Bataan Peninsula State University

College of Engineering and Architecture

ECEE-313

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POWER SUPPLY

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Submitted by:
Soquea, Charizze Jey
Gregorio, Luis Justine
Dancel, Robert James
Rafael, Allyssa Marie
Reyes, Jastin Miguel
Roberts, Paula Mae
Tiangco, Mildred
Dizon, Caryll
GROUP 4
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Submitted to:
Engr. Faye Baret

INTRODUCTION
A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to an electrical load.
The primary function of a power supply is to convert one form of electrical energy to another
and, as a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some
power supplies are discrete, stand-alone devices, whereas others are built into larger devices
along with their loads. Examples of the latter include power supplies found in desktop
computers and consumer electronics devices.
Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy it
consumes while performing that task, from an energy source. Depending on its design, a power
supply may obtain energy from various types of energy sources, including electrical energy
transmission systems, energy storage devices such as a batteries and fuel cells, electromechanical
systems such as generators and alternators, solar power converters, or another power supply.
All power supplies have a power input, which receives energy from the energy source,
and a power output that delivers energy to the load. In most power supplies the power input and
output consist of electrical connectors or hardwired circuit connections, though some power
supplies employ wireless energy transfer in lieu of galvanic connections for the power input or
output. Some power supplies have other types of inputs and outputs as well, for functions such as
external monitoring and control.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The main perception of the present project is to make a power supply by using a centertapped transformer and four diodes for rectification purposes. These rectifier diodes could be
rearranged as bridged but the developers do not do so for less confusion especially when
designing the printed circuit board.
The project is made up of transformer, said to be center-tapped, with specifications:
220Vrms/9V/1A, S1 for switch, fuse to protect whole device from excess current flow, four
1N4007 diodes as rectifiers, electrolytic capacitors C1 and C2, both with charges of 1000F, and
C3 and C4, both with charges of 0.01F, which act as filters, TO-220 transistors, LM7812 for
positive 12 regulation, and LM7912 for negative 12 regulation, and electrolytic capacitors C5
and C6, both with charges of 10F, and C7 and C8, both with charges of 0.01F as decoupling
capacitors. Additional Standard LED as indicator and a resistor for voltage drop which makes the
current compatible for the LED.

HOW IT WORKS

As seen in the schematic diagram of this present project power supply, the whole process
will start by inserting the plug into the electric socket. The 220VAC, which is highly
recommended for this basic project, would require a transformer with specifications:
220Vrms/9V/1A to produce the desired output voltage of 12V.
S1 is used as ON/OFF switch to prevent the whole device from overheating while not in
use. The current flowing from the 220VAC socket will then pass through the 500mA fuse which
serves as protection for the device against exceeding voltage or exceeding current drawn from
the output. After passing over the fuse, 220VAC would take the process of converting it into
smaller voltage specifically 18V (9Vx2) since the power supply used center-tapped transformer,
before it enters the full-wave rectifier diodes.
The four diodes (all 1N4007) are connected to the secondary of the center-tapped
transformer.
During the positive-half cycle of the input voltage, D1 and D3 turn ON due to forward
biasing and D2 and D4 turn OFF due to reverse biasing.
During the negative-half cycle of the input voltage, D1 and D3 turn ON due to forward
biasing and D2 and D4 turn OFF due to reverse biasing.
After the rectification process has been done, the AC input now becomes pulsating DC
which now enters 4 electrolytic capacitors. The first two capacitors measuring 1000F/20V and
the second two capacitors 0.01F/20V, served as filter capacitors which eliminates some
fluctuations before it enters the fixed regulators LM7812 for positive regulation and LM7912 for
negative regulation (both transistors: use TO220)
Once the DC voltage has been regulated by fixed positive and fixed negative regulators,
it would pass along another four optional capacitors. The first two measure 10F/20V and the
remaining two measure 0.01F/20V respectively, which also act as filters. These capacitors are
also called as decoupling/bypass capacitors which is intended for smoother, less ripple DC
output voltage as its outcome.
Additional LED has been added to indicate the flow of current and also to check if the
current device is still working and a resistor with measurement of 450ohms/20V to support the
LED.

SCHEMATIC/BLOCK DIAGRAM

COMPUTATION
AC Input:

Rectifier:

Fixed Voltage Regulator

220Vrms

Full-wave

@Vo = +12V (LM7812)

Vm1 =

2 (220Vrms)

Vm1 = 311.13V

Vdc = 0.636 (18V)

Vi(min) = +14.6V

Vdc = 11.45V

Vm = 2(9V) = 18V

Vr(rms) = 0.308 (18V)

Vi > Vo | Vi > Vi(min)

Transformer:

Vr(rms) = 5.54V

Vm = Vi = 18V > 12V

Vm2 = 9V (Center-tapped)

r(%) =

a=

2 Vm 1
Vm 2

r=

Vr (rms)
Vdc

5.54 V
11.45 V

x 100% `

x 100%

Vm = Vi = 18V > 14.6V

@Vo = -12V

(LM7912)
a=

2( 311.13 V )
9V

a = 69.14

r = 48.38%

Vi(min) = -14.6V

Filter Capacitor:

Vm = 2(9V) = 18V

C=

2.4 (1 A )
5.54

= 433.21F

Vi > Vo | Vi >

Vi(min)
Vm = Vi = 18V > -12V
Vm = Vi = 18V > -14.6V
PCB LAYOUT
Normal-

UnpopulatedReal World-

List of Components
Name of Component

Description

Quantity

Transformer (Center-tapped)

Specs: 220V/9v/1A.

1pc

Capacitors

1000F, Electrolytic, 16v

10 F, Electrolytic, 16v
0.10 F, Electrolytic, 50v

2pcs
2pcs
4pcs

Transistors

AN7812 and AN7912

1pc

Fuse

500mA

1pc

LED

Red

1pc

Resistor

500

1pc

Diode

1N4007

4pcs