1.

1 Properties of Water
and Carbon
1. Biochemistry
AP Biology: The Cell

Elements of Life
Composition of Living Matter
96% Total:
Oxygen 65%
Carbon 18.5%
Hydrogen 9.5%
Nitrogen 3%

CHNOPS

4%
Phosphorus,
Sulfur,
Calcium,
Sodium

0.01%
Trace
Elements

Elements of Life

Trace Elements
Can be
Required for
harmful in
Very small
proper
large amounts
amounts
physiological
Ex: heavy
Less than
funcOon
metals in soil
0.01% of mass
Ex: Mn, Fe, I, F

Sunflowers are
Phytoremediators

Properties of Water

Life is NOT Possible

without WATER!!

Properties of Water

ElectronegaOvity
Dierence

Polar Covalent
Bonds

Hydrogen
Bonding

Properties of Water

Hydrogen Bonds

Properties of Water

Ice is Less Dense than Water

Properties of Water

Water is a Solvent

Properties of Water
Bodies of water resist
High Specic temperature changes
Heat
Water can absorb large
amounts of energy.

EvaporaOve Cooling
Molecules with most
High
VaporizaOon kineOc E, vaporize

Adhesion/
Cohesion

TranspiraOon/ Surface
Tension
Forms hydrogen bonds
with substances and its self

Properties of Water

Properties of Water are

EMERGENT
PROPERTIES

ProperOes of Carbon
6

12.011

Four Valence
Electrons

Single
Double OR
Triple
Covalent Bonds

Hydrocarbons
Non-polar
Hydrophobic
properties (not
soluble in water)
Very little
intermolecular
forces (Van der
Waals)

Hydrocarbons
Innite
Variety

MulOple bonds
Branch, chains,
rings

Isomers

Structural
Geometric
EnanOomers

FuncOonal
Groups

Changes
properOes
Polar or ionize

MOLECULAR
STRUCTURE
AFFECTS
BIOLOGICAL
FUNCTION

Isomers
Same Chemical Formula; Different Structure; Different Properties

Dierent
Bonding
Structural Dierent
ProperOes

Isomers
of
propanol

Isomers
Same Chemical Formula; Different Structure; Different Properties

Must have
double
Geometric bond
Cis or
Trans -

cis 1,2 - dichloroethene trans 1,2 -dichloroethene

Isomers
Same Chemical Formula; Different Structure; Different Properties

Must have
double
Geometric bond
Cis or
Trans -

Cis functional groups on

same side (bent)
Trans - functional groups
on opposite sides (linear)
cis 1,2 - dichloroethene trans 1,2 -dichloroethene

Isomers
Same Chemical Formula; Different Structure; Different Properties

Mirror
images
EnanOomer 1 is
biologically
acOve
D - Alanine

L - Alanine

L- Form amino acids are used in protein synthesis

D form of glucose is a product of photosynthesis
Important in pharmaceutical industry

FuncOonal Groups
ADDS properties to hydrocarbons - changes molecule structure and
function
Func+onal Group

Proper+es

Structure

Methyl

Non Polar
Found in Lipids

Hydroxyl

Polar
Found in Carbohydrates
Called Alcohols

Carbonyl
(Ketone)

Polar
Found in Sugars
Oxygen in Middle

Carbonyl (Aldehyde)

Polar
Found in Sugars
Oxygen on Terminal C

FuncOonal Groups
ADDS properties to hydrocarbons - changes molecule structure and
function
Func+onal Group

Proper+es

Structure

Carboxyl (- COOH)

Acidic Donates H+
Found in Amino Acids
Polar
Carboxylic Acid

Amino

Basic Accepts H+
Found in Amino Acids
Polar
Amine

Suleydryl

Polar
Forms covalent
crosslinks in proteins
Thiol

Phosphate

Polar
Found in nucleic acids;
ATP
Transfers energy in cells

S H

FuncOonal Groups
Are these molecules the SAME?

Estradiol

Responsible for
Dierent Sex
CharacterisOcs

Testosterone

Similar structure, but different functional groups CHANGE THE

PROPERTIES!