Seismicanalysisofmulti Storeyreinforcedconcretebuildingsframe 140225074155 Phpapp02

COMPUTER AIDED seismic ANALYSIS of
MULTI-STOREY REINFORCED CONCRETE

BUILDINGS FRAME
(2010-2014)
Department of Civil Engineering
A Project Submitted For the Degree of Bachelor of
Technology
In Civil Engineering
By :
Ms. Dimpy Khurana (08820703410)
Ms. Ankita Sinha
(04620703410)
Mr. Alok Rathore
(01620703410)
Mr. Rahul Kr Neeraj (07320703410)
Mr. Prem Pal
(07220703410)
DATE:________________
_
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Minor Project Report entitled COMPUTER
AIDED SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF MULTI-STOREY REINFORCED
CONCRETE BUILDINGS FRAME is being submitted by
Ms. Dimpy Khurana (08820703410)
Ms. Ankita Sinha
(04620703410)
Mr. Alok Rathore
(01620703410)
Mr. Rahul Kr Neeraj (07320703410)
Mr. Prem Pal
(07220703410)
in partial fulfilment requirement for the degree in Bachelor of

technology (B. Tech.) in Civil Engineering as prescribed by Guru
Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi is record of bonafide
work done by them.
( supervisor )
supervisor
Head
of
Department
&
( Civil Engineering )
This is to certify that the candidate was examined by us in the minor
project examination held at C.B.P. Govt. Engineering College on 11-122013
( Internal Examiner )
Examiner )
External
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to convey our sincere gratitude to our respected
principal Prof. V.K Minocha for providing us opportunity to
work on this project our Head of Department Mr. S.K Tiwari.
We would like to express our profound sense of deepest
gratitude to our guide and motivator Mr. Rajesh Pradhan,
Civil Engineering Department, CBPGEC, New Delhi for his
valuable guidance, sympathy and co-operation for providing
necessary facilities and sources during the entire period of this
project. We would also like to thank the technical staff of Civil
Engineering Department for the facilities and co-operation
received from them.
We wish to thank Mr. Ajay Kumar Verma, Government
contractor and civil material distributor and his colleagues who
have provided us the data of a real building in Delhi.
Last, but not least, we would like to thank the authors of
various research articles and books that were referred to.
INDEX
S.No.
1.1
Introduction
Page
No.
5-8
1.2
1.3
Scope Of Project
Objective Of Project
9-11
12
2.1
Measurement Of Earthquake
14-17
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Types Of Earthquake Measurement Scales

Types Of Earthquake Waves
Effect Of Earthquake On Buildings
How to protect structures from
earthquake damage
Selection of software
Summary
18-19
20-21
22-24
25-27
CHAPTER
3
Problem Undertaken & Software Analysis
30-143
CHAPTER
4
Conclusions And Recommendations
144-147
CHAPTER
5
Summary & Future Scope
148-149
Codes Related to Earthquake
151-171
Multi-degree freedom System &

Earthquake analysis
172-177
CHAPTER
1
CHAPTER
2
2.6
2.7
ANNEXUR
E
REFEREN
CES
TOPIC
28
29
178
Chapter
1
5
1.1 Introduction
The opinion that designing new buildings to be Earthquake resistant will cause
substantial additional costs is still among the constructional professionals. In a
country of moderate seismicity adequate seismic resistance of new buildings
may be achieved at no or no significant additional cost however the expenditure
needed to ensure adequate seismic resistance may depend strongly on the
approach selected during the conceptual design phase and the relevant design
method. Regarding the conceptual design phase early collaboration between the
architect and civil engineering is crucial. Concerning the design method it should
be stated that significant progress has been made recently. Intensive research
has improved the understanding of the behaviour of a building or structure
during an earthquake and resulted in the development of more efficient and
modern design methods.
The Advantages Of The Modern Method:
Drastic reduction in the seismic design Forces at ultimate limit state.
Better resistance against collapse.
Good deformation control
Prevention of damage for earthquake up to a chosen intensity (damage limit
state earthquake)
Larger flexibility in case of changes in building use.
Practically equal costs.
The last three advantages are particularly important to the building owner.
The 2001 Gujarat earthquake is a recent example of catastrophe. It was the first
major earthquake to hit an urban area of India in the last 50 years. It Killed
13,800 people, Injured 167,000 and a large number of reinforced concrete multistoreyed frame buildings were heavily damaged and many of them were
collapsed completely in the towns of Kachchh district. Destruction total
estimated to be about US$ 5billion.It is tempting to think that this risk
concentrated only in areas of high seismicity but this reasoning does not hold. In
regions of low to moderate seismicity can be predominant risk as well. Buildings
that are very vulnerable and at risk from even a relatively weak earthquake
continue to built today. Still for new buildings the basic principles of earthquake
resistant design and also the basic earthquake specifications of building codes
are not followed. The reason is unawareness, convenience or intentional
ignorance. As a result the earthquake risk continues to increase unnecessarily.
The opinion that designing new buildings to be earthquake resistant will cause
substantial additional costs is still common among construction professionals.

Moreover appropriate official controls and checks are lacking.
The recent earthquakes in the past have indicated the need of awareness that
we need to incorporate for a new construction, retrofitting of existing structures
and
general
safety.
Over the centuries, many researchers have come to a conclusion that
earthquakes dont kill people; buildings do. Earthquake does cause buildings,
bridges and other structures to experience sudden lateral acceleration but this
solely is not responsible for their collapse. Many experts now believe we can get
rid of this fearsome temblor through earthquake-resistant buildings which can
prevent the total collapse and preserve life. Today, the sciences of building
earthquake-resistant structures have advanced tremendously and many
developed countries have been practicing this approach .There are tremendous
techniques from base isolation and damping process to resistant design
techniques. In a developing country, expensive technology is quite difficult to
incorporate whereas simple techniques which deal with the basic principles can
be
followed
without
any
harsh
investment.
Before approaching these techniques its also equally essential to understand

earthquakes. Earthquakes do occur when tectonic plates move and rub against
each other. The case becomes extreme when large earthquakes may hit
sometimes as a result of this movement. They snap and rebound to their original
position which is also coined as Elastic Rebound Theory. When this earthquakes
ground motion occurs beneath a building and it is strong enough, it sets the
building in motion, starting with the building foundation, and transfers the
motion throughout the rest of building in a very complex way. These motions in
7
turn
induce
forces
which
can
produce
damage.
Our concern is to make our structure withstand such forces. Every building must
withstand significant lateral force. We need to give our attention while designing
the plan, section of a building, selecting the construction material and while
implementing the ideas in the construction phase. There are tremendous
techniques that can be embraced by a normal building. When dispatching the
forces toward the footing from the structure, columns play a vital role than that
of the beams so designing a structure with strong columns than beams is
appreciated.
Structure might be of various shapes but for earthquake-resistant design, a
simple and regular shape such as rectangular can be beneficial. Shear wall is a
best walling system for earthquake-resistant buildings but it can be a bit
expensive. In such cases, cross-bracing can be provided which also helps in
dispatching the forces with great efficiency. While considering height of the
building, the floor area and the overall width of the area must be in a decreasing
form as stories increase. As all the load will be transferred to a base column, so
the width of base column should also be properly reinforced. Proper spacing
must be maintained between two buildings. Simple but good plans are always
appreciated
and
are
good
to
resist
earthquake.
When stirrups are being bent for beams and columns, proper locking at the edge
with at least 45 degree must be maintained as they form good bonding and
resist the buckling phenomenon. Proper space between the bars to facilitate
during concrete compaction, the interlocking of two beams with proper
development length and mix design of concrete are also major considering point
during the construction phase. Footing as per the soil condition must be
identified and proper placing of footing must be done. Horizontal truss for the
roofing system can be best choice in normal building. Identifying the safe region
of a building can be beneficial at the time of emergency. Moreover obeying a
country building code and getting assistance of experts can have a great
advantage.
Proper selection of material for construction also plays a vital role. More
economical material which is locally available, extracted from renewable
resources can be eco-friendly in the construction and also add up tremendous
aesthetical benefits. Light material can be used which makes the structure more
strong in a non-load bearing structure. Retrofitting for existing structure in
accordance with code can make the pre-existing structure safe. Being aware
about the catastrophe well in advance is one of the means to get rid of the
problems and implementing the safety in need and save lives.
1.2 Scope of project
Study area: New Delhi
The Indian subcontinent has a history of devastating earthquakes with 59% of

the land being vulnerable to earthquakes. The Indian plate is driving Asia at a
rate of approximately 47 mm/year. Intra plate earthquakes from Himalayan
10
region and inter plate earthquakes of local origin are the major reasons for
seismic design of buildings. And due to earthquake:
Structures in to and fro motion develop stresses due to inertial force(NFL)
Vertical shaking adds or subtracts to weight of structure.
These lateral inertia forces are transferred by the floor slab to the walls or
columns, to the foundations, and finally to the soil system underneath.
This sometimes leads to settlement of foundation due to soil liquefaction.
Thus, there is an enormous need to establish a Seismic Disaster management

plan for India which can only be done through analysis and modelling of
11
structures. Modelling and simulation of structural components and complex

structures through software's is the most sophisticated way of analysis.
Computers can perform complicated computations at a high speed therefore
computer programs are used for analysis and design of structural member. Hand
computations are applicable for small problem and tedious for even for medium
sized calculations and 3-D analysis is almost impossible. On the other hand in
computer analysis 3-D analysis can be easily performed with a high degree of
accuracy. STAAD Pro V8i is a very powerful which can be used for 3-D analysis
and is useful for analysis and design of multi-storied buildings. Full range of
analysis including static, P-delta, response spectrum, time-history, cable etc. and
steel design, concrete design and timber design is available in STAAD Pro.
1.3 Objective of project
12
Seismic analysis of different prototype of RCC building was selected. Prototypes

were having various dimensions of beams and columns. These were analysed
through STAAD pro V8i for same load combinations.
Buildings were analysed for:
o
o
o
o
Rayleigh frequency
Modal frequency method
Response spectrum base shear calculation
Time history Base shear calculation
And 10 mode shapes were generated and various reactions and forces were
calculated.
13
Chapter
2
14
2.1 Measuring the size of an earthquake

Earthquakes range broadly in size. A rock-burst in an Idaho silver mine may
involve the fracture of 1 meter of rock; the 1965 Rat Island earthquake in the
Aleutian arc involved a 650 kilometre length of the Earth's crust. Earthquakes
can be even smaller and even larger. If an earthquake is felt or causes
perceptible surface damage, then its intensity of shaking can be subjectively
estimated. But ma ny large earthquakes occur in oceanic areas or at great
focal depths and are either simply not felt or their felt pattern does not really
indicate their true size.
Today, state of the art seismic systems transmit data from the seismograph
via telephone line and satellite directly to a central digital computer. A
preliminary location, depth-of-focus, and magnitude can now be obtained
within minutes of the onset of an earthquake. The only limiting factor is how
long the seismic waves take to travel from the epicentre to the stations usually less than 10 minutes.
Magnitude:
Modern seismographic systems precisely amplify and record ground motion
(typically at periods of between 0.1 and 100 seconds) as a function of time.
This amplification and recording as a function of time is the source of
instrumental amplitude and arrival-time data on near and distant earthquakes.
Although similar seismographs have existed since the 1890's, it was only in the
1930's that Charles F. Richter, a California seismologist, introduced the concept
of earthquake magnitude. His original definition held only for California
earthquakes occurring within 600 km of a particular type of seismograph (the
Woods-Anderson torsion instrument). His basic idea was quite simple: by
knowing the distance from a seismograph to an earthquake and observing the
maximum signal amplitude recorded on the seismograph, an empirical
quantitative ranking of the earthquake's inherent size or strength could be
made. Most California earthquakes occur within the top 16 km of the crust; to a
first approximation, corrections for variations in earthquake focal depth were,
therefore, unnecessary.
Richter's original magnitude scale (M L) was then extended to observations of
earthquakes of any distance and of focal depths ranging between 0 and 700
km. Because earthquakes excite both body waves, which travel into and
through the Earth, and surface waves, which are constrained to follow the
natural wave guide of the Earth's uppermost layers, two magnitude scales
evolved - the mb and MSscales.
The standard body-wave magnitude formula is
mb = log10(A/T) + Q(D,h) ,
Where A is the amplitude of ground motion (in microns); T is the
corresponding period (in seconds); and Q(D,h) is a correction factor that is a
function of distance, D (degrees), between epicentre and station and focal
depth, h (in kilometres), of the earthquake. The standard surface-wave formula
is
15
MS = log10 (A/T) + 1.66 log10 (D) + 3.30.

There are many variations of these formulas that take into account effects of
specific geographic regions, so that the final computed magnitude is
reasonably consistent with Richter's original definition of ML. Negative
magnitude values are permissible.
A rough idea of frequency of occurrence of large earthquakes is given by the
following table:
MS
---------8.5 - 8.9
8.0 - 8.4
7.5 - 7.9
7.0 - 7.4
6.5 - 6.9
6.0 - 6.4
Earthquakes
Per year
----------0.3
1.1
3.1
15
56
210
This table is based on data for a recent 47 year period. Perhaps the rates of
earthquake occurrence are highly variable and some other 47 year period
could give quite different results.
The original mb scale utilized compression body P-wave amplitudes with
periods of 4-5 s, but recent observations are generally of 1 s-period P waves.
The MS scale has consistently used Rayleigh surface waves in the period range
from 18 to 22 s.
When initially developed, these magnitude scales were considered to be
equivalent; in other words, earthquakes of all sizes were thought to radiate
fixed proportions of energy at different periods. But it turns out that larger
earthquakes, which have larger rupture surfaces, systematically radiate more
long-period energy. Thus, for very large earthquakes, body-wave magnitudes
badly underestimate true earthquake size; the maximum body-wave
magnitudes are about 6.5 - 6.8. In fact, the surface-wave magnitudes
underestimate the size of very large earthquakes; the maximum observed
values are about 8.3 - 8.7. The mostly damage to structure is caused by the
energy for shorter period.
Energy, E
The amount of energy radiated by an earthquake is a measure of the
potential for damage to man-made structures. Theoretically, its computation
requires summing the energy flux over a broad suite of frequencies generated
by an earthquake as it ruptures a fault. Because of instrumental limitations,
most estimates of energy have historically relied on the empirical relationship
developed by Beno Gutenberg and Charles Richter:
log10E = 11.8 + 1.5MS
Where energy, E, is expressed in ergs. The drawback of this method is
that MS is computed from a bandwidth between approximately 18 to 22 s. It is
now known that the energy radiated by an earthquake is concentrated over a
different bandwidth and at higher frequencies. With the worldwide deployment
16
of modern digitally recording seismograph with broad bandwidth response,

computerized methods are now able to make accurate and explicit estimates of
energy on a routine basis for all major earthquakes. A magnitude based on
energy radiated by an earthquake, Me, can now be defined,
Me = 2/3 log10E - 2.9.
For every increase in magnitude by 1 unit, the associated seismic energy
increases by about 32 times.
Although Mw and Me are both magnitudes, they describe different physical
properties of the earthquake. Mw, computed from low-frequency seismic data,
is a measure of the area ruptured by an earthquake. Me, computed from high
frequency seismic data, is a measure of seismic potential for damage.
Consequently, Mw and Me often do not have the same numerical value.
Intensity
The increase in the degree of surface shaking (intensity) for each unit
increase of magnitude of a shallow crustal earthquake is unknown. Intensity is
based on an earthquake's local accelerations and how long these persist.
Intensity and magnitude thus both depend on many variables that include
exactly how rock breaks and how energy travels from an earthquake to a
receiver. These factors make it difficult for engineers and others who use
earthquake intensity and magnitude data to evaluate the error bounds that
may exist for their particular applications.
An example of how local soil conditions can greatly influence local intensity
is given by catastrophic damage in Mexico City from the 1985, MS 8.1 Mexico
earthquake cantered some 300 km away. Resonances of the soil-filled basin
under parts of Mexico City amplified ground motions for periods of 2 seconds
by a factor of 75 times. This shaking led to selective damage to buildings 15 25 stories high (same resonant period), resulting in losses to buildings of about
$4.0 billion and at least 8,000 fatalities.
The occurrence of an earthquake is a complex physical process. When an
earthquake occurs, much of the available local stress is used to power the
earthquake fracture growth to produce heat rather that to generate seismic
waves. Of an earthquake systems total energy, perhaps 10 percent to less that
1 percent is ultimately radiated as seismic energy. So the degree to which an
earthquake lowers the Earth's available potential energy is only fractionally
observed as radiated seismic energy.
17
2.2 Types
Scales:
of
Earthquake
Measurement
The Mercalli intensity scale is a seismic scale used for measuring the
intensity of an earthquake. It measures the effects of an earthquake, and is
distinct from the moment magnitude
usually reported for an earthquake
(sometimes misreported as the Richter magnitude), which is a measure of the
energy released. The intensity of an earthquake is not totally determined by its
magnitude.
The scale quantifies the effects of an earthquake on the Earth's surface, humans,
objects of nature, and man-made structures on a scale from I (not felt) to XII
(total destruction).[1][2] Values depend upon the distance to the earthquake,
with the highest intensities being around the epicentral area.
The Richter magnitude scale (often shortened to Richter scale) was
developed to assign a single number to quantify the energy released during an
earthquake.
Mercal
Descript li
Magnitude
Average earthquake effects
ion
intensi
ty
Less
2.0
than
Average
frequency
o
occurrence
(estimated)
Micro earthquakes, not felt, or felt rarely by Continual/seve

sensitive people. Recorded by seismographs
l million per ye
I to II
Felt slightly by some people. No damage to Over one millio

buildings.
per year
3.03.9
II to IV
Often felt by people, but very rarely causes

Over
100,00
damage. Shaking of indoor objects can be
per year
noticeable.
4.04.9
Noticeable shaking of indoor objects and

10,000
rattling noises. Felt by most people in the
15,000 per yea
affected area. Slightly felt outside. Generally
IV to VI causes none to minimal damage. Moderate to
significant damage very unlikely. Some
objects may fall off shelves or be knocked
over.
Micro
2.02.9
Minor
Light
18
5.05.9
6.06.9
7.07.9
Can cause damage of varying severity to

poorly constructed buildings. At most, none to
to
1,000 to 1,50
slight damage to all other buildings. Felt by
per year
everyone. Casualties range from none to a
few.
Moderate
VI
VIII
Strong
Damage to a moderate number of well built

structures in populated areas. Earthquakeresistant structures survive with slight to
moderate damage. Poorly-designed structures
100 to 150 p
VII to X receive moderate to severe damage. Felt in
year
wider
areas;
up
to
hundreds
of
miles/kilometres from the epicentre. Strong to
violent shaking in epicentral area. Death toll
ranges from none to 25,000.
Major
Causes damage to most buildings, some to

partially or completely collapse or receive
severe damage. Well-designed structures are
10 to
likely to receive damage. Felt across great
year
distances with major damage mostly limited to
250 km from epicentre. Death toll ranges from
none to 250,000.
20
Major damage to buildings, structures likely to

be destroyed. Will cause moderate to heavy
VIII or damage to sturdy or earthquake-resistant One per year
greater[ buildings. Damaging in large areas. Felt in
extremely large regions. Death toll ranges
from 1,000 to 1 million.
8.08.9
Great
9.0
and
greater
Near or at total destruction - severe damage

or collapse to all buildings. Heavy damage and
One per 10
shaking
extends
to
distant
locations.
50 years
Permanent changes in ground topography.
Death toll usually over 50,000.
The scale is a base-10 logarithmic scale. The magnitude is defined as the

logarithm of the ratio of the amplitude of waves measured by a seismograph to
arbitrary small amplitude.
The moment magnitude scale (abbreviated as MMS; denoted as MW or M) is
used by seismologists to measure the size of earthquakes in terms of the energy
19
released.[1] The magnitude is based on the seismic moment of the earthquake,

which is equal to the rigidity of the Earth multiplied by the average amount of
slip on the fault and the size of the area that slipped.[ The symbol for the
moment magnitude scale is , with the subscript
meaning mechanical work
accomplished. The moment magnitude is a dimensionless number defined by
Where is the seismic moment in Nm (107 dynecm)
2.3 Types of Seismic Waves
Main types of seismic waves.

wave type
particle motion
body waves
Longitudinal
Transverse
surface waves
horizontal transverse
vertical elliptical
name
P wave
S wave
Love wave
Rayleigh wave
There are many types of seismic waves, body wave, surface waves:
20
Body waves consist of:

Primary waves (P waves) (or "longitudinal waves") travel through fluids, and
solids. They are compression waves and rely on the compression strength and
elasticity of the materials to propagate. They are known as body waves because
they travel though the body of a material in all directions and not just at the
surface, as water waves do. For P waves, the motion of the material particles
that transmit the energy move parallel to the direction of propagation. P waves
travel the same way as sound waves in air. The transmission of compression
waves is due to the strong electronic between atoms that get squeezed
together too tightly. P waves are the fastest seismic waves and travel at
roughly 6.0 km/s in the crust (more than seven times the speed of sound).
Secondary waves(S waves) depend on the shear strength of the material.

The strength of atomic bonds in solids allows them to transmit transverse
motions. S waves do not travel as fast as P waves and have a velocity of about
3.5 km/s in the crust.
Surface waves are very similar to ocean waves as they only occur at the
surface of the earth and do not penetrate into the interior deeply. There are two
types of surface waves: Love waves and Rayleigh waves. Love waves cause
surface motions similar to that by S-waves, but with no vertical component.
Typically, it the surface waves that does the most damage during an earthquake,
especially at distances far from the epicentre. The velocity of surface waves
varies with their wavelength but always travel slower than P and S waves.
21
Unlike body waves, surface waves move along the surface of the Earth. Surface
waves are to blame for most of an earthquake's carnage. They move up and
down the surface of the Earth, rocking the foundations of man-made structures.
Surface waves are the slowest moving of all waves, which means they arrives
the last. So the most intense shaking usually comes at the end of an earthquake.
An earthquake will generate all of these types of waves and they will propagate
over the surface of the earth and through the body of the earth. The waves can
be distinguished by the differing velocities and particle motions. Seismometers
measure the particle motion produced by these waves.
P-waves are fastest, followed in sequence by S-wave, Love and Rayleigh waves.
Real earthquake ground motion at a particular building site is vastly more
complicated than the simple wave form. Here it's useful to compare the surface
of the ground under an earthquake to the surface of a small body of water, like
a pond. You can set the surface of a pond in motion--by throwing stones into it.
The first few stones create a series of circular waves, which soon begin to
collide with one another. After a while, the collisions, which we term
interference patterns begin to predominate over the pattern of circular waves.
Soon, the entire surface of the water is covered by ripples, and you can no
longer make out the original wave forms. During an earthquake, the ground
vibrates in a similarly complex manner, as waves of different frequencies and
amplitude interact with one another.
The complexity of earthquake ground motion is due to three factors:
The seismic waves generated at the time of earthquake fault

movement were not all of a uniform character.
As these waves pass through the earth on their way from the fault to
the building site, they are modified by the soil and rock media through
which they pass
Once the seismic waves reach the building site they undergo further
modifications that are dependent upon the characteristics of the
ground and soil beneath the building. We refer to these three factors
as source effects, path effects, and local site effects.
2.4 Effect of earthquake on buildings

Systematic study of earthquakes has also one very practical aspect. Strong
earthquakes often cause great damage to houses and other buildings, and
occasionally they level to the ground large and rich cities, and bury thousands of
people under the ruins. Therefore, one of the most important goals of seismology
is to theoretically study how the movement of the earth affects buildings, and to
apply these results as well as the experience gained in catastrophic earthquakes
to show the ways of constructing buildings resistant as much as possible against
earthquakes.
Investigation of earthquakes with modern instruments has given the following
results on the ways how the earth shakes:
22
1. An earthquake consists of a series of periodic displacements of the earth, after

which every point of the surface either returns to its initial position, or acquires a
new position, corresponding to some linear displacement.
2. A sizeable linear displacement can be detected after an earthquake only by
means of a very precise triangulation, but is often easily seen during large
earthquakes, either as cracks appearing on the earth surface, or as a larger or
smaller denivelation of the ground.
3. The periodic motion can be described as a sum of waves or oscillations in the
three mutually perpendicular directions: one vertical and two horizontal
directions, e.g. NS (north-south) and EW (east-west).
If one combines the two horizontal directions into one resultant, one can talk
about only one horizontal and one vertical component of the wave motion or
oscillation of the earth. Since the linear movements of the earth are either
harmless or induce damage which can be neither predicted nor calculated, here
we consider only the oscillatory or the wave motions. A point performs a
vibration when it first moves in some positive direction, for example towards the
right hand side, and then reaches a certain largest distance with respect to its
initial position. From there it returns, going in the negative direction, passing
through its initial position down to the same maximal distance on the other side;
after that it returns again and comes back to the initial point. The point A is
moved first to a, goes back to A, continues until a1, and returns to A. If
there were no obstacles, this process would be continued endlessly.
If a certain point in the earth or on the surface of the earth acquires from the
earthquake some velocity in the direction Aa, it shall be able to move in this
direction only to the point where the elasticity of the earth absorbs the whole
energy of its motion. Thus the motion from A to a is retarded, or in other
words: in each position of the point A, which is not its initial position, a force is
acting on the point oriented towards the initial position, and the acceleration of
this point increases as the distance from the initial position grows. For very small
displacements Aa one can assume that the acceleration is proportional to the
distance Aa. The largest distance reached by the point, with respect to its initial
position, is called the amplitude of the oscillation. The time needed for the point
to perform the complete motion from A to a and back, passing through A to
a1 and then back toA, is called the period of oscillation. If some point on the
surface of the earth rises, it pulls with it all the surrounding points, so that they
move in the same manner as the original point, but with a certain delay. From
these points the movement is conveyed to further neighboring points, etc. After
some time the surface of the earth looks just like a surface of the water a short
time after a stone has fallen in it, i.e. the waves are formed which, starting from
the point at which the motion began, spread in all directions. Therefore this kind
of oscillatory motion is also called the wave motion.
23
Permanent ground deformations can tear a structure apart. Some foundation

types are better able to resist these permanent ground deformations than
others. For example, the use of pile foundations, with the piles extending
beneath the anticipated zone of soil liquefaction, can be effective in mitigating
the hazards effects. The use of heavily reinforced mats can also be effective in
resisting moderate ground deformation due to fault rupture or lateral spreading.
Most earthquake-induced building damage, however, is a result of ground
shaking. When the ground shakes at a building site, the buildings foundations
vibrate in a manner thats similar to the surrounding ground.
Brittle elements tend to break and lose strength. (Examples of brittle elements
include unreinforced masonry walls that crack when overstressed in shear, and
unconfined concrete elements that crush under compressive overloads.) Ductile
elements are able to deform beyond their elastic strength limit and continue to
carry load. (Examples of ductile elements include tension braces and adequately
braced beams in moment frames).
For economic reasons, building codes permit buildings to be damaged by the

infrequent severe earthquakes that may affect them, but prevent collapse and
endangerment of life safety. For buildings that house important functions
essential to post-earthquake recovery, including hospitals, fire stations,
emergency communications centres, etc., codes adopt more conservative
criteria thats intended to minimize the risk that the buildings would be so
severely damaged they could not be used for their intended function.
Throughout the 20 th century, the intent of seismic design in building codes was
to avoid earthquake-induced damage that would pose a significant risk to safety
while still permitting economical designs. Thus, building code provisions were
developed that would permit some damage to occur, but protect against damage
likely to lead to either local or partial collapse, or the generation of dangerous
falling debris. When these building codes were first developed, the technical
community didnt have a good understanding of ground shaking, its magnitude,
the dynamic response characteristics of structures, or nonlinear behaviour.
Todays codes still seek to protect life safety vs. minimize damage, but do so
through a variety of prescriptive criteria based on observation, as well as
laboratory and analytical research.
Research has spawned numerous innovations now common in earthquake

engineering, including ductile detailing of concrete structures, improved
24
connections for moment frames, base isolation technology, energy dissipation

technology, and computing tools.
Current research activities are focused on three areas: 1) performance-based

design, 2) development of damage-resistant systems, and 3) improvement in the
ability to predict the occurrence and intensity of earthquakes.
The concept of performance-based design is that a designer can be inventive in

terms of the combinations of structural framing systems and detailing chosen vs.
adhering to prescriptive criteria contained in building code. But this approach
presumes that the designer can demonstrate, typically through simulation that
the structure is capable of performing acceptably. The ability to actually
implement performance-based design is becoming more practical. As this trend
continues, designers will find that theyre no longer constrained to certain
structural systems and configurations, or have to adhere to minimum design
base shears, drift, or detailing criteria, which provides more freedom in the
design of structures of the future.
The Most Important Aspects of Seismic Design

Continuity: The pieces that comprise a structure must be connected with
sufficient strength so that, when the structure responds to shaking, the pieces
dont pull apart and the structure responds as an integral unit.
Stiffness and Strength: Structures must have sufficient lateral and vertical
strength so the forces induced by relatively frequent, low-intensity earthquakes
dont cause damage, and rare, high-intensity earthquakes dont strain elements
so far beyond yield points that they lose strength.
Regularity: A structure is regular if its configuration has a pattern of lateral

deformation during response to shaking thats relatively uniform throughout its
height without twisting or large concentrations of deformation in small areas of
the structure.
Redundancy: Redundancy is important because of the basic design strategy

behind the building codes. If a structure only has a few elements to resist
25
earthquake-induced forces, the structure may lose its ability to resist further
shaking when those elements become damaged; however, if a large number of
seismic-load-resisting elements are present and some become damaged, others
may still provide stability.
Defined Yield Mechanisms: In this approach, which is often called as capacity

design, it must be decided which elements will yield under a strong earthquake.
These elements are detailed so they can sustain yielding without undesirable
strength loss. At the same time, all other elements of the structure, such as
gravity load-carrying beams, columns, and connections, are proportioned so
theyre strong enough to withstand the maximum forces and deformations that
can be delivered by an earthquake once the intended yield mechanism has been
engaged.
26
2.5 How to protect

earthquake damage
structures
from
In recent times, reinforced concrete buildings have become common in India,

particularly in towns and cities. Reinforced concrete (or simply RC) consists of
two primary materials, namely concrete with reinforcing steel bars. Concrete is
made of sand, crushed stone (called aggregates) and cement, all mixed with predetermined amount of water. Concrete can be molded into any desired shape,
and steel bars can be bent into many shapes. Thus, structures of complex
shapes are possible with RC. A typical RC building is made of horizontal members
(beams and slabs) and vertical members (columns and walls), and supported by
foundations that rest on ground. The system comprising of RC columns and
connecting beams is called a RC Frame. The RC frame participates in resisting
the earthquake forces. Earthquake shaking generates inertia forces in the
building, which are proportional to the building mass. Since most of the building
mass is present at floor levels, earthquake-induced inertia forces primarily
develop at the floor levels. These forces travel ownwards through slab and
beams to columns and walls, and then to the foundations from where they are
dispersed to the ground. As inertia forces accumulate downwards from the top of
the building, the columns and walls at lower storeys experience higher
earthquake-induced forces and are therefore designed to be stronger than those
in storeys above.
Stirrups in RC beams help in three ways, namely:
i.
They carry the vertical shear force and thereby resist diagonal shear
cracks (Figure 2b),
ii.
They protect the concrete from bulging outwards due to flexure, and
iii.
They prevent the buckling of the compressed longitudinal bars due to
flexure.
In moderate to severe seismic zones, the Indian Standard IS13920-1993
prescribes the following requirements related to stirrups in reinforced concrete
beams:
(a) The diameter of stirrup must be at least 6mm; in beams more than 5m
long, it must be at least 8mm.
(b) Both ends of the vertical stirrups should be bent into a 135 hook and
extended sufficiently beyond this hook to ensure that the stirrup does not open
out in an earthquake. The spacing of vertical stirrups in any portion of the beam
should be determined from calculations
(c) The maximum spacing of stirrups is less than half the depth of the
beam.
(d) For a length of twice the depth of the beam from the face of the
column, an even more stringent spacing of stirrups as specified in (c).
Columns, the vertical members in RC buildings, contain two types of steel
reinforcement, namely:
(a) long straight bars (called longitudinal bars) placed vertically along the
length, and
(b) Closed loops of smaller diameter steel bars (called transverse ties) placed
horizontally at regular intervals along its full length.
Columns can sustain two types of damage, namely axial-flexural (or combined
compression bending) failure and shear failure. Shear damage is brittle and must
be avoided in columns by providing transverse ties at close spacing. Design
Strategy Designing a column involves selection of materials to be used (i.e.,
grades of concrete and steel bars), choosing shape and size of the cross-section,
27
and calculating amount and distribution of steel reinforcement. The first two
aspects are part of the overall design strategy of the whole building. The Indian
Ductile Detailing Code IS: 13920-1993 requires columns to be at least 300mm
wide.
A column width of up to 200mm is allowed if unsupported length is less than 4m
and beam length is less than 5m. Columns that are required to resist earthquake
forces must be designed to prevent shear failure by a skillful selection of
reinforcement.
Vertical Bars tied together with Closed Ties Closely spaced horizontal closed ties
help in three
Ways, namely
(i)
they carry the horizontal shear forces induced by earthquakes, and
thereby resist diagonal shear cracks,
(ii)
they hold together the vertical bars and prevent them from excessively
bending outwards (in technical terms, this bending phenomenon is
called buckling), and
(iii)
They contain the concrete in the column within the closed loops. The
ends of the ties must be bent as 135 hooks. Such hook ends prevent
opening of loops and consequently bulging of concrete and buckling of
vertical bars.
The Indian Standard IS13920-1993 prescribes following details for earthquakeresistant columns:
(a) Closely spaced ties must be provided at the two ends of the column
over a length not less than larger dimension of the column, one-sixth the column
height or 450mm.
(b)Over the distance specified in item (a) above and below a beam-column
junction, the vertical spacing of ties in columns should not exceed D/4 for where
D is the smallest dimension of the column (e.g., in a rectangular column, D is the
length of the small side). This spacing need not be less than 75mm nor more
than 100mm. At other locations, ties are spaced as per calculations but not more
than D/2.
(c) The length of tie beyond the 135 bends must be at least 10 times
diameter of steel bar used to make the closed tie; this extension beyond the
bend should not be less than 75mm. Construction drawings with clear details of
closer ties are helpful in the effective implementation at construction site. In
columns where the spacing between the corner bars exceeds 300mm, the Indian
Standard prescribes additional links with 180 hook ends for ties to be effective
in holding the concrete in its place and to prevent the buckling of vertical bars.
These links need to go around both vertical bars and horizontal closed ties;
special care is required to implement this properly at site.
Lapping Vertical Bars
In the construction of RC buildings, due to the limitations in available length of
bars and due to constraints in construction, there are numerous occasions when
column bars have to be joined. A
Simple way of achieving this is by overlapping the two bars over at least a
minimum specified length, called lap length. The lap length depends on types of
reinforcement and concrete. For ordinary situations, it is about 50 times bar
diameter. Further, IS: 13920-1993 prescribes that the lap length be provided
ONLY in the middle half of column and not near its top or bottom ends. Also, only
half the vertical bars in the column are to be lapped at a time in any storey.
Further, when laps are provided, ties must be provided along the length of the
lap at a spacing not more than 150mm.
28
Reinforcing the Beam-Column Joint

Diagonal cracking & crushing of concrete in joint region should be prevented to
ensure good earthquake performance of RC frame buildings. Using large column
sizes is the most effective way of achieving this. In addition, closely spaced
closed-loop steel ties are required around column bars to hold together concrete
in joint region and to resist shear forces. Intermediate column bars also are
effective in confining the joint concrete and resisting horizontal shear forces
providing closed-loop ties in the joint requires some extra effort. Indian Standard
IS: 13920-1993 recommends continuing the transverse loops around the column
bars through the joint region. In practice, this is achieved by preparing the cage
of the reinforcement (both longitudinal bars and stirrups) of all beams at a floor
level to be prepared on top of the beam formwork of that level and lowered into
the cage. However, this may not always be possible particularly when the beams
are long and the entire reinforcement cage becomes heavy.
Strong column weak beam combination makes a better seismic performance.
Steel Structures that Provide Earthquake Resistance
Braced-frame systems rely on the stiffness and strength of vertical truss systems
for lateral resistance. Braced frames are categorized as concentric or eccentric,
depending on whether the connections of braces to beams, columns, and beamto-column joints are concentric or not. Concentrically braced frames can have
many alternative patterns, including a single diagonal brace in a bay,
intersecting X-pattern braces in a bay, and inverted-V-pattern and V-pattern
braces in a bay. The latter case is also known as chevron-pattern bracing.
Buckling-restrained braced frames are a special type of concentrically braced
frame with braces specially designed to withstand yield level compressive forces
without buckling. Eccentrically braced frames are arranged as modifications of
the single-diagonal pattern or chevron-pattern bracing. AISC 341 places strict
limits on the eccentricities and detailing that can be used.
Shear-wall systems rely on vertical plates, reinforced by bounding structural

members, to provide lateral resistance.
Moment-frame systems rely on the rigidity of beams and columns interconnected

to resist relative rotation. There are frames in which conventional rolled shapes
are used as the beams in the frames, and frames in which trusses form the
horizontal members of the frames.
Dual systems utilize a combination of moment frames and braced frames or

shear walls. The moment frame, acting alone, must be capable of providing at
least 25 percent of the structures required lateral seismic resistance; the braced
frames or shear walls that the moment frames are paired with must be
29
proportioned, based on their stiffness, to resist that portion of the total required
design lateral forces (determined considering their interaction with the moment
frame, which may be more or less than 75 percent of the total required
resistance, and may vary with height).
Cantilevered columns systems rely on the cantilever strength and stiffness of

columns restrained against rotation at their bases.
Each of these elements can be coupled with different horizontal elements,

including wood-sheathed floors and roofs, steel deck roofs, concrete-filled steel
deck floors and roofs, formed concrete slabs, precast concrete floors and roofs,
and horizontal bracing systems.
30
2.6 Selection of software

It is a user friendly package and graphical user interface of STAAD pro V8i is very
wonderful.
Numerous benefits are associated with this software. Some of which include;
It supports several steel, concrete and timber design codes.
Generation of loads
Cleanup capability
Wide Application in Structural Engineering
Concrete and steel design have been included into STAAD.pro to help us
optimize our design with full control of parameters such as deflection,
reinforcement for your concrete columns, beams, slabs and shear walls
and as a result of this, the stress of using one software to do modelling,
another software for steel design and another one to design your
concrete beams, slabs and foundations is wept out.
we can customize it to fit any design you need because of it in-built
parametric library.
With it, we don't need to use multiple software programs to check the
integrity of our structure under different conditions; we can also subject
your structure to linear, dynamic, and even non-linear conditions.
It is the best and most professional software for steel, concrete, timber,
aluminium and cold-formed steel design. Some of the things we can do using the
software:
Used in the design of culverts.
Used in the design of petrochemical plants,
Used in the design of tunnels,
Used in the design of bridges, etc.
It is a user friendly package and graphical user interface of STAAD is very
wonderful.
The principle objective of this project is to analyse and design a earthquake
resistant multi-storeyed building (3 dimensional frame) using STAAD Pro V8i.
The design involves load calculations manually and analyzing the whole structure
by STAAD Pro. The design methods used in STAAD Pro V8i analysis are Limit
State Design conforming to Indian Standard Code of Practice. STAAD Pro V8i
features a state-of-the-art user interface, visualization tools, powerful analysis
and design engines with advanced finite element and dynamic analysis
capabilities. From model generation, analysis and design to visualization and
result verification, STAAD Pro V8i is the professionals choice.
STAAD Pro V8i has a very interactive user interface which allows the users to
draw the frame and input the load values and dimensions. Then according to the
specified criteria assigned it analyses the structure and designs the members
with reinforcement details for RCC frames. We continued with our work with
some more multi-storeyed under various load combinations.
31
2.7 Summary
During earthquake analysis, we can study dynamic properties of building in
terms of natural frequency and base shear.
Natural Frequency can be calculated by
1. Rayleigh Frequency
2. Modal / Eigen Calculation Method
Base Shear can be calculated by :
1. Time history Analysis
2. Response Spectrum Method
32
Chapter 3:
Problems
undertake
n
and
software
analysis
33
34
Assumed
Preliminary data
required
for
analysis
Type of Structure Multi-storey rigid jointed plane frame (Ordinary RC moment
resisting frame)
Seismic Zone IV (table 2, IS 1893(Part 1):2002)
Number of stories Four (G+3)
Materials Concrete (M20) and Reinforcement (Fe 415)
Size of column 250mm*450mm
Size of beams 250mm*400mm in longitudinal and 250mm*350mm in
transverse direction
Specific weight of RCC 25kN/m^3
Rock/Soil type Soft Rock (variable)
Response spectra As per IS 1893 (part 1):2002
Time history Compatible to IS 1893(part 1): 2002 spectra rocky site for 5%
damping
35
Open STAAD Pro V8i
36
Click on new project

Specify name, location & Dimensional Units (Taking Length unit as meter and
Force unit as kilo Newton)
37
Add beam and Finish

`
38
Grid Appears
Go to GEOMETRY RUN STRUCTURAL WIZARD

Or we can select OPEN STRUCTUAL WIZARD in the new project only
39
In StWizard In MODEL TYPE Select FRAME MODEL.
Select BAY FRAME

40
Set BAY FRAME length, width and height and number of bays in respective
direction.
Check preview and close and Add.

41
Structure appears in the main window Remove Grid
42
Final
structure:
43
Go to GENERAL Tab In PROPERTY Tab Define Section PropertiesClick on

Definein Property Dialogue box Click on rectangleGive dimensionsAdd
Three different sections defined for respective column (ref section 1), beams in
longitudinal (ref section 2) and transverse (ref section 3) direction.
44
Go to Select beams parallel to Y select ref 1 section assign to selected

beamin the dialogue box click YES.
Repeat the step same as above

Select ref section 2
Select beam parallel to X assign to selected beams assign yes
Select ref section 3
Select beam parallel to Z assign to selected beams assign yes
Final structure:
45
Go to SUPPORT tab the dialogue box appears of support Create Fixed

add
Fixed support defined
46
Take front view
Select Support 2 Select nodes assign to selected beams yes

For three dimensional view
47
In general tab Loads & Definition
48
CALCULATING
NATURAL
BUILDING-MODAL SHAPE
FREQUENCY
OF
In load and definition dialogue box select seismic definition add
In the new window appeared

In Type IS 1893-2002 Generate
49
Set the Parameters:
Modified definitions Add

50
In the new dialoged box put self weight factor as 1 Add
Set Load definitions as follows:
51
Assign Self weight to view.Assign UDL with force in all beams.

Then go to Command menu Miscellaneous Cut off Mode shapes, enter value
10 and press OK
Command Pre print analysis Print all

Analysis & Print in the dialogue box Print All
Analysis run analysis (Control +F5)
Click on the Output view file and done.
Result:
52
Loading 1 is seismic (seismic effect in X, Y & Z direction)
53
Loading 2 is dead (Dead Load)
Loading 3 is live (Live Load)
PROTOTYPE A:
DIMENSIONS:
100*300mm (Y direction)
54
100*250mm (X direction)
100*200mm (Z direction)
Modal frequency:
55
PROTOTYPE B:
Dimensions:
Modal frequency:
56
57
PROTOTYPE C:
DIMENSION:
150*350 (Y direction)
Modal frequency:
58
59
PROTOTYPE D:
DIMENSION:
300*500mm
(Y direction)
300*450mm
(X direction)
Modal frequency:
60
61
CALCULATING NATURAL FREQUENCY OF A BUILDING

RAYLEIGH METHOD
In load and definition dialogue box select seismic definition add
62
In the new window appeared

In Type IS 1893-2002 Generate
63
Set the Parameters:
Modified definitions Add

64
In the new dialoged box self weight self weight factor as 1 Add
In Loads and definition Load Case detailsLoad type Define Give name
Add loads
65
66
Select load case details Select LoadAddSelf weightself weight load X

Factor
1Add
67
Go to Frequency Rayleigh Frequency Add
Similarly, add other loads.

In Live load Member loadUniform forceassign valueAdd
68
Again, go to floor loadFloorAssign value in respective direction with specific

rangeadd
Similarly, define other loads.

And load final definition will be
69
ASSIGN THE LOADS.

Assign dead loads to the view.
Assign UDL to all beams (in X & Z direction)
Analyzing
the
main
result:
70
Tab Analyze run analysis save the file
71
Results:
72
here CPS is cycles per second.

Loading 1 is seismic (seismic effect in X direction)
Loading
is
seismic
(seismic
effect
in
direction)
Loading 3 is seismic Z (seismic effect in Z direction)
Loading 4 is dead (Dead Load)
Loading 5 is live (Live Load)

73
PROTOTYPE A
DIMENSION:
100*200 (Z direction)
Rayleigh frequency:
74
75
PROTOTYPE B:
Dimensions:
Rayleigh frequency:
76
77
PROTOTYPE C:
DIMENSION:
Rayleigh frequency:
78
PROTOTYPE D:
DIMENSION:
79
300*500mm
(Y direction)
300*450mm
(X direction)
Rayleigh frequency:
80
Response Spectrum analysis of

base shear
81
In General tab Load & Definition tab Load definition Seismic definition
Click on seismic parameter select IS 1893:2002GenerateGenerate to the

given
parameters
of
problemGenerate
Add
82
83
Click on self weight Self weight factor =1 add Member load select type
UNI
Assign
weightAdd
84
Floor weight tab Select range Assign pressure Define Y range Add
85
Final seismic definition as:
Assign self weight to view.

Assign UDL in all the beams (in X & Z direction)
Load Case Details Define Load type in seismic Add Title Add
86
Assign to the various loads in dead, live, Seismic Primary loads.
87
In response spectrum primary load,

Assign
Self weight ( X, Y & Z with factor 1)
UDL (member load) 13kN/m in GX, GY &GZ.
Floor load (in Y range) of 2.5kN/m^2 in GX, GY & GZ.
Add response spectrum in the same load case as follows:
88
Assign the loads.

89
Open STAAD Editor.
90
In Floor weight add the following statement as highlighted in the green box.
Control +S (Save the file)

Command Pre print analysis Print all
Analysis & Print in the dialogue box Print All
Analysis run analysis (Control +F5)
Click on the Output view file and done.
Result:
91
92
93
PROTOTYPE A
DIMENSION:
Time history:
94
PROTOTYPE B:
95
Dimensions:
Response spectrum:
96
PROTOTYPE C:
DIMENSION:
97
150*350mm
(Y direction)
150*300mm
(X direction)
150*250mm
(Z direction)
Response spectrum:
98
PROTOTYPE D:
99
DIMENSION:
300*500mm
(Y direction)
300*450mm
(X direction)
300*400mm
(Z direction)
Response spectrum:
100
Base Shear By Time History Method

101
In Load & Definition tab Load & Definition Time history definition Add type
1 Acceleration Define time and acceleration
Add time and acceleration valuesAdd
Final load case definition:
102
Assign primary Loads details as:
Dead load
Live load
Time history load
Assign time history as:
103
Final Loads will be as follows:
Assign the respective loads as:
Assign self weight to the view

Assign UDL to beams (in X & Z direction)
Command miscellaneous cut off mode shape10Ok

104
Go to CommandPre print analysisPrint all

Go to Analysis/Print tab All
AnalysisRun Analysis
View Output fileDone
Result
105
106
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
ON
Y AXIS ACCELERATION IN m/sec 2
ON X AXIS TIME IN sec
107
How To Generate Mode Shapes:

After post processing Go to Post processing
Go to dynamics tabSelect the Mode number View the respective mode.
108
109
110
111
112
113
MASS PARTICIPATION FOR RESPECTIVE MODES
MAXIMUM & MINIMUM REACTION FORCE AND

MOMENTS IN BEAM & NODES (IN X , Y & Z
DIRECTION )
Bea
m
Max
Fx
Min
Fx
Max
Fy
Min Fy
Max
Fz
Min
Fz
Max
Mx
Min
Mx
Max
My
Min
My
Max
Mz
Min
Mz
Fx kN
Fy
kN
Fz
kN
Mx
kNm
My
kNm
Mz
kNm
626.319
29
1 DEAD 17
3 TIME
HISTOR
Y
16
14.638
28
1 DEAD
29
14.653
48.909
27
1 DED
29
14.653
6.487
53.78
1
53.78
1
48.909
19
1 DEAD
11
128.541
-7.374
59
1 DEAD
41
128.541
5.136
5.136
7.374
70
2 LIVE
13
0.717
2.36
0.03
0.597
-0.03
1.414
82
2 LIVE
28
0.717
1.546
-0.03
-0.597
0.044
0.396
19
1 DEAD
14
119.264
10.602
59
1 DEAD
44
119.264
-10.602
27
1 DEAD
29
14.653
48.909
40
1 DEAD
30
86.37
0
53.78
1
14.71
3
5.136
5.136
-29.358
30
L/C
Node
-16.093
114
SUPPORT
Analyzing
A
Single
Longitudinal Direction:
REACTIONS
Beam
In
115
MEMBER 41
SHEAR BENDING AND ITS VALUE ( Distance , Fy kN & Mz kNm )
116
distance
m
0
0.416666
67
0.833333
33
1.25
1.666666
67
2.083333
33
2.5
2.916666
67
3.333333
33
3.75
4.166666
67
4.583333
33
5
Fy Kn
42.177
Mz
kNm
30.596
35.561
14.386
28.512
21.028
1.022
-9.314
13.328
-16.471
5.627
-2.073
-20.42
-21.161
-9.774
-18.693
-17.474
-25.175
-13.016
-4.131
-32.658
7.933
-39.708
-46.323
23.024
40.962
117
MEMBER 41 DEFLECTION AND ITS VALUE (
distance
m
0
0.416666
67
0.833333
33
1.25
1.666666
67
2.083333
33
2.5
2.916666
67
3.333333
33
3.75
DISTANCE & DISPLACEMENT )
displacement
mm
-0.011
-0.01
-0.009
-0.008
-0.007
-0.006
-0.005
-0.004
-0.004
-0.003
118
4.166666
67
4.583333
33
5
-0.002
-0.001
0
Analyzing A Single
Vertical Direction:
Column
In
119
MEMBER 49
SHEAR BENDING AND ITS VALUE ( Distance , Fy kN & Mz kNm
120
distance
m
0
0.291666
67
0.583333
33
0.875
1.166666
67
1.458333
33
1.75
2.041666
67
2.333333
33
2.625
2.916666
67
3.208333
33
3.5
Fy kN
-5.504
Mz
kNm
-6.398
-5.504
-4.793
-5.504
-5.504
-3.187
-1.582
-5.504
0.023
-5.504
-5.504
1.628
3.234
-5.504
4.839
-5.504
-5.504
6.444
8.049
-5.504
9.655
-5.504
-5.504
11.26
12.865
121
MEMBER 49
Distanc
em
0
0.291666
67
0.583333
33
0.875
1.166666
67
1.458333
33
1.75
2.041666
67
2.333333
33
DEFLECTION AND ITS VALUE (
DISTANCE & DISPLACEMENT )
displacement
mm
0
-0.021
-0.075
-0.15
-0.235
-0.32
-0.394
-0.447
-0.467
122
2.625
2.916666
67
3.208333
33
3.5
-0.445
-0.368
-0.227
-0.011
MAXIMUM NODAL DISPLACEMENT
TIME HISTORY BENDING EFFECT IN Z DIRECTION
123
TIME HISTORY Torsion: Axial Force: Shear EFFECT

IN Z DIRECTION
124
NODE 13
125
TIME VS DISPLACEMENT GRAPH IN DIRECTION OF X, Y &

Z RESPECTIVELY
126
TIME VS ACCELERATION GRAPH IN DIRECTION OF

X, Y & Z RESPECTIVELY
127
NODE 10
128
TIME VS DISPLACEMENT GRAPH IN DIRECTION OF

129

130
NODE 7
131

132

133
NODE 4
134

135

136
NODE 14
137

138

139
NODE 15
140
TIME VS DISPLACEMENT GRAPH IN DIRECTION OF X, Y &

Z RESPECTIVELY
141

142
PROTOTYPE A
DIMENSION:
143
Time history:
144
PROTOTYPE B:
Dimensions:
Time history:
145
146
PROTOTYPE C:
DIMENSION:
Time history:
147
148
PROTOTYPE D:
DIMENSION:
300*500mm
(Y direction)
300*450mm
(X direction)
Time history:
149
150
Chapter
4:
Conclusions
151
And
Recommend
ation
1. For final deflection which includes the effect of creep, temperature, shrinkage
and measured from as cast level of support (SPAN/250) final.
Considering all the safety parameters Prototype MAIN is considered to be best
and economical design. As per the Indian ductile detailing code is 13920-1993
required column to be atleast 300mm wide. A column width of upto 200mm is
allowed if unsupported length is less then 4m & beam length is less then 5m.
X- Direction
Y- Direction
Z- Direction
Prototype A
100*250
mm
100*300m
m
100*200m
m
Prototype B
200*350m
m
200*400m
m
200*300m
m
Prototype C
150*300m
m
150*300m
m
150*250m
m
Prototype D
300*450m
m
300*500m
m
300*400m
m
MAIN
250*400m
m
250*450m
m
250*350m
m
By Rayleigh Method
152
Directi
on
X
Displacemen
t cm
Frequency
Displacemen
t cm
Frequency
Displacemen
t cm
Frequency
Prototype
A
89.5613
Prototype
B
22.8501
Prototype
C
40.2264
Prototype
D
10.5997
MAIN
0.5932
0.0336
1.1740
0.0350
0.8849
.0345
1.7235
0.0364
1.4604
0.0354
41.4040
31.0928
35.3542
10.1299
37.2552
16.1672
33.3293
5.0773
34.3453
7.0768
1.0335
1.7910
1.4228
2.5205
2.13924
14.7663
Prototype A and B fails in X- direction.

Prototype A fails in Z- direction.
Prototype C, D and main is safe in all directions.
Considering all the safety parameters Prototype MAIN is considered to be best
and economical design.
2. Modal / Eigen Solution Method
MODE
NO.
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
Mode 4
Mode 5
Mode 6
Mode 7
Mode 8
Mode 9
Mode 10
PROTOTY
PE A
0.149
0.236
0.263
0.472
0.868
0.876
0.935
1.235
1.254
1.514
PROTOTY
PE B
0.48
0.683
0.769
1.552
2.318
2.556
2.84
3.009
3.722
3.872
PROTOTY
PE C
0.291
0.435
0.488
0.94
1.523
1.658
1.725
2.05
2.448
2.511
PROTOTY
PE D
0.989
1.305
1.485
3.189
4.304
4.836
5.409
5.823
6.773
7.044
MAIN
0.713
0.974
1.103
2.302
3.248
3.618
4.13
4.208
5.144
5.355
Graph show below as per value or result:
153
6
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
Mode 4
Mode 5
Mode 6
Mode 7
Mode 8
Mode 9
Mode 10
0
1
NUMBER ON X - REPRESENTA
AXIS
TION
1
2
3
4
5
PROTOTYPE
PROTOTYPE
PROTOTYPE
MAIN
PROTOTYPE
A
C
B
D
3. For the mode with lesser frequency has greater value of mass participation
factor in the respective direction i.e., greater time period, greater is the mass
participation of respective mode.
4. Time history calculation for base shear is considerably less by the calculated
base shear by response spectrum method. This would need scaling. Hence it is
justified why time history analysis method is discouraged by current codes.
154
Chapter-5:
Summary
and
Future
scope
155
5.1 Summary
Our final work was the proper analysis of an earthquake resistant Four
(G+3) storey 3-D RCC frame under various load combinations.
The structure was subjected to various combinations of dead load, live load,
seismic load, and time history load. Seismic load calculations were done
following IS 1893-2000. The materials were specified and cross-sections of the
beam and column members were assigned. The supports at the base of the
structure were also specified as fixed. The codes of practice to be followed were
also specified for design purpose with other important details. Then STAAD Pro
V8i was used to analyze the structure and design the members. In the postprocessing mode, after completion of the design, we can work on the structure
and study the bending moment and shear force values with the generated
diagrams.
The building is made keeping in mind. Strong column and weak beam design.
The failure of column can affect the stability of the whole building, but the failure
of beam cause a localized effect.
The design of the building is dependent upon the minimum requirements as
prescribed in the Indian Standard Codes. The minimum requirements pertaining
to the structural safety of buildings are being covered by way of laying down
minimum design loads which have to be assumed for dead loads, imposed loads,
and other external loads, the structure would be required to bear. Strict
conformity to loading standards recommended in this code, it is hoped, will
ensure the structural safety of the buildings which are being designed. Structure
and structural elements were normally designed by Limit State Method.
Complicated and high-rise structures need very time taking and cumbersome
calculations using conventional manual methods. STAAD Pro V8i provides us a
fast, efficient, easy to use and accurate platform for analyzing and designing
structures.
5.2 Future Scope

There is much to explore in this flourishing field of seismic isolation.
Especially in our country a lot of research work can be done & needed to be
done. In this particular dissertation work the study is being carried out only for
1st mode of vibration, the effect of higher modes on torsional coupling of
superstructure can be a stuff to be explored. Further the superstructure was
assumed to be perfectly rigid for this study, so the effect of superstructure
flexibility can also be investigated.
Further the parametric studies can be
conducted might be based on extent of eccentricity or superstructure stiffness
variation etc.
156
Annexur
e:
157
Annexure 1: Code used
CODE OF EARTHQUAKE USED FOR EXPERIMENTS AND TABLES USED

The first formal seismic code in India, namely IS 1893, was published in
1962. Today, the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has the following
seismic codes:
IS 1893 (Part I), 2002

IS 13920, 1993
TERMINOLOGY FOR EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

[ For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply which are
applicable generally to all structures.]
{NOTE For the definitions of terms pertaining to soil mechanics and soil
dynamics references may be made to IS 2809 and IS 2810}.
Closely-Spaced Modes
Closely-spaced modes of a structure are those of its natural modes of vibration whose
natural frequencies differ from each other by 10 percent or less of the lower frequency.
Critical Damping
The damping beyond which the free vibration motion will not be oscillatory.
Damping
The effect of internal friction, imperfect elasticity of material, slipping, sliding, etc in
reducing the amplitude of vibration and is expressed as a percentage of critical damping.
Design Acceleration Spectrum
Design acceleration spectrum refers to an average smoothened plot of maximum

acceleration as a function of frequency or time period of vibration for a specified damping
ratio for earthquake excitations at thebase of a single degree of freedom system.
Design Basis Earthquake ( DBE )
It is the earthquake which can reasonably be expected to occur at least once during
the design life of the structure.
Design Horizontal Acceleration Coefficient (Ah )
It is a horizontal acceleration coefficient that shall be used for design of structures.
Design Lateral Force
158
It is the horizontal seismic force prescribed by this standard, that shall be used to
design a structure.
Ductility
Ductility of a structure, or its members, is the capacity to undergo large inelastic

deformations without significant loss of strength or stiffness.
Epicenter
The geographical point on the surface of earth vertically above the focus of the
earthquake.
Effective Peak Ground Acceleration ( EPGA )
It is 0.4 times the 5 percent damped average spectral acceleration between

period 0.1 to 0.3 s. This shall be taken as Zero Period Acceleration ( ZPA ).
Floor Response Spectra
Floor response spectra is the response spectra for a time history motion of a
floor. This floor motion time history is obtained by an analysis of mu13ti7storey
building for appropriate material damping values subjected to a specified
earthquake motion at the base of structure.
Focus
The originating earthquake source of the elastic waves inside the earth which
cause shaking of ground due to earthquake.
Importance Factor (I)
It is a factor used to obtain the design seismic force depending on the functional
use of the structure, characterised by hazardous consequences of its failure, its
post-earthquake functional need, historic value, or economic importance.
Intensity of Earthquake
The intensity of an earthquake at a place is a measure of the strength of shaking

during the earthquake, and is indicated by a number according to the modified
Morcalli Scale or M.S.K. Scale of seismic intensities (see Annex D ).
Liquefaction
Liquefaction is a state in saturated cohesion less soil wherein the effective shear
strength is reduced to negligible value for all engineering purpose due to pore
pressure caused by vibrations during an earthquake when they approach the
total confining pressure. In this condition the soil tends to behave like a fluid
mass.
Litho logical Features
159
The nature of the geological formation of the earths crust above bed rock on the
basis of such characteristics as colour, structure, mineralogical composition and
grain size.
Magnitude at' Earthquake ( Richter's Magnitude )
The magnitude of earthquake is a number, which is a measure of energy

released in an earthquake. It is defined as logarithm to the base 10 of the
maximum trace amplitude, expressed in microns, which the standard shortperiod torsion seismometer ( with a period of 0.8 s, magnification 2 800 and
clamping nearly critical ) would register due to the earthquake at an epicentral
distance of 100 km.
Maximum Considered Earthquake ( MCE )
The most severe earthquake effects considered by this standard.
Modal Mass (Mk )
Modal mass of a structure subjected to horizontal or vertical, as the case may be,
ground motion is a part of the total seismic mass of the structure that is effective
in mode k of vibration. The modal mass for a given mode has a unique value
irrespective of scaling of the mode shape.
Modal Participation Factor (Pk)
Modal participation factor of mode k of vibration is the amount by which mode k

contributes to the overall vibration of the structure under horizontal and vertical
earthquake ground motions. Since the amplitudes of 95 percent mode shapes
can be scaled arbitrarily, the value of this factor depends on the scaling used for
mode shapes.
Modes of Vibration ( see Normal Mode)

Mode Shape Coefficient (Pik )
When a system is vibrating in normal mode k, at any particular instant of time,

the amplitude of mass i expressed as a ratio of the amplitude of one of the
masses of the system, is known as mode shape coefficient ( ).
Natural Period ( T)
Natural period of a structure is its time period of undamped free vibration.
Fundamental Natural Period ( T1)
It is the first ( longest ) modal time period of vibration.
Modal Natural Period ( Tk)
The modal natural period of mode k is the time period of vibration in mode k.
Normal Mode
160
A system is said to be vibrating in a normal mode when all its masses attain
maximum values of displacements and rotations simultaneously, and pass
through equilibrium positions simultaneously.
Response Reduction Factor (`R)
It is the factor by which the actual base shear force, that would be generated if
the structure were to remain elastic during its response to the Design Basis
Earthquake (DBE) shaking, shall be reduced to obtain the design lateral force.
Response Spectrum
The representation of the maximum response of idealized single degree freedom

systems having certain period and damping, during earthquake ground motion. The
maximum response is plotted against the undamped natural period and for various
damping values, and can be expressed in terms of maximum absolute acceleration,
maximum relative velocity, or maximum relative displacement.
Seismic Mass
It is the seismic weight divided by acceleration due to gravity.
Seismic Weight ( W)
It is the total dead load plus appropriate amounts of specified imposed load.
Structural Response Factors ( Sa/g)
It is a factor denoting the acceleration response spectrum of the structure subjected

to earthquake ground vibrations, and depends on natural period of vibration and
damping of the structure.
Tectonic Features
The nature of geological formation of the bed rock in the earth's crust revealing regions
characterized by structural features, such as dislocation, distortion, faults, folding,
thrusts, volcanoes with their age of formation, which are directly involved in the earth
movement or quake resulting in the above consequences.
Time History Analysis
It is an analysis of the dynamic response of the structure at each increment of time,

when its base is subjected to a specific ground motion time history.
Zone Factor ( Z )
It is a factor to obtain the design spectrum depending on the perceived maximum

seismic risk characterized by Maximum Considered Earthquake ( MCE ) in the zone in
which the structure is located. The basic zone factors included in this standard
arereasonable estimate of effective peak ground acceleration.
Zero Period Acceleration ( ZPA )
It is the value of acceleration response spectrum for period below 0.03 s ( frequencies
above 33 Hz ).
TERMINOLOY
BUILDINGS
FOR
EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERING
OF
[ For the purpose of earthquake resistant design of buildings in this standard, the
following definitions shall apply.]
161
Base
It is the level at which inertia forces generated in the structure are transferred to the
foundation, which then transfers these forces to the ground.
Base Dimensions ( d)
Base dimension of the building along a direction isthe dimension at its base, in
metre, along that direction.
Centre of Mass
The point through which the resultant of the masses of a system acts. This paint
corresponds to the centre of gravity of masses of system.
Centre of Stiffness
The point through which the resultant of the restoring forces of a system acts.
Design Eccentricity ( edi )
It is the value of eccentricity to be used at floor i in torsion calculations for

design.
Design Seismic Base Shear ( Vb)
It is the total design lateral force at the base of a structure.
Diaphragm
It is a horizontal, or neatly horizontal system, which transmits lateral forces to

the vertical resisting elemeMs, for example, reinforced qoncrete floors and
horizontal bracing systems.
Dual System
Buildings with dual system consist of shear walls (or braced frames) and moment
resisting frames such that:
a) The two systems are designed to resist the total design lateral force in
proportion to their lateral stiffness considering the interaction of the dual system
at all floor levels; and
b) The moment resisting frames are designed to independently resist at least 25
percent of the design base shear.
Height of Floor ( hi )
It is the difference in levels between the base of the building and that of floor I.
Height of Structure ( h )
It is the difference in levels, in metres, between its base and its highest level.
162
Horizontal Bracing System
It is a horizontal truss system that serves the same function as a diaphragm.
Joint
It is the portion of the column that is common to other members, for example,
beams, framing into it.
Lateral Force Resisting Element
It is part of the structural system assigned to resist lateral forces.
Moment-Resisting Frame
It is a frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces primarily
by flexure.
Ordinary Moment-Resisting Frame
It is a moment-resisting frame not meeting special detailing requirements for

ductile behaviour.
Special Moment-Resisting Frame
It is a moment-resisting frame specially detailed to provide ductile behaviour and

comply with the requirements given in IS 4326 or IS 13920 or SP 6(6).
Number of Storeys ( n )
Number of storeys of a building is the number of levels above the base. This
excludes the basement storeys, where basement walls are connected with the
ground floor deck or fitted between the building columns. But, it includes the
basement storeys, when they are not so connected.
Principal Axes
Principal axes of a building are generally two mutually perpendicular horizontal

directions in plan of a building along which the geometry of the building is
oriented.
P- Effect
It is the secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members due to

action of the vertical loads, interacting with the lateral displacement of building
resulting from seismic forces.
Shear Wall
It is a wall designed to resist lateral forces acting in its own plane.

163
Soft Storey
It is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of that in the storey
above or less than 80 percent of the average lateral stiffness of the three storeys
above.
Static Eccentricity ( ea )
It is the distance between centre of mass and centre of rigidity of floor 1.
Storey
It is the space between two adjacent floors.
Storey Drift
It is the displacement of one level relative to the other level above or below.
Storey Shear
It is the sum of design lateral forces at all levels above the storey under
consideration.
Weak Storey
It is the one in which the storey lateral strength is less than 80 percent of that in
the storey above. The storey lateral strength is the total strength of all seismic
force resisting elements sharing the storey shear in the considered direction.
Load Combination and Increase in Permissible Stresses

1. Load Combinations
When earthquake forces are considered on a structure , these shall be combined
as per 6.3.1.1 and 6.3.1.2 where the terms DL, IL and EL stand for the response
quantities due to dead load, imposed load and designated earthquake load
respectively.
Load factors for plastic design of steel structures
In the plastic design of steel structures, the following load combinations shall be
accounted for:
1) 1.7 (DL + IL)
2) 1.7 (DL*EL)
3) 1.3(DL+1L*EL)
164
Partial safety factors for limit state design of reinforced concrete and
prestressed concrete structures
In the limit state design of reinforced and prestressed concrete
structures, the following load combinations shall be accounted for:
1)
1.5(DL+ IL)
2)
1.2 (DL LEL)
3)
1.5(DL EL)
4)
0.9 DL 1.5 EL
2. Design Horizontal Earthquake Load
When the lateral load resisting elements are oriented along orthogonal
horizontal direction, the structure shall be designed for the effects due to
full design earthquake load in one horizontal direction at time.
When the lateral load resisting elements are not oriented along the
orthogonal horizontal directions, the structure shall be designed for the
effects due to full design earthquake load in one horizontal direction plus
30 percent of the design earthquake load in the other direction.
[NOTE For instance, the building should be designed for ( F.Lx 0.3 ELy ) wen as
( 0.3 ELx ELy ), where x and y are two orthogonal horizontal directions. EL in
6.3.1.1 and 6.3.1.2 shall be replaced by ( ELx 0.3 ELy ) or ( * 0.3 ELx ).]
3. Design Vertical Earthquake Load
When effects due to vertical earthquake loads are to be considered, the design
vertical force shall be calculated in accordance with 6.4.5.
4. Combination for Two or Three Component Motion

When responses from the three earthquakecomponents are to be
considered, the responses dueto each component may be combined using
theassumption that when the maximum response from one component
occurs, the responses from the other two component are 30 percent of
their maximum. All possible combinations of the three components ( ELx,
ELy and ELz) including variations in sign ( plus or minus ) shall be
considered. Thus, the response due earthquake force ( EL ) is the
maximum of the following three cases:
1) ELx0.3 ELy0.3 ELz
2) ELy0.3 ELx 0.3 ELz
3) ELz 0.3 ELx+ 0.3 ELy
where x and y are two orthogonal directions and z is vertical
direction.
165
As an alternative to the procedure in 6.3.4.1, the response ( EL ) due to

the combined effect of the three components can be obtained on the basis
of 'square root of the sum of the square ( SRSS )' that is
EL = ( (ELx )2 +(ELy )2 +(ELz )2)
[NOTE The combination procedure of 6.3.4.1 and 6.3.4.2 apply to the same
response quantity (say, moment in a column about its major axis, or storey shear
in a frame) due to different components ofthe ground motion.]
When two component motions ( say one horizontal and one vertical, or
only two horizontal ) are combined, the equations in 6.3.4.1 and 6.3.4.2
should be modified by deleting the term representing the response due to
the component of motion not being considered.
5. Increase in Permissible Stresses
Increase in permissible stresses in materials
When earthquake forces are considered along with other normal design
forces, the permissible stresses in material, in the elastic method of design,
may be increased by one-third. However, for steels having a definite yield
stress, the stress be limited to the yield stress; for steels without a definite
yield point, the stress will be limited to 80 percent of the ultimate strength or
0.2 percent proof stress, whichever is smaller; and that in prestressed
concrete members, the tensile stress in the extreme fibers of the concrete
may be permitted so as not to exceed two-thirds of the modulus of rupture of
concrete.
Increase in allowable pressure in soils
When earthquake forces are included, the allowable bearing pressure in soils
shall be increased as per Table I, depending upon type of foundation of the
structure and the type of soil.
In soil deposits consisting of submerged loose sand soils falling under
classification SP with standard penetration N-values less than 15 in seismic
Zones III, IV, V and less than 10 in seismic Zone II, the vibration caused by
earthquake may cause liquefaction or excessive total and differential
settlements. Such sites should preferably be avoided while locating new
settlements or important projects. Otherwise, this aspect of the problem needs
to be investigated and appropriate methods of compaction or stabilization
adopted to achieve suitable N-values as indicated in Note 3 under Table 1.
Alternatively, deep pile foundation may be provided and taken to depths well
into the layer which is not likely to liquefy. Marine clays and other sensitive clays
are also known to liquefy due to collapse of soil structure and will need special
treatment according to site condition.
Design Spectrum
For the purpose of determining seismic forces, the country is

classified into four seismic zones as shown in Fig. 1.
166
The design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah for a structure shall

be determined by the following expression:
Provided that for any structure with T 0.1 s, the value of A h will not be
taken less than Z/2 whatever be the value of I/R
where
Z = Zone factor given in Table 2, is for the Maximum Considered
Earthquake ( MCE ) and service life of structure in a zone. The factor
2 in the denominator of Z is used so as to reduce the Maximum
Considered Earthquake ( MCE ) zone factor to the factor for Design
Basis Earthquake ( DBE ).
I = Importance factor, depending upon the functional use of the
structures, characterised by hazardous consequences of its failure,
post-earthquake functional needs, historical value, or economic
importance( Table 6).
R = Response reduction factor, depending on the perceived seismic
damage performance of the structure, characterised by ductile or
brittle deformations. However, the ratio (I/R) shall not be greater
than 1.0 ( Table 7). The values ofR for buildings are given in Table 7.
Sa/g= Average response acceleration coefficient
The design acceleration spectrum

The design acceleration spectrum for vertical motions, when
required, may be taken as two-thirds of the design horizontal
acceleration spectrum specified in 6.4.2.
Figure 2 shows the proposed 5 percent spectra for rocky and soils
sites and Table 3 gives the multiplying factors for obtaining spectral values for
various other dampings.
167
Seismic Weight
Seismic weight of floors
The seismic weight of each floor is its full dead load plus
appropriate amount of imposed load, as specified in 7.3.1 and 7.3.2.
While computing the seismic weight of each floor, the weight of
columns and walls in any storey shall be equally distributed to the
floors above and below the storey.
Seismic Weight of Building
The seismic weight of the whole building is the sum of the seismic
weights of all the floors.
Any weight supported in between storeys shall be distributed to
the floors above and below in inverse proportion to its distance
from the floors.
168
169
170
171
Design Lateral Force

172
Buildings and portions thereof shall be designed and

constructed, to resist the effects of design lateral force specified
in 7.5.3 as a minimum.
The design lateral force shall first be computed for the building
as a whole. This design lateral force shall then be distributed to
the various floor levels. The overall design seismic force thus
obtained at each floor level, shall then be distributed to
individual lateral load resisting elements depending on the floor
diaphragm action.
Design Seismic Base Shear

The total design lateral farce or design seismic base shear
(178) along any principal direction shall be determined by the
following expression:
VB =AhW
where
Ah = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value as per
6.4.2, using the fundamental natural period T as per 7.6 in
the considered direction of vibration; and
W = Seismic weight of the building as per 7.4.2. 7.6
Fundamental Natural Period
Fundamental Natural Period
The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration ( T.), in

seconds, of a moment-resisting frame building without brick in
panels may be estimated by the empirical expression:
T = 0.075 h0.75
= 0.085 h0.75
for RC frame building

for steel frame building
where
h = Height of building, in m. This excludes the
basement storeys, where basement walls are
connected with the ground floor deck or fitted between
the building columns. But it includes the basement
storeys, when they are not so connected.
The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration ), in

seconds, of all other buildings, including moment-resisting frame
buildings with brick infill panels, may be estimated by the empirical
expression:
173
where
h = Height of building, in m, as dermal in 7.6.1; and
d = Base dimension of the building at the plinth level, in m,
along the considered direction of the lateral force.
Distribution of Design Force
Vertical Distribution of Base Shear to Different Floor Levels

The design base shear(VB) computed in 7.5.3 shall be distributed
along the height of the building as per the following expression:
where
Qi = Design lateral force at floor i,
Wi= Seismic weight of floor 1,
Hi = Height of floor i measured from base, and
n = Number of storeys in the building is the number of levels
at which the masses are located.
Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic analysis shall be performed to obtain the design seismic

force, and its distribution to different levels along the height of
thebuilding and to the various lateral load resisting elements, for
the following buildings:
a) Regular buildings Those greater than 40 m in height in
Zones IV and V, and those greater than 90 m in height in
Zones II and III. Modelling as per 7.8.4.5 can be used.
b) Irregular buildings (as defined in 7.1)
All framed buildings higher than 12m in Zones IV and V, and
those greater than 40 m in height in zones II and III.
The analytical model for dynamic analysis of buildings with unusual configuration
should be such that it adequately models the types of irregularities present in
the building configuration. Buildings with plan irregularities, as defined in Table 4
174
(as per 7.1),cannot be modelled for dynamic analysis by the method given in
7.8.4.5.
[NOTE for irregular buildings, lesser than 40 m in height in Zones It and III,
dynamic analysis, even though not mandatory, is recommended.]
Dynamic analysis may be performed either by the Time History

Method or by the Response Spectrum Method. However, in either
method, the design base shear ( V B) shall be compared with a base
shear ( VB) calculated using a fundamental period T a, where Ta is as
per 7.6. Where VB is less than ( VB) , all the response quantities ( for
example member forces, displacements, storey forces, storey
shears and base reactions) shall be multiplied by VB / VB.
o The value of damping for buildings may be taken as 2 and 5
percent of the critical, for the purposes of dynamic analysis
of steel and reinforced concrete buildings, respectively.
Time History Method
Time history method of analysis, when used, shall be based
on an appropriate ground motion and shall be performed
using accepted principles of dynamics.
Response Spectrum Method
Response spectrum method of analysis shall be performed
using the design spectrum specified in 6A.2, or by a sitespecific design spectrum mentioned in 6.4.6.
o Free Vibration Analysis
Undamped free vibration analysis of the entire building shall
be performed as per established methods of mechanics using
the appropriate masses and elastic stiffness of the structural
system, to obtain natural periods( T) and mode shapes {}
of those of its modes of vibration that need to be considered
as per 7.8.4.2.
o
Modes to he considered
The number of modes to be used in the analysis should be
such that the sum total of modal masses of all modes
considered is at least 90 percent of the total seismic mass
and missing mass correction beyond 33 percent. If modes
with natural frequency beyond 33 Hz are to be considered,
modal combination shall be carried out only for modes upto
33 Hz. The effect of higher modes shall be included by
considering missing mass correction following well
established procedures.
Analysis of building subjected to design forces

The building may be analyzed by accepted principles of'
mechanics for the design forces considered as static forces.
175
Modal combination
The peak response quantities ( for example, member forces,
displacements, storey forces, storey shears and base
reactions) shall be combined as per Complete Quadratic
Combination( CQC ) method.
where
r= Number of modes being considered
ij = Cross-modal coefficient,
i= Response quantity in mode i ( including sign ),
j= Response quantity in mode j ( including sign),
= Modal damping ratio (infraction) as specified in 7.8.2.1,

= Frequency ratio
i= Circular frequency in ith mode, and
j= Circular frequency in jth mode.
Alternatively, the peak response quantities may be combined as
follows:
If the building does not have closely-spaced modes, then the peak
response quantity
( ) due to all modes considered shall be obtained as
where
k = Absolute value of quantity in mode k. and
r = Number of modes being considered.
176
If the building has a few closely-spaced modes (see 3.2 ), then the peak
response quantity ( * ) due to these modes shall be obtained as
Where the summation is for the closely-spaced modes only. This peak response
quantity due to the closely spaced modes (X,' ) is then combined with those of
the remaining well-separated modes by the method described in 7.8.4.4 (a).
Buildings with regular, or nominally irregular.; plan configurations

may be modelled as a system of masses lumped at the floor levels
with each mass having one degree of freedom, that of lateral
displacement in the direction under consideration. In such a case,
the following expressions shall hold in the computation of the
various quantities :
a) Modal Mass The modal mass (Mk) of mode k is given by
where
g = Acceleration due to gravity,
ik = Mode shape coefficient at floor i in mode k, and
Wi= Seismic weight of floor i
Modal Participation Factors

The modal participation factor ( Pk ) of mode k is given by:
Design Lateral Force at Each Floor in Each Mode

The peak lateral force ( Qik ) at floor i in mode k is given by
177
where
Ak = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value as per
6.4.2 using the natural period of vibration ( T k ) of mode k.
Storey Shear Forces in Each Mode

The peak shear force (Vik) acting in storey i in mode k is given by
Storey Shear Forces due to All Modes Considered

The peak storey shear force (V ik) in storey i due to all modes considered is
obtained by combining those due to each mode in accordance with 7.8.4.4
Lateral Parces at Each Storey Due to All Modes Considered

The design lateral forces, Froof and Fi , at roof and at floor i:
178
179
Annexure
systems
2:
Multi-degree
of
freedom
Modeling of continuous systems as multidegree of freedom systems

Eigen value problem
Multidegree of freedom systems
As stated before, most engineering systems are continuous and have an

infinite number of degrees of freedom. The vibration analysis of
continuous systems requires the solution of partial differential equations,
which is quite difficult.
In fact, analytical solutions do not exist for many partial differential
equations. The analysis of a multidegree of freedom system on the other
hand, requires the solution of a set of ordinary differential equations,
which is relatively simple. Hence, for simplicity of analysis, continuous
systems are often approximated as multidegree of freedom systems.
For a system having n degrees of freedom, there are n associated natural
frequencies, each associated with its own mode shape.
Different methods can be used to approximate a continuous system as
a multidegree of freedom system. A simple method involves
replacing the distributed mass or inertia of the system by a finite
number of lumped masses or rigid bodies.
The lumped masses are assumed to be connected by mass less elastic

and damping members.
Linear coordinates are used to describe the motion of the lumped masses.
Such models are called lumped parameter of lumped mass or
discrete mass systems.
The minimum number of coordinates necessary to describe the

motion of the lumped masses and rigid bodies defines the number of
degrees of freedom of the system. Naturally, the larger the number of
lumped masses used in the model, the higher the accuracy of the resulting
analysis.
Some problems automatically indicate the type of lumped parameter
model to be used.
For example, the three storey building shown in the figure automatically
suggests using a three lumped mass model as indicated in the figure.
In this model, the inertia of the system is assumed to be concentrated as
three point masses located at the floor levels, and the elasticities of the
columns are replaced by the springs.
Another popular method of approximating a continuous system as a
multidegree of freedom system involves replacing the geometry of the
system by a large number of small elements.
By assuming a simple solution within each element, the principles of
compatibility and equilibrium are used to find an approximate solution
to the original system. This method is known as the finite element
method.
Using Newtons second law to derive equations of motion

The following procedure can be adopted to derive the equations of motion of a
multidegree of freedom system using Newtons second law of motion
180
Set up suitable coordinates to describe the positions of the various point

masses and rigid bodies in the system. Assume suitable positive directions
for the displacements, velocities and accelerations of the masses and rigid
bodies.
Determine the static equilibrium configuration of the system and measure
the displacements of the masses and rigid bodies from their respective
static equilibrium positions.
Draw the free body diagram of each mass or rigid body in the system.
Indicate the spring, damping and external forces acting on each mass or
rigid body when positive displacement or velocity are given to that mass
or rigid body.
Apply Newtons second law of motion to each mass or rigid body shown by
the free body diagram as:
Example: Derive the equations of motion of the springmassdamper system

shown in the figure.
Draw freebody diagrams of masses and apply Newtons second law of

motion. The coordinates describing the positions of the masses, xi(t), are
measured from their respective static equilibrium positions, as indicated in
the figure. The application of the Newtons second law of motion to mass
mi gives:
The equations of motion of the masses m1 and m2 can be derived from

the above equations by setting i=1 along with xo=0 and i=n along with
xn+1=0, respectively.
181
Equations of motion in matrix form

The equations of motion in matrix form in the above example can be
expressed as:
182
For an undamped system, the equations of motion reduce to:
The differential equations of the springmass system considered in the

example, can be seen to be coupled. Each equation involves more than
one coordinate. This means that the equations can not be solved
individually one at a time; they can only be solved simultaneously.
In addition, the system can be seen to be statically coupled since
stiffnesss are coupled that is the stiffness matrix has at least one nonzero
offdiagonal term. On the other hand, if the mass matrix has at least one
offdiagonal term nonzero, the system is said to be dynamically coupled.
Further, if both the stiffness and the mass matrices have nonzero off
diagonal terms, the system is said to be coupled both statically and
dynamically.
Types of Modal combination:

a) Sum of the absolute values:
Leads to very conservative results
Assumes that maximum modal values occur at the same time
Response of any given degree of freedom of the system is estimated as
183
b) Square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS or RMS):

Assumes that the individual modal maxima are statistically independent.
SRSS method generally leads to values that are closer to the exact ones than
those obtained using the sum of the absolute values.
Results can be conservative or unconservative.
Results from an SRSS analysis can be significantly unconservative if modal
periods are closely spaced.
The response is estimated as:
c) Complete quadratic combination (CQC):

The method is based on random vibration theory
It has been incorporated in several commercial analysis programs
A double summation is used to estimate maximum responses.
In which, is a cross-modal coefficient (always positive), which for constant

damping is evaluated by
where r = n / m and must be equal to or less than 1.0.

NOTE: Response spectrum method of dynamic analysis must be used carefully.
The CQC method should be used to combine modal maxima in order to minimize
the introduction of avoidable errors. The increase in computational effort, as
compared to the SRSS method, is small compared to the total computer time for
a seismic analysis. The CQC method has a sound theoretical basis and has been
accepted by most experts in earthquake engineering. The use of the absolute
sum or the SRSS method for modal combination cannot be justified. In order for a
structure to have equal resistance to earthquake motions from all directions, the
CQC3 method should be used to combine the effects of earthquake spectra
applied in three dimensions. The percentage rule methods have no theoretical
basis and are not invariant with respect to the reference system. Engineers,
however, should clearly understand that the response spectrum method is an
approximate method used to estimate maximum peak values of displacements
and forces and that it has significant limitations. It is restricted to linear elastic
analysis in which the damping properties can only be estimated with a low
degree of confidence. The use of nonlinear spectra, which are commonly used,
has very little theoretical background and should not be used for the analysis of
184
complex three dimensional structures. For such structures, true nonlinear timehistory response should be used.
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
The method involves the calculation of only the maximum values of the
displacements and member forces in each mode using smooth design spectra
that are the average of several earthquake motions.
For three dimensional seismic motions, the typical modal Equation is
where the three Mode Participation Factors are defined by
which i is equal to x, y or z.
First, for each direction of ground motion maximum peak forces and
displacements must be estimated. Second, after the response for the three
orthogonal directions is solved it is necessary to estimate the maximum
response due to the three components of earthquake motion acting at the same
time.
For input in one direction only
LIMITATIONS OF THE RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD

Use of the response spectrum method has limitations, some of which can be
removed by additional development. However, it will never be accurate for
nonlinear analysis of multi-degree of freedom structures. In future time history
method may be preferred more.
Storey drift displacements are positive number only. Therefore, a plot of a
dynamic displaced shape has very little meaning since each displacement
is an estimation of the maximum value. Inter-story displacements are used
to estimate damage to non-structural elements and cannot be calculated
directly from the probable peak values of displacement.
Estimation of Spectra Stresses in Beams: The fundamental equation for
the calculation of the stresses within the cross section of a beam is
185
This equation can be evaluated for a specified x and y point in the cross
section and for the calculated maximum spectral axial force and moments
which are all positive values. It is apparent that the resulting stress may
be conservative since all forces will probably not obtain their peak values
at the same time.
BUILDING HEIGHT AND NATURAL FREQUENCY
RESONANT FREQUENCIES
When the frequency contents of the ground motion are centred on the building's
natural frequency, we say that the building and the ground motion are in
resonance with one another. Resonance tends to increase or amplify the
building's response. Because of this, buildings suffer the greatest damage from
ground motion at a frequency close or equal to their own natural frequency.
BUILDING FREQUENCY AND PERIOD
Building's response can be in terms of another important quantity, the
building's natural period. The building period is simply the inverse of the
frequency: Whereas the frequency is the number of times per second that the
building will vibrate back and forth, the period is the time it takes for the
building to make one complete vibration. The relationship between
frequency f and period T is thus very simple math.
Some MCEER data is:
Building Height
2 story
5 story
10 story
20 story
30 story
50 story
Building Heights & Natural Frequency

Typical Natural Period
.2 seconds
.5 seconds
1.0 second
2.0 second
3.0 second
5.0 seconds
In this we have introduced building to earthquake loads. We have learned to

analyse structures through STAAD Pro.V8i We have explained two important
terms related to building reaction to earthquakes i.e. base shear and
fundamental period of vibration for various prototypes.
186
References:
CODE :
IS 456-2000 - BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS.
IS 1893-2002 - BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS.
MANUAL :
STAAD pro V8i technical reference manual.
WEBSITE :
National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering (www.nicee.org)
www.communities.bentley.com
WWW.ddma.delhigovt.nic.in
BOOK :
Earthquake engineering by Pankaj Aggarwal.
Earthquake Engineering by Halil Sezen
187

Seismicanalysisofmulti Storeyreinforcedconcretebuildingsframe 140225074155 Phpapp02

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Seismicanalysisofmulti Storeyreinforcedconcretebuildingsframe 140225074155 Phpapp02

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

COMPUTER AIDED seismic ANALYSIS of

MULTI-STOREY REINFORCED CONCRETE

in partial fulfilment requirement for the degree in Bachelor of

Types Of Earthquake Measurement Scales

Problem Undertaken & Software Analysis

Conclusions And Recommendations

Summary & Future Scope

Codes Related to Earthquake

Multi-degree freedom System &

substantial additional costs is still common among construction professionals.

Before approaching these techniques its also equally essential to understand

1.2 Scope of project

Study area: New Delhi

The Indian subcontinent has a history of devastating earthquakes with 59% of

Thus, there is an enormous need to establish a Seismic Disaster management

structures. Modelling and simulation of structural components and complex

1.3 Objective of project

Seismic analysis of different prototype of RCC building was selected. Prototypes

2.1 Measuring the size of an earthquake

MS = log10 (A/T) + 1.66 log10 (D) + 3.30.

of modern digitally recording seismograph with broad bandwidth response,

Micro earthquakes, not felt, or felt rarely by Continual/seve

Felt slightly by some people. No damage to Over one millio

Often felt by people, but very rarely causes

Noticeable shaking of indoor objects and

Can cause damage of varying severity to

Damage to a moderate number of well built

Causes damage to most buildings, some to

Major damage to buildings, structures likely to

Near or at total destruction - severe damage

The scale is a base-10 logarithmic scale. The magnitude is defined as the

released.[1] The magnitude is based on the seismic moment of the earthquake,

Where is the seismic moment in Nm (107 dynecm)

2.3 Types of Seismic Waves

Main types of seismic waves.

Body waves consist of:

Secondary waves(S waves) depend on the shear strength of the material.

The seismic waves generated at the time of earthquake fault

2.4 Effect of earthquake on buildings

1. An earthquake consists of a series of periodic displacements of the earth, after

Permanent ground deformations can tear a structure apart. Some foundation

For economic reasons, building codes permit buildings to be damaged by the

Research has spawned numerous innovations now common in earthquake

connections for moment frames, base isolation technology, energy dissipation

Current research activities are focused on three areas: 1) performance-based

The concept of performance-based design is that a designer can be inventive in

The Most Important Aspects of Seismic Design

Regularity: A structure is regular if its configuration has a pattern of lateral

Redundancy: Redundancy is important because of the basic design strategy

Defined Yield Mechanisms: In this approach, which is often called as capacity

2.5 How to protect

In recent times, reinforced concrete buildings have become common in India,

Reinforcing the Beam-Column Joint

Shear-wall systems rely on vertical plates, reinforced by bounding structural

Moment-frame systems rely on the rigidity of beams and columns interconnected

Dual systems utilize a combination of moment frames and braced frames or

Cantilevered columns systems rely on the cantilever strength and stiffness of

Each of these elements can be coupled with different horizontal elements,

2.6 Selection of software

Open STAAD Pro V8i

Click on new project

Add beam and Finish