 12 x 104 N/m2
m = 80 kg
d = 6 mt
W during adiabatic process = - 100 kJ
i) Q = E + W
Now, W = pV + W
= 1.2 x 104 x 0.123 + 80 (9.81) (6)
= 19.469 kJ
E = Q W = 42 19.469 = 22.531 kJ
ii) Q = 0, W = - 100 kJ
Q = E + W
0 = E 100
E = 100 kJ
iii) Total change in energy of the system,
E = Q W (E)i + (E)ii = 122.531 kJ
= 42 [(-100) + 22.531] = 119.47 kJ
20. A thermally insulated battery is being discharges at atmosphere pressure and constant
volume. During a 1 hr test it is found that a current of 50A and 2v flows while the
temperature increases from 200C to 32.50C. Find the change in internal energy of the cell
during the period of operation.
Solution: Q = 0
We = 50 x 2 x 3600
= 36 x 104 J
Q = U + We
0 = U + 36 x 104
U = - 36 x 104 Joules

Dr. T.N. Shridhar, Professor, NIE, Mysore

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