EVAPOTRANSPIRACIN REAL Y POTENCIAL

INDICE.. (1)
EVAPOTRANSPIRACIN REAL Y
POTENCIAL.(2)
INTRODUCCIN..(2)
UNIVERSIDAD
NACIONAL PEDRO
RUIZ GALLO

DEFINICIN(2)
DEFINICIN DE
TERMINOS.(2)
FACTORES QUE AFECTAN LA
EVAPOTRASPIRACIN.(3)

CURSO:
HIDRAULICA
APLIACADA
TEMA:
EVAPOTRANSPIRA
CIN REAL Y
POTENCIAL
DOCENTE
MSc. JOS ARBUL
RAMOS.
ALUMNOS:

AREBALO
MONTENEGRO
HERNAN
CARLOS
CALLACA
JONATHAN
QUEVEDO
GARCA
NIKKA

APLICACIN DE LA
EVAPOTRASPIRACIN..(3)
METODOS PARA EL CLCULO
DE ETo...
(3)

MTODO DE
PENMAN(4)
MTODO DE
THORNTHWAITE(5)
MTODO DE BLANEYCLIDDLE(6)
MTODO DE
TURC(7)
MTODO DE
CHRISTIANSEN.(7)
MTODO DE
HARGREAVES(8)
ULTIMOS
METODOS(9)
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
REAL AND POTENTIAL

INDEX

1.- INTRODUCTION
pg. 1

EVAPOTRANSPIRACIN REAL Y POTENCIAL

The efficient use of water resources in agroecosystems of the world has become
increasingly important due to the rapid
decrease of water resources , industrial
development and population growth ,
drought conditions and degradation of soil
quality surface water in many regions. In
many cases , evapotranspiration ( ET ),
which is the sum of transpiration through
the stomata of the plant and soil
evaporation , plants and the surface of
open water, may be the most important
component of the hydrological cycle .
Improved for accurate quantification of ET
in a field techniques, watershed and
regional level are needed to improve the
efficient use of water resources and
sustainable productivity in the agricultural
ecosystem and protect the environment and
water quality . A significant proportion of
total precipitation that falls on the surface of
the land is returned to the atmosphere by
ET . As a global average, 60 % of the
annual precipitation falling on the land is
returned to the atmosphere by ET .
(http://watercenter.unl.edu/downloads/R
esearchInBrief/IrmakSuatET.pdf)

2. DEFINITION
Evaporation is the primary process of the
transfer of water in the hydrological cycle.
The water is transformed into steam and
transported to the .The atmosphere
evaporation more transpiration of a plant
surface with unlimited supply of water is
known as the potential evaporation or
potential evapotranspiration (PE ) and is
the maximum rate due to weather
conditions. This PE is the maximum value
of the actual evaporation (
PE =

Et

Evaporation is the process by

which liquid water is converted into
steam and is removed from the
surface. Water evaporates from a
variety of surfaces such as lakes,
rivers , pavements , soils and wet
vegetation .

Evapotranspiration ( ET
Combining two separate processes
by which water is lost by a part of
the soil surface by evaporation and
on the other side of harvest is
known as transpiration (ET )
.Evaporation and transpiration
occur simultaneously and there is
no easy way to distinguish between
the two processes .

(http://www.engr.scu.edu/~emaurer/class
es/ceng140_watres/handouts/FAO_56_E
vapotranspiration.pdf)

reference crop
evapotranspiration (ETo )
It is denoted as ETo . The
reference surface is a crop of grass
hypothetical reference with specific
characteristics. The use of other
denominations as potential ET is
strongly discouraged due to
ambiguities in their definitions.The
only factors affecting ETo are
climatic parameters . Consequently,
ETo is a climatic parameter and can
be calculated from meteorological
data . ETo expresses the
evaporating power of the
atmosphere at a specific place and
time of year and does not take into
account the characteristics of crops
and soil factors . The method of
FAO Penman - Monteith is
recommended as the only method
for determining ETo .

Et ):

unlimited.

Et ) is the amount

of water evaporating a normal day.

(http://www.civil.utah.edu/~mizukami/co
ursework/cveen7920/ETMeasurement.pd
f)

3. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Perspiration
Is the vaporization of liquid water
contained in plant tissues and the
removal of vapor into the
atmosphere .

when the water supply is

actual evaporation (

Evaporation

The crop evapotranspiration

under standard conditions (ETc )

pg. 2

EVAPOTRANSPIRACIN REAL Y POTENCIAL

It is the crop evapotranspiration

free, well-fertilized disease , grown
in large fields , under optimum soil
moisture, and achieving full
production in climatic conditions
given .
Crop evapotranspiration can be
calculated from climatic data and
integrating factors directly crop
resistance , albedo and air
resistance in the Penman- Monteith
approach . As there is still a
considerable lack of information for
different crops , -Monteith Penman
method is used to estimate the
standard reference crop to
determine evapotranspiration
rates , ie ETo . Experimentally
determined ratios of ETo , called
coefficients ETc / ETo , called crop
coefficient ( Kc ) are used to refer
ETc = Kc ETo .

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION CROP
CONDITIONS UNDER NO
STANDARD ( ETC AJ)
Is evapotranspiration crop
management and environmental
conditions which differ from the
standard conditions. When the
cultivation of crops in the fields ,
evapotranspiration of true culture
may deviate from ETc due to nonoptimal , such as the presence of
pests and diseases , soil salinity ,
low soil fertility , water shortages or
flooding conditions. This can result
in poor plant growth, low plant
density and can reduce
evapotranspiration rate below ETc.

(http://www.kimberly.uidaho.edu/water/fa
o56/fao56.pdf)

4.- FACTORS AFFECTING

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
Meteorological parameters
The main meteorological parameters are
radiation , air temperature , humidity and
wind speed .
crops Factors
The type of crop , variety and stage of
development should be considered when

assessing the evapotranspiration of crops

in large fields and well managed
Management and environmental
conditions
Factors such as soil salinity, low soil
fertility , limited application of fertilizers , the
presence of hard or impenetrable horizons
of soil , lack of control of diseases and
pests and poor soil management can limit
crop development and reduce
evapotranspiration .

(http://www.engr.scu.edu/~emaurer/class
es/ceng140_watres/handouts/FAO_56_E
vapotranspiration.pdf)

5. APPLICATIONS
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
Determine the area that can be
irrigated with a given volume of
water available.
Develop conceptual crop irrigation
schedules .
estimate the volumes of water that
are necessary to assist the crops ,
if rain is insufficient.
Determine in large areas or basins ,
water volumes required drain .
To select the most suitable crops in
rainfed areas .
Calculate the additional irrigation
depth necessary to prevent
problems of salinization of soils.

(https://www.idwr.idaho.gov/GeographicI
nfo/Landsat/PDFs/mapping_et_using_m
etric.pdf)

6. - METHODS FOR
CALCULATING THE ETo
A large number of evapotranspiration
formulas developed from 1942-2005 to
calculate water use crops that begin with
the development of the formula Blaney Criddle and ending with the Penman Monteith equation that became the
American Society of Civil Engineers
( ASCE) standardized reference ET
equation .

pg. 3

EVAPOTRANSPIRACIN REAL Y POTENCIAL

air temperature in C,

r av

is the bulk

surface aerodynamic resistance for water

vapor in s m-1,

ea

is the mean daily

ambient vapor pressure in kPa, and

rs

is the canopy surface resistance in sm-1.

The Penman-Monteith equation represents
the evaporating surface as a single big
leaf (Raupach and Finnigan, 1988) with
two parameters one of which is
determined by the atmospheric physics (

r av ) influenced only slightly by the crop

canopy architecture while the other one (

r s ) depends on the biological behavior

(http://www.journalofserviceclimatology.
org/articles/2011/Sammis.A.11working2A.pdf)

of the crop canopy surface and is related to

both crop specific parameters (light
attenuation, leaf stomatal resistances, etc.)
and environmental parameters (irradiance,
vapor pressure deficit, etc.). The water
vapor aerodynamic resistance can be
estimated following (Allen et al, 1989; and
Jensen et al., 1990) as

A.-PENMAN METHOD

THE
PENMAN-MONTEITH
EQUATION
Various derivations of the Penman equation
included a bulk surface resistance term
(Penman, 1953; Covey, 1959; Rijtema,
1965; and Monteith, 1965). The resulting
equation is now called the PenmanMonteith
equation,
which
may be
expressed for daily values as

[9]
where

zw

is

the

wind

speed

z om

is the

momentum roughness length in m,

z r is

measurement height in m,

the relative humidity measurement height in

m, and

z ov

is the vapor roughness

length in m. The crop canopy aerodynamic

parameters are estimated as follows

[8]

a is air density in kg m-3,

where

CP

is specific heat of dry air [~1.013 x 10 -3 MJ

-1

-1

kg C ],

0
s

is mean saturated vapor

pressure in kPa computed as the mean

ea

at the daily minimum and maximum

[10, 11, & 12]

FAO-56 PENMAN-MONTEITH
EQUATION
they derived the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith
equation using the fixed bulk surface
resistance (70 s m-1) and the vapor
aerodynamic resistance simplified to an
pg. 4

EVAPOTRANSPIRACIN REAL Y POTENCIAL

inverse

function

of

wind

speed

r av =208/U z as

(http://pluto2000.com/onlinethornthwaite
reference.pdf)

FORMULA THORNTHWAITE

[13]
T
where

ET 0 is the hypothetical reference

crop evapotranspiration rate in mm d-1, T is

mean air temperature in C, and U2 is wind
speed in m s-1 at 2 m above the ground
[and RH or dew point and air temperature
are assumed to be measured at 2 m above
the ground, also].
http://www.hydrol-earth-systsci.net/17/1331/2013/hess-17-13312013.pdf
http://www.cprl.ars.usda.gov/pdfs/pm
%20colo%20bar%202004%20corrected
%209apr04.pdf

B. METHOD THORNTHWAITE
The Thornthwaite method was developed
from data of precipitation and runoff in
several drainage basins. The result is
basically an empirical relationship between
potential evapotranspiration and mean air
temperature . Despite the obvious simplicity
and inherent limitations of the method ,
does surprisingly well. It is not necessarily
the most accurate method , nor has the
strong theoretical base. Rather, these
distinctions probably belong to one of the
methods of steam flow and heat balance .
Among the most obvious shortcomings of
the empirical relationship of Thornthwaite is
the inherent assumption that there is a high
correlation between average temperature
and some of the other relevant documents
such as radiation , humidity , and wind
parameters.
The empirical formula of Thornthwaite can
be used for any location where the daily
maximum and minimum temperatures are
recorded . It is this simple universal
applicability rather than any pretense of
exceptional precision , which has led to
widespread use of this method.

The method of estimating potential

evapotranspiration from climatological data
developed by Thornthwaite (1948 ) was
derived from water budget for natural and
controlled in moist northeastern United
States experiments basins. It is derived
from the following general equation for
estimating potential evapotranspiration.

where:

e T = unadjusted potential

evapotranspiration , in centimeters , of a
month of 30 days;
T = mean monthly air temperature , in
degrees Celsius ;
I = heat index ; and
= cubic function R
To estimate potential evapotranspiration by
this method , the average monthly
temperature at the site and the latitude of
the place must be known.
RESOLUTION PROCESS
STEP -1 : calculate the monthly heat index .
Thornthwaite (1948 ) gives a table of
monthly values of heat indexes for the
monthly average temperature. The sum of
the 12 monthly values gives the heat index
(see table ) . Otherwise you can solve the
monthly heat index "i" from the monthly
temperature ( C ) by the following formula

i=

1.514

[]
T
5

-2 STEP : The next step is to calculate the

heat index (or index annual heat ) , I
summing the 12 values of i .

I = i
-3 STEP : The next step is to determine the
adjusted monthly values of potential
pg. 5

EVAPOTRANSPIRACIN REAL Y POTENCIAL

evapotranspiration ; calculating by the

general formula:

FORMULA BLANEY - CLIDDLE

The formula Blaney - Criddle originally

published included a parameter relative
humidity But due to lack of data relative
humidity throughout the western United
States , a simplified formula excluding the
Where:
humidity parameter was published in 1950 ,
9
3
7 2
5
a=67510 I 77110 I +179210 I +0.49239
where he was consumptive use monthly or
seasonal water ( Et ) of a culture in inches :

ETo=16

10 T
I

( )

-4 STEP : Finally you can make the

correction for N of days in the month and
hours of sunshine

EToN
d
12
ETo=
30
-5 STEP : You can also adjust the monthly
potential evapotranspiration values not
adjusted for possible sunshine, in units of
30 days of 12 hours each.
(http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1839m/report.
pdf)

C. METHOD BLANEY - CLIDDLE

When considering real time, historical and
future needs of each method for estimating
the only alternative available for
consumptive use data operation is a
method of temperature. The Blaney -Criddle
method was originally developed to
calculate ET on a monthly basis , but can
be modified to estimate daily ET values with
the average daily temperature .
(http://www.nws.noaa.gov/oh/hrl/nwsrfs/
users_manual/part2/_pdf/24consuse_et.
pdf)
The method of Blaney - Criddle is simple,
using the measurement data in a single
temperature. It should be noted , however,
that this method is not very precise ;
provides a rough estimate u " order of
magnitude" only. This method and
Thornthwaite to be among the poorest
temperature methods are considered. In
windy areas , dry and sunny , the reference
ET underestimated. In the still , humid ,
cloudy areas , reference is overestimated
ET
(http://www.sjrwmd.com/technicalreport
s/pdfs/SP/SJ2001-SP8.pdf)

Utilisation of water monthly consumption

(F ) is the average monthly temperature (T )
in degrees Fahrenheit by the monthly
percentage of daylight hours ( p ) divided by
100. The crop coefficient kc is an empirical
seasonal factor relating the seasonal water
use plant for specific crop water use factor
of seasonal consumption total generated in
experimental conditions where kc can be
calculated from measured F and Et . The
formula can be applied on a monthly basis
by calculating F for each month and
monthly for kc reduction , which depends
on the rate of development of crop growth.
Consequently, the formula Blaney - Criddle
applies to both seasonal and monthly
consumption calculations using water.
In 1970, the Soil Conservation Service of
the USDA ( USDA SCS 1970 ) extended
the term of the air temperature to account
for the different rates of development in
different climates :

Where:
coefficient kc is a monthly growth stage of
the crop and climate kt is a coefficient
related to the average monthly air
temperature (t ) :
Where:
kt = 0.0173t - 0,314 , with a minimum
value of 0.300 .

pg. 6

EVAPOTRANSPIRACIN REAL Y POTENCIAL

The temperature is again in Fahrenheit and

Et in inches. Crop development and
monthly coefficients stage of crop growth
are different in different climatic conditions
and the rate of development is related to
the seasonal progression as measured by
the growing degree days that have
occurred since planting ( Sammis et al.
1985 ) .

Turks developed an equation for calculating

monthly evapotranspiration potential as a
function of air temperature , humidity and
sunlight .The method of Turks has two
equations , both to be used depend on the
relative humidity (RH ) air .

http://www.journalofserviceclimatology.o
rg/articles/2011/Sammis.A.11working2A.pdf
Where:

D. METHOD TURC
An empirical method was developed to
estimate evapotranspiration Turc regionally.
Two equations were developed ; one for
annual use and the other for calculating the
evapotranspiration by a period of ten days .
These equations require measurements of
temperature, precipitation , radiation and an
estimate of crop yields .

K is a constant equal to 0.40 for 30 and 31

months and 0.37 for the month of February.
ETo : is the reference evapotranspiration
(cal * cm - 2 * d - 1 ) ; Tm is the mean daily
air temperature ( c ) ; Rs is the solar
radiation incoming shortwave (mm * d - 1 )
and RH is the relative humidity (%).

http://www.ewra.net/ew/pdf/EW_2008_21
-22_02.pdf

FORMULA TURC
ANNUAL EQUATION

Where:

E and P are evaporation and

precipitation , respectively , in units
of mm .
L (t) is a function of temperature

Where:
t = mean annual air
temperature in degrees C
http://www.usask.ca/hydrology/papers/M
artin_Gray_.pdf

E.-METHOD E. CHRISTIANSEN
At present, a large number of countries, are
not lysimeter for measuring
evapotranspiration due to the high costs of
implementation and operation they imply .
In these cases the estimation of PET should
be performed by empirical methodologies
that a large number of authors have
proposed from about 60 years ago and
today are being used . From the first
definition , the concept of
evapotranspiration has always been linked
to a mathematical expression comprising
different weather variables involved in the
process. Methods for estimating PET can
be classified according to the climatological
information required to use their respective
equation.

CHRISTIANSEN MODEL FOR

ESTIMATING THE POTENTIAL
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION .

MONTHLY EQUATION :
pg. 7

EVAPOTRANSPIRACIN REAL Y POTENCIAL

This is an empirical formula which takes

into account solar radiation, wind speed,
relative humidity, temperature, insolation
and elevation for estimating potential
evapotranspiration in mm / month.
Christiansen's equation has the following
form:

PET ( C )=0.324 R TT C TT CWT C HT C ST C E

where: PET(C), potential evapotranspiraton

(in mm/day)

RTT :

extraterrestrial radiation is

Where z is the distance from the ground in

meters at which you want to calculate the
wind speed, h is the height of the
measurement of wind speed (in meters),
W_hes wind speed measured at the height
h is an exponent function of surface
roughness that is often taken as 1/7 to open
land (Banuelos Angeles, Serrano, &
Mucio, 2008)
Coefficient RH is defined

is the temperature coefficient and

is calculated using the following equation:

CTT =0.463+0.425 ( T C /T 0 ) +0.112 ( T C /T 0 )2

Equation

C HT =1.035+ 0.24 ( H / H 0 ) 0.275 ( H /H 0 )

taken at the top of the atmosphere and

expressed in cal / cmda.

CTT

C HT

default

H 0=0.60 ;

option

Where H is the monthly average relative

humidity (in decimal)
The

coefficient

of

sunshine

C ST

depends on the insolation (S) and is

defined by the equation:

,
default

TC

is

the

C ST =0.34 +0.856 ( S/ S0 ) 0.196 ( S/ S0 )2

T 0 =20 C ;

option
average

monthly

air

temperature expressed in C

CWT wind

coefficient

is

default option
calculated

S=

according to the following expression:

CWT =0.672+0.426 ( W /W 0 )0.078 ( W /W 0 )2

,

S 0=0.80

solar brightness month i

( decimal)
12solar brightness theoretical monthi

C E is the coefficient of elevation and is

defined by the following expression:

default

W 0=6.7 Km/h our ;

option

is

the

monthly average wind speed at 2.0 m

above the ground, expressed in km / h. For
the wind speed 2.0 m based on
measurements
at
different
heights,
Hellmann power law according to which the
wind speed calculated W_Z a desired
height z is used, is expressed as Equation.

W Z =W h (z /h)

C E=0.970+0.30 ( E/ E0 )
default

option

E0=305 m ;

Where e is the average elevation of the

study area in msnm.
http://www.javeriana.edu.co/biblos/tesis/
ingenieria/tesis369.pdf
http://wwwsst.ums.edu.my/data/file/Yu2o
19X039xB.pdf

pg. 8

EVAPOTRANSPIRACIN REAL Y POTENCIAL

Ra : Extraterrestrial Radiation

(mm / day)

F. METHOD HARGREAVES
Hargreaves, using data from grass
lysimeter evapotranspiration accuracy over
a period of eight years , seen through
regressions that 94 % of the variance in
measured ET can be explained by the
average temperature and radiation global
solar , Rs . As a result , in 1975 , published
an equation for predicting ETo based only
on these two parameters

Where Rs is the water evaporation unit , in

mm day - 1 , and T in C .
https://www.repository.utl.pt/bitstream/1
0400.5/4250/1/REP-J.L.Teixeira-InTechHargreaves_and_other_reduced_set_me
thods_for_calculating_evapotranspiratio
n.pdf

The mean air temperature by the method of

Hargreaves is calculated by averaging

T max

T min , Ra is calculated

and

from information about the site (latitude )

and the day of the year .
Hargreaves model is a simple model which
requires only two climate parameters ,
temperature and incident radiation.
http://www.wseas.us/elibrary/transactions/environment/2009/31
-286.pdf

G.-LAST METHODS

METHOD OF RADIATION
This method considers the radiation
reaches the earth as the greatest
contribution or influence factor for
evapotranspiration . FAO recommends :

ET 0=c(WR S )
Where::

FORMULA HARGREAVES
Finally conditions for plants and requires
measurements of temperature and solar
radiation , is as follows :

ET 0 :reference crop evapotranspiration (mm/day )

evaporation (mm / day)

0.5

ET 0=0.0023( T max T min ) ( T m +17.8 )R a

Where:

T max : temperatuta of maximum daily air ( C )

T min :temperatuta of maximum daily air ( C)

0.50n
R a
N

Ra : Extraterrestrial Radiation( mm/day)

T m :average air temperature( C)

RS = 0.25+

ET 0 :reference evapotranspiration (mm/ day )

RS : Radiacion in the equivalent

n : Sol bright royal measured in

hours

N=Maximum possible sunshine hours

W = temperature dependent
factor and altitude weightage .

pg. 9

EVAPOTRANSPIRACIN REAL Y POTENCIAL

C = Adjustment factor

RS : Radiacionthe equivalent evaporation(MJ m2 da

graphically made in W
http://www.wseas.us/elibrary/transactions/environment/200
9/31-286.pdf

:es the slope of the vapor pressure curve[kPa C1 ]

:is the psychrometric constant [kPa C ]

FORMULA MAKKINK
This is another simplified formula combining
the original Penman equation ; does not
take into account the aerodynamic
component and replaced the net balance of
solar radiation with incoming shortwave
radiation ( Rs) . The equation is

:is thelatent heat of vaporization[2.45 MJk g ]

http://www.ewra.net/ew/pdf/EW_2
008_21-22_02.pdf

0.61
R s
+
ET 0=
0.12

Where::

ET 0 :e reference crop evapotranspiration(mm /day)

pg. 10