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jeroen.theeuwes@tno.nl
2
huib.j.visser@tno.nl
4
gert.doodeman@tno.nl
h.j.visser@tue.nl
m.c.v.beurden@tue.nl
^
Holst Centre
P.O. Box 8550, 5605 KN Eindhoven, The Netherlands
2
visser@ieee.org
I. INTRODUCTION
A wireless battery or rectenna is used to convert wireless
RF power into DC power. Therefore a rectifying circuit is
connected to an antenna. The rectifying circuit in general
consists of one or more diodes. A diode becomes a more
efficient rectifier at higher input power levels. In [1], a
rectenna power conversion efficiency is reported exceeding
80%, but for an input power level of 20dBm. Whenever a
physical connection for feeding an application is not possible
and distance is not critical, i.e. the radiating source will be
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q
I d = I s exp( nkT
Vd ) 1
(1),
Vg = Vg cos(t )
Vg = L p
I g
t
+ Vd + Rg I g + Rs C j
V
I g = I s e nkT d 1 + C j
X =
(2),
Vd
t
Vd
t
+ Cp
Vg
t
V
+ Rs I s e nkT d 1
C p Rg
I g
t
C p Lp
X
t
I g
t
(1)
A fourth-order Runge-Kutta routine is being employed to
solve for the packaged diode voltage and the generator current,
subject to the condition that at t=0, Ig(0)=0 and Vd(0)=0, [5].
Next, an FFT is used to transform these time-domain
parameters to the frequency domain, where for each harmonic
a (packaged) diode impedance is determined for a fixed
frequency and incident power level.
IV. MODEL VERIFICATION
The models developed for the microstrip patch antenna and
the packaged Schottky diode have been verified by
comparison with full-wave analysis results and measurements.
A. Improved Cavity Model Verification
In Fig. 3a and Fig. 3b, the real and imaginary part of the
input impedance of a rectangular microstrip patch antennas as
function of frequency are shown as calculated by the
improved cavity model and as calculated by Ansofts
Ensemble. The width and length of the patch are,
respectively 27.7mm and 30.8mm. The substrate is 1.6mm
thick FR4, having a relative permittivity of 4.28 and a loss
tangent of 0.016. The feed is positioned at 0.4mm from the
corner on the short side.
Since measurement results are nearly identical to the fullwave calculation results, they are not shown in the figures.
Fig. 3a and Fig. 3b clearly show the validity of our
improved cavity model, the difference with full-wave
calculations being only a few percent which is good enough
for a wireless battery design.
Indicated in the impedance curves are the real and
imaginary part of the input impedance for a frequency of
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2.45GHz. The reason for this will become clear in the next
section.
b
Fig. 4 Real (a) and imaginary (b) part of the simulated and measured input
impedance of a HSMS-2852 Schottky diode.
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b
Fig. 7 Front view (a) and back view (b) of a common household electric wall
clock powered by eight 2.45GHz wireless batteries in series. The additional
circuit in b is a voltage protection circuit.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
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