1

Table of Contents
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................4
Descriptive Analysis....................................................................................................................................4
Correlation Analysis....................................................................................................................................4
Justification of Hierarchical MR Model......................................................................................................5
Basic Assumptions......................................................................................................................................5
Assumption #1:........................................................................................................................................5
Assumption #2:........................................................................................................................................5
Assumption #3:........................................................................................................................................5
Assumption #4:........................................................................................................................................5
Assumption #5.........................................................................................................................................6
Assumption #6:........................................................................................................................................7
Assumption #7:........................................................................................................................................7
Assumption #8:........................................................................................................................................8
Regression Analysis.....................................................................................................................................9
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................11

List of Table
Table 1: Descriptive Analysis......................................................................................................................4
Table2: Correlation......................................................................................................................................4
Table 3: Model 1 and 2................................................................................................................................9
Table 4: Anova...........................................................................................................................................10
Table 5: Coefficient...................................................................................................................................10

List of Figure

Figure 1: Linear Relationship......................................................................................................................6

Figure 2: Homoscedasticity.........................................................................................................................7
Figure 3: Outliers.........................................................................................................................................8
Figure 4: Residual Errors.............................................................................................................................9

Body Shape and Body Image Affect Self-Esteem

Introduction
Self-esteem is shaped by someones thoughts, relationships and experiences. Self-esteem, a general
overall evaluation of oneself, has been associated with being dissatisfied with ones appearance such that
the more dissatisfied a human is with their body image and/or shape, the lower their self-esteem.
Therefore, this study will analyze the body image and body shape effect on the self-esteem.

Descriptive Analysis
The descriptive analysis in Table 1 shows the overall statistics of data, the descriptive statistics chosen
include: N, Minimum, Maximum, Mean, and Standard Deviation. N explains the number of respondents,
mean is showing the average values of each variables.
Table 1: Descriptive Analysis
Descriptive Statistics
Minimum
Maximum
0
1
13
65
135.31
224.54
31.84
170.38
14.24
60.58
62
146
53
158

N
Gender
Age
Height
Weight
BMI
BIS
SE
Valid N (listwise)

291
291
291
291
291
291
291
291

Mean

Std. Deviation
.501
15.036
14.49341
16.52109
3.87238
13.988
19.594

.50
38.56
172.1307
68.1964
22.8031
100.81
100.79

Correlation Analysis
The correlation analysis is conducted to find the relationship among variables. The Table 2 is showing
that there is positive significant relation between Self-esteem and body shape, while there is negative
relationship between self-esteem and BMI.
Table2: Correlation
Correlations
Gender
Gender
Age
Height
Weight

Age

Height

Weight

BMI

BIS

SE

1
-.027

.451

**

-.026

.325

**

.008

**

1
**

.753

BMI

-.002

.038

.083

.711

BIS

.292**

-.024

.164**

-.120*

-.360**

.112

-.050

**

**

SE

.217

**

.132

-.207

.526

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**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Justification of Hierarchical MR Model

Hierarchical MR entry methods is used in the analysis because it does not rely on statistical results for
selecting predictors. It allows us a greater control on the regression process. The items are entered in a
given order based on theory, logic or practicality. This method is appropriate for analyzing the Selfesteem because we have an idea as per previous theory that, which predictors may impact the dependent
variable.

Basic Assumptions

Assumption #1:
The dependent variable is Self Esteem which has been measured by on a continuous interval scale.

Assumption #2:
There are two major independent variables Body Image Satisfaction and Body Mass Index which are
measured by standardized questionnaire by following interval scale.

Assumption #3:
Durbin-Watson statistic explains the independence of observations by detecting the presence of
autocorrelation. As shown in the Table 3 the value of Durbin-Watson is 2.103 which indicates that there is
no autocorrelation.

Assumption #4:
The F-test is highly significant, thus we can assume that there is a linear relationship between the
variables in our model. The Figure 1 given below showing the linear relationship and satisfy the
assumption of linear relationship.

Figure 1: Linear Relationship

Assumption #5
The data is showing homoscedasticity and the variances along the line of best fit remain similar as you
move along the line as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Homoscedasticity

Assumption #6:
Beta expresses the relative importance of each independent variables in standardized terms, there is no
issue of collinearity is data.
Model

Beta In

Excluded Variablesa
Sig.
Partial Correlation
Tolerance

Collinearity Statistics
VIF
Minimum
Tolerance

1
BIS
.518b
9.650
a. Dependent Variable: SE
b. Predictors in the Model: (Constant), BMI

.000

.494

.871

1.148

Assumption #7:
There are only one and two outliers as shown in Figure 3, which cannot have much impact on the data.

.871

Figure 3: Outliers

Assumption #8:
The plot in Figure 4 indicates that in our multiple linear regression analysis there is no tendency in the
error terms and the residuals (errors) are approximately normally distributed.

Figure 4: Residual Errors

Regression Analysis
The following Table 3 provides the R and R2 values of both variable BMI and BIS. The R value
represents the simple correlation. The first model show there is low degree of correlation 0.207,
while the second model which includes both predictors BMI and BIS indicates high degree of
correlation 0.526. The R2 value indicates how much of the total variation in the dependent
variable Self-esteem can be explained by the independent variable BMI and BIS. In first case
only 4.3% can be explained by predictor BMI, which is very small while in model 2 the value is
27.7% which is quite significant.

Table 3: Model 1 and 2

Model Summaryc

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Model

R Square

Adjusted R

Std. Error of the

Square
.207a

.043

1
2
.526b
.277
a. Predictors: (Constant), BMI
b. Predictors: (Constant), BMI, BIS
c. Dependent Variable: SE

Durbin-Watson

.039

Estimate
19.204

.272

16.723

2.192

The Anova Table reports how well the regression equation fits the data, it predicts the dependent
variable as shown in the Table 4 below:
Table 4: Anova

Model

Sum of Squares
4752.230
106585.998

Regression
Residual

Total
Regression
Total

1
289

111338.228

290

30794.847
80543.380

2
288

111338.228

290

Residual

ANOVAa
df

Mean Square
4752.230
368.810

F
12.885

Sig.
.000b

15397.424
279.665

55.057

.000c

a. Dependent Variable: SE
b. Predictors: (Constant), BMI
c. Predictors: (Constant), BMI, BIS

This table indicates that the regression model predicts the dependent variable significantly well.
This indicates the statistical significance of the regression model that was run. Here, p < 0.000,
which is less than 0.05, and indicates that, overall, the regression model statistically significantly
predicts the Self-Esteem.
The Coefficients table provides us with the necessary information to predict Self-Esteem from
body shape and body image as shown in the Table 5. It determine whether independent variables
contributes statistically significantly to the model by considering the Sig. values. The table
indicates that all the independent variables are significant.
Table 5: Coefficient
Coefficientsa
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized

Model

1
2

(Constant)

B
124.630

Std. Error
6.736

BMI
(Constant)

-1.045
29.944

.291
11.432

-.103

.272

BMI

Sig.

Coefficients
Beta

Collinearity Statistics
Tolerance

VIF

18.504

.000

-.207

-3.590
2.619

.000
.009

1.000

1.000

-.020

-.377

.706

.871

1.148

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BIS
a. Dependent Variable: SE

.726

.075

.518

9.650

.000

.871

1.148

Conclusion
The Hierarchal Multiple regression model is used to analyze the effect of body image and body
shape on the Self-Esteem. All the assumption are tested and satisfied before using the multiple
regression model. The result shows that the BMI and BIS are quite significant predictors but not
in case if they are used individually. The BMI is not able to explain the Self-Esteem significantly
when it used individually.