11/20/2013

Department of Chemical Engineering

College of Engineering
University of the Philippines Diliman
Second Semester, AY 2013-2014

ChE 142: Chemical

Engineering Plant Design

LECTURE 03

Outline of Lecture

Introduction
Line Identification
Line Sizing Criteria
o
o

Single Phase
Two Phase (liquid-vapor)

Insulation
P&ID Update
Line List

Piping Specifications

Introduction

Line Identification
A-BBB-CCC-DDD-EEE-F

A
BBB
CCC
DDD
EEE
F

= Nominal pipe size (NPS)

= Fluid code
= Unit number (100, 200, etc)
= P&ID number (001, 002, etc)
= Line number (001, 002, etc)
= Insulation type (H, C, P, A)

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Line Identification

Line Sizing Criteria

Fluid Codes

Introduction

Process stream

BFW
CWS
CWR
DMW
FG
HPS
LPS
LPC
MPS
MPC
N
PA
WW

Boiler feed water

Cooling water supply
Cooling water return
Demineralized water
Fuel gas
High pressure steam
Low pressure steam
Low pressure condensate
Medium pressure steam
Medium pressure condensate
Nitrogen
Plant air
Waste water

Line Sizing Criteria

Line Sizing Criteria

Introduction

Single Phase

There are some guidelines in selecting pipes

of certain sizes and schedules:

Piping smaller than shall not be used.

The following pipe sizes shall not be used:
1, 2, 3, 5, and 9
As initial assumptions,
o Schedule 80 for sizes 1 and smaller
o Schedule 40 for sizes 2 and larger.

Given: Mass flowrate, density, and viscosity as

listed on the HMB table.
1. Assume an NPS.
2. Solve for the Reynolds number.

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Line Sizing Criteria

Line Sizing Criteria

Single Phase

Single Phase

3. Determine the friction factor from the

Reynolds number.

3. Determine the friction factor from the

Reynolds number.

4. Calculate P (in psi) for a length of 100 ft.

5. Change NPS based on maximum P and
velocity criteria.

Line Sizing Criteria

Line Sizing Criteria

Single Phase

Single Phase

Maximum
Pressure D
P
Drop

Maximum
V l it
Velocity

Boiling liquids at
pump suction

0.25 psi/100 ft

4 ft/s

Subcooled liquids at
pump suction

1.0 psi/100 ft

8 ft/s

Boiling liquids at
pump
p
p discharge
g

4.0 psi/100 ft

15 ft/s

Subcooled liquids at
pump discharge

4.0 psi/100 ft

15 ft/s

Atmospheric or
higher pressure gases

2.0 psi/100 ft

Vacuum gases

0.5 psi/100 ft

Fluid

What line sizing criteria shall be applied

on the following lines?

Bottoms from tower to pump/reboiler

Bottoms from pump to cooler
Bottoms from cooler to storage
Reboiler outlet to tower
Cooling water supply/return

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Line Sizing Criteria

Two-Phase (Liquid and Vapor)
For two-phase flow, the recommended
maximum pressure drop is 4 psi/100 ft.
Calculate the pressure drop for two-phase
flow using the Duckler method (see
handout for the procedure).

Insulation
Insulation is done on equipment and piping
mainly for temperature maintenance and
protection
i off equipment
i
and
d personnel.l

Heat conservation
Cold conservation
Personnel protection
Antisweat protection
Fi
Fireproof
f protection
i
Explosion protection
Acoustic protection

Insulation

Insulation

Heat Conservation

Cold Conservation

Limits the loss of heat for process reasons

where the temperature is to be kept either
constant or higher than ambient.

Limit the loss of heat for process reasons

where the temperature is to be kept below
ambient.

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Insulation

Insulation

Personnel Protection

Antisweat Protection

For lines where heat/cold conservation is not

required, install insulation for those operating
greater than 50C or less than 0C in order to
avoid direct personnel contact.

When the piping surface is cold enough,

airborne moisture may condense on the
surface. Corrosion is promoted if left as is.

Insulation

Insulation
An optimum insulation thickness exists.

Thin insulation = High

g cost due to energy
gy losses
Thick insulation = High cost due to insulation

Selection of insulation material and

thickness is the job of piping engineers.
Hence, only the identification of insulation
type (H, C, P, A) will be done on this course.

Common insulation materials include mineral

wool, calcium silicate, and polystyrene.

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P&ID Update

P&ID Update

Line List
Line Size

Insulation
Type

Fluid
Code

Unit
Number

P&ID
Number

Line
Number

Pressure

Temp

From

To

Department of Chemical Engineering

College of Engineering
University of the Philippines Diliman
Second Semester, AY 2013-2014

ChE 142: Chemical

Engineering Plant Design

LECTURE 03
Piping Specifications

Lecture 03: Piping Specifications

Pressure Drop Calculation for Two-Phase Flow
Engr. Kenneth Robert de Guzman

The pressure drop of two-phase (vapor-liquid) flow is calculated using the

Duckler method:
1.

Calculate the superficial gas and liquid velocities in ft/s. (Volumetric flow
in ft3/s, pipe diameter in inches)
576

9.

Calculate the dimensionless Bank off-flow parameter

If Z < 8 log
0.7045 1.99305 log
0.20572
If Z > 8 log
0.0887 log
0.19634

0.0068

10. Calculate the dimensionless Hughmark liquid holdup

1
1

576
11. Calculate a new dimensionless Reynolds number
124
1

2.

Calculate the no-slip mixture velocity

3.

Calculate the no-slip liquid holdup

4.

Calculate the no-slip mixture density (in lb/ft3)

1

Repeat Steps 8 to 11 until the assumed and calculated Reynolds numbers agree
to within 1% on successive iterations.

5.

Calculate the no-slip mixture viscosity (in cP)

1

6.

Calculate the dimensionless Froude number. Acceleration due to gravity

g is 32.2 ft/s2

12. Calculate the two-phase mixture density

1
1
13. Calculate the dimensionless two-phase Reynolds number
124
,

12
Steps 7 to 11 involve an iterative procedure to simultaneously solve for Reynolds
number and liquid holdup.
7.
8.

Assume a value for the dimensionless Reynolds number

Calculate the dimensionless Hughmark liquid holdup parameter

14. Calculate the single-phase Fanning friction factor

0.125
0.0014
.
,

15. Calculate the two-phase Fanning friction factor

1 ln
0.094 ln
1.281 0.4781 ln
0.444 ln

0.00843 ln

16. Calculate the friction pressure drop per length (in psi/100 ft). Correction
factor gc is 32.174 ft-lb/lbf-s2.
16.67