Professional Documents
Culture Documents
David Thyrn
Monday 3 November 2014
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devotion to God where a chorus of men and boys sung the parts of the Messe in polyphonic
singing. Some composers who improved this gender were Dufay, Ockeghem and Josquin des
Prez. The most important composer of this period was Palestrina, that also worked with
secular music, as the madrigals. By the end of this period, the opera was already in
development.
The Baroque Era starts about the beginning of the 17th Century (1600-1750). To cover
the needs of the bourgeois for public music, it were created locals in many cities with offices
for town musicians, and by the end of the 16th century which town had a conductor. The
music written resembled church music but was often easier for "less educated people. In this
period, we see the emergence of the gender concerto for solo instruments and some of those
become more prominent. The Violin, the Guitar, the Harpsichord, the Cornet and the
Clavichord were some that were specially used. One of the most important composers in the
first years was Vivaldi who wrote more than 500 concerts (about 230 for violin and orchestra),
46 operas, 90 sonatas and large amounts of sacred and chamber music. Later on, there were
two more composers that marked this period a singular and most important one in music
history: Johan Sebastian Bach, considered by many the best composer of all times, and Georg
Hndel.
About the middle of the 18th Century, the music started to be cultivated at home by the
bourgeois and a lot of them could read and play music. It was considered fashionable to have,
at least, a pianoforte at home in the music room to entertain. Women were taught the
pianoforte, and the harp in wealthier families, and it was one of the topics of an
accomplished woman to play and sing really well. For that motive, the music started to
become simpler, in some ways, and more expressive. One of the genders that emerged was
the ballad. On the other hand, there were developed the first symphonies, at the hand of
Haydn and the Operas of Mozart became really successful. In the passage of the century,
with the revolutions in all Europe and America, the ideal society based on freedom, equality
and fraternity brought a decline in the church that explained the undesirable and could not
be moved by reason. Beethoven expresses really well this feelings of destiny and revolution in
its music that is considered the transition between classical and romantic music.
These revolutions brought a new industrialized world to the 19th Century. The music
also changed, although the instruments used stayed mostly the same. Another development
that had an effect on music was the rise of the middle class. Composers, before this period,
lived on the patronage of the aristocracy. Many times their audience was small, composed
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mostly of the upper class and individuals who were knowledgeable about music. As it was,
composers turned their attention to the expression of intense feelings in their music. Schubert
and Schumann developed the lied, Chopin and Liszt were considered the piano virtuosos,
Berlioz wrote his program symphony and Mendelssohn brought back Bachs music. The
Opera saw a great modification, first with Verdi in Italia and after with Wagner in Germany.
In the early 20th century, many composers continued to work in forms and in a musical
language that derived from the 19th century. However, modernism in music became
increasingly prominent and important. Among the most important modernists were Scriabin,
Debussy, Mahler and Richard Strauss, who experimented with form, tonality and
orchestration. Vienna, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, became a multicultural
meeting place with a vibrant artistic and intellectual climate, although with a lot of rivalry
between the radical and conservative parties. Schnberg developed the twelve-tone system,
determining the equality of all tones, system adopted by his students Alban Berg and Webern.
In Russia, Stravinsky was writing his ballets, very modern in music, choreography and
settings.
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