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HIV AND AIDS

Human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, is the virus that causesacquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
The virus weakens a person's ability to fight infections and cancer. People with HIV are said to have AIDS
when they develop certain infections or cancers or when their CD4 count falls below a certain level.

CHICKENPOX

Chickenpox (varicella), a viral illness characterised by a very itchy red rash, is one of the most common
infectious diseases of childhood. It is usually mild in childrenbut there is a risk of serious complications, such as
bacterial pneumonia.
People who have had chickenpox almost always develop lifetime immunity (meaning you are extremely unlikely
to get it again). However, the virus remains dormant in the body and it can reactivate later in life and
cause shingles.

COMMON COLD

The common cold (also known as nasopharyngitis, rhinopharyngitis, acute coryza,[1] head cold, or simply
a cold) is a viralinfectious disease of the upper respiratory tract which primarily affects the nose.

Symptoms include coughing, sore throat, runny nose, sneezing, and fever which usually resolve in seven to ten
days, with some symptoms lasting up to three weeks. Well over 200 virus strains are implicated in the cause of
the common cold; the rhinoviruses are the most common.

DENGUE FEVER
Dengue fever also known as breakbone fever, is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by thedengue virus.
Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash that is similar to
measles. In a small proportion of cases the disease develops into the life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic
fever, resulting in bleeding, low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage, or into dengue shock
syndrome, where dangerously low blood pressureoccurs.
INFLUENZA
Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by the influenza virus. Symptoms can
be mild to severe. The most common symptoms include: a high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle
pains, headache, coughing, andfeeling tired. These symptoms typically begin two days after exposure to the
virus and most last less than a week. The cough, however, may last for more than two weeks. [1] In children
there may be nausea and vomiting but these are not common in adults. Nausea and vomiting occur more
commonly in the unrelated infection gastroenteritis, which is sometimes inaccurately referred to as "stomach
flu" or "24-hour flu". Complications of influenza may include viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial
pneumonia, sinus infections, and worsening of previous health problems such as asthma or heart failure
MEASLES
Measles, also known as morbilli, English measles, or rubeola (not to be confused with rubella (German
measles) or roseola) is a highly contagious infection caused by the measles virus. Initial symptoms typically

include fever, often greater than 40 C (104.0 F), cough, runny nose, and red eyes. Two or three days after the
start of symptoms small white spots may form inside the mouth, known as Koplik's spots. A red, flat rash which
usually starts on the face and than spreads to the rest of the body typically begins three to five days after the
start of symptoms. Symptoms usually develop 1012 days after exposure to an infected person and lasts 710
days. Complications occur in about 30% and may include: diarrhea, blindness, inflammation of the brain,
andpneumonia among others.
POLIOMYELITIS
Poliomyelitis often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus.
Approximately 90% to 95% of infections cause no symptoms. Another 5 to 10% of people have minor
symptoms such as: fever,headache, vomiting, diarrhea, neck stiffness and pains in the arms and legs. These
people are usually back to normal within one or two weeks. In about 0.5% of cases there is muscle
weakness resulting in an inability to move. This can occur over a few hours to few days. The weakness most
often involves the legs but may less commonly involve the muscles of the head, neck anddiaphragm. Many but
not all people fully recover. In those with muscle weakness about 2% to 5% of children and 15% to 30% of
adults die. Years after recovery post-polio syndrome may occur, with a slow development of muscle weakness
similar to what the person had during the initial infection.[3]
RABIES
Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute inflammation of the brain in humans and other warmblooded animals. Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure. These symptoms are
followed by one or more of the following symptoms: violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water,
an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and loss of consciousness. After symptoms appear, rabies
almost always results in death. The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is
usually one to three months. However, this time period can vary from less than one week to more than one
year. The time period depends on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system.
WART
A wart is a small, rough growth resembling a cauliflower or a solid blister. It typically occurs on humans' hands
or feet but often in other locations. Warts are caused by a viral infection, specifically by one of the many types
of human papillomavirus (HPV). There are as many as 10 varieties of warts, the most common considered to
be mostly harmless. It is possible to get warts from others; they are contagious and usually enter the body in an
area of broken skin. They typically disappear after a few months but can last for years and can recur.

ANTHRAX

Anthrax is an acute disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Most forms of the disease are lethal,
and it affects mostly animals. Animals can transmit the disease to humans, but humans can not spread the
disease between each other. Effective vaccines against anthrax are available, and some forms of the disease
respond well to antibiotic treatment.
Like many other members of the genus Bacillus, B. anthracis can form dormant endospores (often referred to
as "spores" for short, but not to be confused with fungal spores) that are able to survive in harsh conditions for
decades or even centuries. Such spores can be found on all continents, even Antarctica. When spores are
inhaled, ingested, or come into contact with a skin lesion on a host, they may become reactivated and multiply
rapidly.

CHOLERA

Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.

The main symptoms are watery diarrhea and vomiting. This may result in dehydration and in severe cases
grayish-bluish skin.[1] Transmission occurs primarily by drinking water or eating food that has been
contaminated by the feces (waste product) of an infected person, including one with no apparent symptoms.
The severity of the diarrhea and vomiting can lead to rapid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, and death in
some cases. The primary treatment is oral rehydration therapy, typically with oral rehydration solution, to
replace water and electrolytes. If this is not tolerated or does not provide improvement fast
enough, intravenous fluids can also be used. Antibacterial drugs are beneficial in those with severe disease to
shorten its duration and severity.

DIPHTHERIA
Diphtheria is an upper respiratory tract illness caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a facultative
anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium. It is characterized by sore throat, low fever, and an adherent membrane
(a pseudomembrane) on the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nasal cavity which can block the airway. A milder form of
diphtheria can be restricted to the skin. Less common consequences include myocarditis (about 20% of
cases) and peripheral neuropathy (about 10% of cases).
GONORRHEA
Gonorrhea is a common human sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
The usual symptoms in men are a burning sensation with urination and penile discharge. Women, on the other
hand, are asymptomatic half the time or have vaginal discharge and pelvic pain. In both men and women, if
gonorrhea is left untreated, it may spread locally, causing inflammation of the epididymis or pelvic inflammatory
disease or throughout the body, affecting joints and heart valves
LEPROSY

Leprosy also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a chronic infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium
leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Initially, infections are without symptoms and typically remain this way
for 5 to as long as 20 years. Symptoms that develop include granulomas of the nerves, respiratory tract, skin,
and eyes. This may result in a lack of ability to feel pain and thus loss of parts of extremities due to repeated
injuries. Weakness and poor eyesight may also be present.

TETANUS

Tetanus is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. The primary
symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced by the Gram-positive, rod-shaped, obligate
anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani.
Infection generally occurs through wound contamination and often involves a cut or puncture wound. As
the infection progresses, muscle spasms develop in the jaw (thus the name lockjaw) and elsewhere in the
body. Infection can be prevented by properimmunization or post-exposure prophylaxis. In 2013 it caused about
59,000 deaths down from 356,000 in 1990.

TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB (short for tubercle bacillus), in the past also called phthisis, phthisis pulmonalis,
or consumption, is a widespread, and in many cases fatal, infectious disease caused by various strains
of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis typically attacks the lungs, but can also
affect other parts of the body. It is spread through the air when people who have an active TB infection cough,

sneeze, or otherwise transmit respiratory fluids through the air. Most infections do not have symptoms, known
as latent tuberculosis. About one in ten latent infections eventually progresses to active disease which, if left
untreated, kills more than 50% of those so infected.
MALARIA
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a
group of single-celled microorganism) belonging to the genus Plasmodium. Malaria causes symptoms that
typically include fever, fatigue, vomitingand headaches. In severe cases it can cause yellow
skin, seizures, coma or death. The disease is transmitted by the biting of mosquitos, and the symptoms usually
begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten. In those who have not been appropriately treated disease may recur
months later. In those who have recently survived an infection, re-infection typically causes milder symptoms.
This partial resistance disappears over months to years if there is no ongoing exposure to malaria.
AMOEBIC DYSENTERY
Amoebic dysentery (or amebic dysentery) is a type of dysentery caused primarily by the amoeba Entamoeba
histolytica. Amoebic dysentery is transmitted through contaminated food and water. Amoebae spread by
forming infective cysts which can be found in stools, and spread if whoever touches them does not sanitize
their hands. There are also free amoebae, or trophozoites, that do not form cysts, however trophozoites do not
survive long outside of the human gastrointestinal tract, and are a purely diagnostic observation. Trophozoites
are the agent responsible for symptoms.

TINEA

Tinea (often called ringworm) is any of a variety of skin mycoses. Tinea is a very common fungal infection of
the skin. Tinea is often called "ringworm" because it is circular, and has a "ring-like" appearance.
It is sometimes equated with dermatophytosis, and, while most conditions identified as "tinea" are members of
the imperfect fungithat make up the dermatophytes, conditions such as tinea nigra and tinea versicolor are not
caused by dermatophytes.

ASCARIASIS
Ascariasis is a disease caused by the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides.[1] Infections have no
symptoms in more than 85% of cases, especially if the number of worms is small. [1] Symptoms increase with
the number of worms present and may includeshortness of breath and fever in the beginning of the
disease. These may be followed by symptoms of abdominal swelling, abdominal pain and diarrhea. Children
are most commonly affected, and in this age group the infection may also cause poor weight
gain, malnutrition and learning problems.
ELEPHANTIASIS
Elephantiasis is a symptom of a variety of diseases, where parts of a person's body swell to massive
proportions.
A female with Elephantiasis tropica
Some conditions that have this symptom include:

Elephantiasis nostras, due to longstanding chronic lymphangitis

Elephantiasis tropica or lymphatic filariasis, caused by a number of parasitic worms, particularly


Wuchereria bancrofti

Nonfilarial elephantiasis or podoconiosis, an immune disease affecting the lymph vessels

Elephantiasis, Grade 4 lymphedema

Genital elephantiasis, end result of lymphogranuloma venereum

Proteus syndrome, the genetic disorder of the so-called Elephant Man

ENTEROBIASIS

A pinworm infection or enterobiasis is a human parasitic disease and one of the most common parasitic
worm infections (also called helminthiasis) in the developed world. It is caused by infestation of the parasitic
roundworm Enterobius vermicularis, commonly called the human pinworm. Infection usually occurs through the
ingestion of pinworm eggs, either through contaminatedhands, food, or less commonly, water. The chief
symptom is itching in the anal area. The incubation time from ingestion of eggs to the first appearance of new
eggs around the anus is 4 to 6 weeks.

Pinworms are usually considered a nuisance rather than a serious disease . For this reason, enterobiasis is not
classified as aneglected tropical disease unlike many other parasitic worm infections.
Treatment is straightforward in uncomplicated cases, however, elimination of the parasite from a family group
or institution often poses significant problemseither due to an incomplete cure or reinfection.

SCHISTOSOMIASIS
Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia, snail fever, and Katayama fever) is a disease caused byparasitic
worms of the Schistosoma type. It may infect the urinary tract or intestines. Signs and symptoms may include
abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool, or blood in the urine. In those who have been infected a long time, liver
damage, kidney failure,infertility, or bladder cancer may occur. In children it may cause poor growth and
learning difficulty.
TAENIASIS
Taeniasis is a parasitic disease due to infection with tapeworms belonging to the genus Taenia. The two most
important human pathogens in the genus are Taenia solium the pork tapeworm) and Taenia saginata (the beef
tapeworm). The third species Taenia asiatica is found only in East Asia. Taeniasis is generally asymptomatic,
but heavy infection causes weight loss, dizziness, abdominal
pain, diarrhea, headaches, nausea, constipation, chronic indigestion, and loss of appetite.

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