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4
MIX DESIGN
The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their relative
quantities with the purpose of producing an economical concrete which has certain minimum
properties, workability, strength and durability.
BASIS OF THE METHOD
According to the Road Note No.4 is mainly based on the experimental investigations
by Glanville et al
Deals with the effect of aggregate grading on the strength and workability of
concrete
Its mandatory to note that designed concrete must be satisfactory both in the Plastic
as well Hardened state
The required W/C ratio to produce the design characteristic strength depends upon
the characteristics of the cement
By using same W/C ratio, different strengths are produced by Ordinary Portland,
Rapid hardening Portland and High alumina cements.
The Road note No.4 presents a set of curves relating W/C ratio and Compressive
strength at different ages and for different types of cement.
Based on the results, design tables are presented in Road Note No.4 to select suitable
aggregate/Cement ratios for a concrete mix and filling up other parameters.
The relation between the minimum and average compressive strength depend on the
degree of quality control and shown in the below table 1
CONDITIONS
MINIMUM STRENGTH AS % OF
AVERAGE STRENGTH
The W/C ratio is required to give the necessary average compressive strength, at the
desired age and for the type of cement used.
Read Table 2 and get the value of W/C ratio.
Table.2 Relation between compressive strength and water cement ratio for 10 cubes of fully
compacted concrete
STEP 3
The proportion of combine aggregate to cement is determined from Table 3 & 4 for
aggregates of maximum size 40 and 20mm respectively.
STEP 4
The tables provide for four different degrees of workability detailed in Table 5.
If the aggregate available at the work site differ from the standard grading, the coarse
and fine aggregates must be combined so as to produce one of the standard grading.
The proportion of cement, water, fine and coarse aggregates is determined having
knowledge of the water and aggregate/cement ratios of the mix.
STEP 5
STEP 6
Generally the aggregates quarried and stockpiled at work site do not conform to the
standard grading.
In such cases it is desirable to proportion the available materials in such a way that
the grading of combined aggregate corresponds to one of the four standard grading
curves
This can be done either analytical or graphical calculations by using Road Note
NO.4.
ANALYTICAL METHOD
The grading of fine and coarse aggregate available at work site are detailed in table
6.5
The fine aggregate and coarse aggregate of 20mm maximum size have to be
combined so as to approximate to the coarsest grading of the standard grading curve
No.1(Fig.2.2)
The most economical mix having the highest permissible aggregate/cement ratio.
On this curve 30% of the total aggregates passes the 4.75mm, IS sieve.
If x y are the proportions of fine and coarse aggregates in the combined state, then to
satisfy the condition that 30 % of the combined aggregate passes the 4.75mm I.S.
Sieve, we have
1.0x + 0.07y = 0.3 ( x + y )
x : y = 1:3
Hence the fine and aggregate s have to be combined in the proportions of 1:3.
The grading of the resulting combined aggregate is determined by columns (a) & (b)
of Table 6.5 by 1.0 and 3.0 respectively and dividing the sum of these products by
4.0
The resulting combined grading is shown in column (f), the values being rounded off
to nearest percent.
In comparison with the standard grading curve shown in column (g), the combined
grading is found to be in good agreement, except for minor deviations.
GRAPHICAL METHOD
The graphical method of combining the coarse and fine aggregates to conform to a
standard grading is illustrated in Fig 6.2 for the same aggregates.
CEMENT:
When mix proportions have been determined based on the knowledge of W/C, A/C
ratios and relative proportions of the aggregates of various sizes, the weight of
cement required to produce one cubic metre of concrete can be calculated using
Absolute volume Method.
FINE AGGREGATE:
COARSE AGGREGATE:
WATER
Nf
Nc
Where,
C Weight of cement required per cubic metre of concrete
c Specific gravity of cement
fa Specific gravity of fine aggregate
ca Specific gravity of coarse aggregate
Percentage of entrained air in concrete
w Density of water
Design tables of aggregate/ Cement ratio recommended in Road Note No.4 cover
only three shapes of aggregates and four type gradings
But in practice aggregates having different shapes, sizes and properties have to use
for the mixes.
This method cannot be used directly for the design of air entrained concrete
The nominal mix designed by using the data can be suitably adjusted for the desired
air content in the mix.
Degree of workability- High since concrete is required weigh batching and constant
supervision
Type of cement Ordinary cement
Type of fine aggregate-Natural sand
Type of coarse aggregate-Crushed granite
Angular aggregate of 20mm max size. The aggregate available at works site have the
following grading:
The specific gravity and bulk density of the various ingredients of the mix are as follows
Design the concrete mix and set out field mix proportions for weigh batching and volume
batching. Also calculate the quantities of materials required 1 cubic metre of concrete.
A) By Weight
B) By Volume
DESIGN OF CONCRETE MIX
For the degree of control used refer table 1. Minimum strength is 75% of the average strength.
Mean design strength =200/0.75= 270 kg/cm2
Water cement ratio (from table 2) = 0.62
For High workability, the required
Aggregate/cement ratio (from table 3) = 4.8
The given aggregate do not belong to any particular standard grading curve.
They should be combined in suitable proportions to corresponding to the nearest practical grading,
which is in this case is grading 3.
The fine aggregate and coarse aggregate are combined graphically as shown in figure Fig 6.3
The proportion of fine to total aggregate = 40%
FINE AGGREGATE:
COARSE AGGREGATE
4.8x60
100
4.8x100
100
1.92
2.88
PROPORTION BY VOLUME
1.92x1472
1680
2.88x1472
1520
Or
Quantity of materials required for 1m3 of concrete
If C= weight of cement required per m3 of concrete
Then by absolute volume method, we have
C
+
3.15x103
1.92C
2.6x103
2.88C + 0.62 C = 1 m3
2.6x103
103
C=355 kg
Water= 0.62x355=220 kg
F.A=1.92x355=680kg
C.A=2.88x355=1020kg
Density of fresh concrete=2275kg/m3
Material quantities by volume
Cement=355/1472=0.231 m3
Water=220/1000=0.220
F.A=680/1860=0.405
C.A=1020/1520=0.674