F0026

Communications
Block Diagram

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 1 of 60

F0026

Data Communications
Block Diagram

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 2 of 60

1 _________________
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2 _________________
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F0026

Bi-directional
Communication

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 3 of 60

F0026

Electromagnetic Signals

used to carry information from one end to

another over a physical media

Electromagnetic Signals Representation

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 4 of 60

3 __________________
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4 __________________
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F0026

Non-Sinusoids
and its Spectra

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 5 of 60

F0026

Square Wave:
Fundamental + 1

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 6 of 60

5 _________________
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6 _________________
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F0026

Square Wave:
Fundamental + 2

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 7 of 60

F0026

Square Wave:
Fundamental + 3

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 8 of 60

7 __________________
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8 __________________
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F0026

Square Wave:
Fundamental + 4

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 9 of 60

F0026

Square Wave:
Fundamental + 5

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 10 of 60

9 _________________
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10 ________________
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F0026

Physical Medias
Frequency Response

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 11 of 60

F0026

The Twisted-Pair Cable

wire-pair cables that are twisted together

to minimize the wires from introducing
interference to other cables or wires

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 12 of 60

11 _________________
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12 _________________
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F0026

Structured Cabling:
EIA/TIA 568-A

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 13 of 60

F0026

Structured Cabling:
EIA/TIA 568-B

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 14 of 60

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F0026

Structured Cabling:
In-Building Wiring Layout

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 15 of 60

F0026

Ethernet Cross-Over Cable

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 16 of 60

15 _________________
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16 _________________
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F0026

Structured Cabling:
Distribution Frames

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 17 of 60

F0026

Structured Cabling:
Cable Distance from
Power Source
Minimum Separation Distance from Power Source at 480V
Condition

< 2kVA

2 5kVA

> 5kVA

Unshielded Power Lines Or

Electrical Equipment In
Proximity To Open Or NonMetal Pathways

5in/
12.7cm

12in/
30.5cm

24in/
61.0cm

Unshielded Power Lines Or

Electrical Equipment In
Proximity To Grounded MetalConduit Pathways

2.5in/
6.4cm

6in/
15.2cm

12in/
30.5cm

Power Lines Enclosed In

Metal-Conduit (Or Equivalent
Shielding) In Proximity To
Grounded Metal-Conduit
Pathways

--

6in/
15.2cm

12in/
30.5cm

Transformers and/or
Electric Motors

40in/1.02m

Fluorescent Lighting

12in/30.5cm

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 18 of 60

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F0026

Coaxial Cable

pair of conductors lying on the same axes,

hence the term Co-Axial

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 19 of 60

F0026

Fiber-Optic Cable

use optical signals rather than electric to

carry information from one end to another

made of glass or high-grade plastic

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 20 of 60

19 _________________
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20 _________________
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F0026

Typical
Core Cladding Ratio

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 21 of 60

F0026

Fiber Optic Cables and

their Bandwidth
Mode

Wavelength
(nm)

Size
(microns)

Bandwidth
(MHz/km)

Multimode

850

62.5/125

200

Multimode

850

50/125

600

Multimode

850

100/140

300

Multimode

1300

62.5/125

800

Multimode

1300

50/125

1500

Multimode

1300

100/140

500

Multimode

1550

100/140

500

Single-mode

1300

9.3/125

~ infinite

Single-mode

1550

8.1/125

~ infinite

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 22 of 60

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F0026

Electromagnetic Spectrum

range of electromagnetic radiation from

Radio Waves to Gamma Rays

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 23 of 60

F0026

Radio Spectrum

range of radio communications signals

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 24 of 60

23 _________________
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24 _________________
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F0026

Radio Wave
Propagation Patterns

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 25 of 60

F0026

Antenna Coverage Types

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 26 of 60

25 ________________
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26 ________________
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F0026

Radio Repeaters

devices used to redirect or relay signals

when direct transmitter and receiver
communications is not possible

Types:

Passive no signal regeneration

Active with signal regeneration

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 27 of 60

F0026

Bus Topology

connects devices directly to a laid out

media through special connectors or
vampire taps

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 28 of 60

27 _________________
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28 _________________
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F0026

Ring Topology

connects devices together through a

closed-loop or ring media

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 29 of 60

F0026

Star Topology

connects devices together through a

central device

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 30 of 60

29 ________________
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30 ________________
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F0026

Modulation

process of using a carrier signal to

transport raw information signal from the
transmitting end to the receiving end
used in radio transmission to reduce the
size of antenna
also used to separate various information
sources from interfering with one another
within a channel

known as frequency division multiplexing

(FDM

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 31 of 60

F0026

Modems

devices that are able to both modulate

and demodulate

modulate information signals before

transmission
demodulate received modulated signals

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 32 of 60

31 _________________
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32 _________________
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F0026

Analog to Digital
Conversion

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 33 of 60

F0026

Multiplexing (MUX)

process of sharing a channel among

various information sources

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

subdividing the channel into sub-channels

each information source is assigned a subchannel

sub-channels are in the form of frequency

ranges

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

sub-channels are in the form of time-slots

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 34 of 60

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34 ________________
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F0026

FDM Hierarchy
FDM Level

Number of Voice
Channels

Voice Channel

0 4kHz

Group

12

60 108kHz

Bandwidth Range

Super Group

60

312 552kHz

Master Group

600

564 3,084kHz

Jumbo Group

3,600

564 17,544kHz

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 35 of 60

F0026

PCM Frames

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 36 of 60

35 _________________
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36 _________________
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F0026

TDM Hierarchy:
European

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 37 of 60

F0026

TDM Hierarchy:
North American

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 38 of 60

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38 ________________
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F0026

Serial vs. Parallel

Transfers

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 39 of 60

F0026

Synchronous
Transmission

both transmitter and receiver use the

same timing device (clock)

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 40 of 60

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40 _________________
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F0026

Asynchronous
Transmission

transmitter and receiver devices use

difference clocks

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 41 of 60

F0026

Framing

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 42 of 60

41 ________________
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42 ________________
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F0026

RS-232:
DTE DCE Flow Control

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 43 of 60

F0026

LRC/VRC an example

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 44 of 60

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44 _________________
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F0026

LRC/VRC with a bit-error

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 45 of 60

F0026

CRC-Character Generation
an example

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 46 of 60

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46 ________________
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F0026

CRC Validation an
example

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 47 of 60

F0026

CRC Validation with

errors

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 48 of 60

47 _________________
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48 _________________
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F0026

Checksum an example

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 49 of 60

F0026

IEEE Project 802

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 50 of 60

49 ________________
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50 ________________
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F0026

Multi-Access Network

network where simultaneous access to the

medium is possible among computers

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 51 of 60

F0026

Point-to-Point Network

network where only two computers are

exchanging information over the medium

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 52 of 60

51 _________________
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52 _________________
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F0026

CSMA/CD

contention access method that allows

several devices to access the medium in a
first-come, first-served basis

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 53 of 60

F0026

CSMA/CD with collision

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 54 of 60

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54 ________________
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F0026

Token-Passing

deterministic access method that allows

several devices to access the medium in
an orderly fashion

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 55 of 60

F0026

MAC Address

stands for Media Access Control (MAC)

physical identifier used to distinguish one

network device from another

length is 48-bits, or 6-bytes

MAC Address Format

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 56 of 60

55 _________________
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56 _________________
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F0026

Repeater

also known as Hub

layer 1 network device used to:

interconnect network devices together

increase its signal strength allowing for
network reach extension

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 57 of 60

F0026

Interconnectivity
with Hubs

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 58 of 60

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F0026

Bridge

layer 2 network device used to connect

two network segments together

apart from network extension, bridges

allows for traffic isolation

Bridge vs. Hub Traffic Performance Comparison

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 59 of 60

F0026

The Bridge Forwarding

Table

Physical Aspects of Computer Networking

* Property of STI
Page 60 of 60

59 _________________
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60 _________________
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