EG-1904 Horizontal Vessel Foundation - Rev1

Horizontal Vessel & Heat Exchanger
Foundations
Civil/Structural Engineering Guideline
EG-1904
Document No.
Rev.
REVISION and APPROVALS

Rev.
0
1
Date
19 Jan 00
17 Apr 09
Description
Initial Issue
General Revision
By
D. Mueller
AS, DS, KF
Approved
D. Mueller
D. Mueller
This document is the sole and exclusive property of Mustang, including all patented and patentable features and/or
confidential information contained herein. Its use is conditioned upon the user's agreement not to: (i) reproduce the
document, in whole or in part, nor the material described thereon; (ii) use the document for any purpose other than as
specifically permitted in writing by Mustang; or (iii) disclose or otherwise disseminate or allow any such disclosure or
dissemination of this document or its contents to others except as specifically permitted in writing by Mustang. "Mustang" as
used herein refers to Mustang Engineering Holdings, Inc. and its affiliates.
Document is valid only at time of printing. See myMustang for latest revision.
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Horizontal Vessel & Heat Exchanger Foundations
EG-1904
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0
SCOPE / OVERVIEW................................................................................................................. 4
2.0
DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................................. 4
2.1
2.2
3.0
Clarification of Terms
Abbreviations and Acronyms
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ............................................................................................ 4

3.1
3.2
Lead Technical Professional

Design Technical Professional
4.0
CODES, STANDARDS, AND REFERENCE DOCUMENTS ...................................................... 4
5.0
DESIGN DATA........................................................................................................................... 4
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
6.0
DESIGN CONDITIONS .............................................................................................................. 5

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
7.0
Vessel/Exchanger Drawings and Calculations

Plot Plan and Equipment Layout Drawings
Project Design Criteria
Other
Vertical Loads
Wind Loads (W)
Earthquake Loads (E)
Bundle Pull (Bp)
Thermal Force (Tf)
Additional General Requirements
Load Combinations
SLIDE PLATES........................................................................................................................ 12
7.1
7.2
Materials
Sizing
8.0
ANCHOR BOLTS..................................................................................................................... 14
9.0
WALL PIER DESIGN ............................................................................................................... 14

9.1
9.2
10.0
COLUMN DESIGN ................................................................................................................... 16

10.1
10.2
11.0
Sizing
Reinforcing
Sizing
Reinforcing
FOOTING DESIGN .................................................................................................................. 16

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
Sizing
Stability Ratio
Soil Bearing or Pile Reactions
Reinforcing and Stresses
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APPENDICES...................................................................................................................................... 19
Appendix 1: Sample Design Sketch ....................................................................................... 19
Appendix 2: Exchanger Estimating Charts ............................................................................. 20
Appendix 3: Biaxial Soil Bearing Pressure Chart ....................................................................... 25
Appendix 4: Stacked Exchangers Foundation Design Example ............................................. 26
Appendix 5: Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Example .................................................. 45
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1.0
EG-1904
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SCOPE / OVERVIEW
This guide is for use in the design and analysis of foundations for horizontal vessels and
exchangers. The design engineer may use proprietary software such as Foundation3D or
Mat3D for foundation design, once the loads on the vessel are calculated in accordance with
this guideline.
This guideline should be used in conjunction with engineering guidelines EG-1010, C/S Process
Plant Design Philosophy and EG-1900, Civil Structural Engineering.
2.0
DEFINITIONS
2.1
Clarification of Terms
As noted in the body of this guidline.
2.2
3.0
3.2
5.0
ACI
American Concrete Institute
ASCE
American Society of Civil Engineers
IBC
International Building Code
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

3.1
4.0
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Lead Technical Professional

The Lead Technical Professional is responsible for the overall completion of all
civil/structural activities on a project. The Lead Technical Professional shall also provide
guidance to the Design Technical Professional when design issues arise that are not
addressed in this guideline.
Design Technical Professional
The Design Technical Professional is responsible for designing foundations in
accordance with this guideline.
CODES, STANDARDS, AND REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

The recommendations in this guideline are based on the following documents:
ACI 318-08, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary
ASCE 7-05, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
IBC 2006, International Building Code
Mustang Standard Drawing Dwg-CD-1001-01, Anchor Bolt Schedule
DESIGN DATA
The Design Technical Professional shall obtain the following information prior to designing and
analyzing the foundations.
5.1
Vessel/Exchanger Drawings and Calculations
Empty and Operating weights
Bundle weight, if removable
Equipment and Saddle Dimensions
Insulation type and thickness
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6.0
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Shell inlet and outlet operating temperature and shell material

Wind/seismic shear and moment at base of saddle
Number, size, location, and grade (tensile strength) of anchor bolts
Ladder and platform locations
5.2
Plot Plan and Equipment Layout Drawings
Centerline elevation of the vessel/exchanger
Orientation of vessel/exchanger
Location of vessel/exchanger by coordinates of centerline
5.3
Project Design Criteria
Allowable soil bearing pressure, coefficient of horizontal friction and passive pressure
Allowable pile capacities, if applicable
Ground water table elevation (for buoyancy)
Bottom of foundation elevation
Concrete and reinforcing strength
Frost depth
Wind and seismic design parameters
5.4
Other
Existing or proposed foundations in the vicinity
Existing or proposed underground piping
Existing or proposed electrical and instrument underground duct banks
Existing or proposed drainage items including trenches, ditches, catch basins and
manholes
Other interferences such as adjacent new structures, ribs for weather barrier, etc. not
otherwise shown on the vessel drawing
Sufficient space to accommodate tube bundle removal and indicate if monorails and
pulling beams or other means shall be utilized for the removal of tube bundles from
exchangers
DESIGN CONDITIONS
6.1
Vertical Loads
6.1.1 Fabricated Weight
Dead weight of vessel/exchanger excluding internals, piping, platforms, insulation
and fireproofing.
6.1.2 Erected Weight (Df)
Fabricated weight of vessel/exchanger plus all of the removable internals, ladders,
platforms and pipe supports and all the items that are intended to be erected with
the vessel.
6.1.3 Empty Weight (De)
Corroded weight of vessel/exchanger plus all of the removable internals, ladders,
platforms, insulation and fireproofing. The weight does not include any liquid
contents, catalyst contents, or platform live loads. The vendor dry and wet
weights of exchangers typically include the bundle weight.
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6.1.4 Operating Weight (Do)

Uncorroded weight of the vessel/exchanger plus all of the removable internals,
ladders, platforms, insulation, fireproofing, design liquid level, catalyst contents
and attached piping weight and pipe supports. Normally 3% of the fabricated
weight is added by Mustangs Vessel Group to account for the attached piping.
For exchangers, assume operating weight to be full of water, unless specific data
is available from vendor drawings. An additional 10-20% allowance may be
included for attached piping when the weight is provided by the vendor and not by
the vessel department. For exchangers add 20% for piping weights. For stacked
exchangers, use only 20% of one vessel for piping weights (Refer to Figure 1).
For vessels, add 10-20% based on the diameter (for example, 20% for vessels
with diameters less than 2 feet, 10% for vessels with diameters 6 feet or more and
15% otherwise).
When preliminary vessel/exchanger information is being used, an additional 515% contingency, based on engineering judgment, may also be added to account
for changes in the vessel/exchanger weight. The operating weight does not
include live or snow load.
6.1.5 Field Test Weight (Dt)
Operating weight of the vessel/exchanger including the water required for
hydrostatic test in lieu of the design liquid level and catalyst contents.
6.1.6 Tube Bundle Weight
The weight of the internal removable bundles in a heat exchanger (Figure 2).
Always request bundle weight from vendor if it is not supplied initially.
6.1.7 Estimating Weights
At times it may be necessary to estimate weights of exchangers in order to
expedite foundation design. This should be done using the exchanger
specifications and charts provided in Appendix 2 or from similar exchangers used
on previous jobs for similar service.
6.1.8 Load Distribution
Loads for vessels should normally be divided equally between the two piers; for
exchangers, typical distribution is 60% to the channel (flanged, Figure1) end and
40% to the other end (shell end). Some cases, however, may require a more
extensive analysis in order to determine proper distribution.
Reasons for uneven distribution can include saddle spacing, piping configurations,
other equipment, exchanger type, platform configuration, and special
vessel/exchanger details. For example, if the location of the saddles does not
accurately represent a 60/40 (channel end/shell end) split of the exchanger
length, the load should be based on actual support locations and weight
distributions.
All of the above shall be considered as dead load for application of concrete design
load factors.
In cases where a vessel/exchanger supports a platform, live loads shall be taken into
account per Project Design Criteria.
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CHANNEL
END
SINGLE
EXCHANGER
STACKED
EXCHANGERS
FIGURE 1 EXCHANGERS
TUBE
BUNDLE
FIGURE 2 TUBE BUNDLE
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6.2
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Wind Loads (W)

Wind loads available from vendor data or vessel department shall not be used unless
verified by independent calculations in accordance with project design criteria. No
allowance shall be made for shielding effect due to adjacent structures or equipment.
6.2.1 Transverse Wind
Wind loads shall be calculated in accordance with the provisions of (ASCE 7) or
in accordance with Project Design Criteria. Cylindrical surface wind pressure
shall be applied on the projected area as a horizontal load at the centerline. To
approximate the effect of all projections such as piping, piers, platforms, etc., the
projected area shall be increased by a wind load factor as noted below.
The wind load factor shall be applied to the overall outside diameter (equipment
diameter + thickness of insulation/ fireproofing) to determine an effective
diameter:
Effective Diameter = Wind Load Factor x Overall O.D.
Overall Diameter
Dia. 36
36 < Dia. 54
54 < Dia. 78
78 < Dia. 102
102 < Dia.
6.2.2
Wind Load Factor

2.0
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
When large platform configurations are encountered, use good engineering

judgment to increase loading.
Effective Platform Wind Area = Projected Area of Platform Support Member
+ 1 ft. for handrails
+ 10% of Platform Width (or Length)
Transverse wind on the side of the vessel/exchanger shall be applied as a shear
load at the centerline of the vessel resolved as moment and shear loads at the
top of the pedestal.
When the vessel/exchanger is supported 10 feet or more above grade, include
wind load on exposed pier or column areas.
Longitudinal Wind
Flat surface wind pressure on the end of the vessel/exchanger shall be applied
as a horizontal load at the centerline of the vessel/exchanger. Wind is applied to
a rectangular projected surface. The longitudinal wind area shall be a rectangle
with width equal to effective vessel/exchanger diameter and height equal to
difference in elevations of top of vessel and bottom of saddle.
Flat surface wind pressure on the exposed area of both piers shall be applied as
a horizontal load at the centroid of the pier area exposed above paving or grade,
when judged significant.
Longitudinal wind loads shall be applied as a shear load at the centerline of the
vessel to the top of the pedestal resolved as a shear and reaction couple applied
to each pier. If the shear at the sliding end has exceeded the allowable friction
force all shear shall be applied at the fixed end.
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6.3
6.4
6.5
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Earthquake Loads (E)

Earthquake loads available from vendor data or vessel department shall not be used
unless verified by independent calculations in accordance with Project Design Criteria.
Earthquake loads shall be applied proportionately to the vertical load distribution.
Wall piers should be considered rigid for seismic analysis.
Earthquake loads due to pier shall be determined by using half of the mass of the pier
above the footing and applying the resulting load conservatively at the top of the pier.
Any damping due to soil mass is neglected.
For load combinations in section 6.7, the following designations are used:
E0 = Earthquake load considering unfactored operating dead load and applicable
portion of the unfactored structure dead load.
Ee = Earthquake load considering unfactored empty dead load and applicable
portion of the unfactored structure dead load.
When low friction slide assemblies (m<0.2) are used, longitudinal seismic loads shall be
resisted by the fixed end wall pier. For other slide plates (m>0.2) longitudinal seismic
loads shall be distributed as per weight distribution on each wall pier.
Bundle Pull (Bp)
For exchangers, a longitudinal horizontal load for tube bundle removal equal to 30% of
the bundle weight plus 100 pounds per inch of diameter with a minimum of 2000 pounds,
or as per Project Design Criteria, shall be applied at the center of the exchanger. For
stacked exchangers of nearly equal weight, the load shall be applied longitudinally at the
center of the top exchanger. It is assumed only one bundle is pulled at a time. Bundle
pull loads shall be resisted by friction on both piers. When the friction force is overcome
on the sliding support, the entire load shall be resisted by the fixed pier. Bundle pull
loads shall be assumed to act in either direction longitudinally.
Traditionally, in heavy crude units, a bundle pull force equal to 1.5 times the bundle
weight has been used.
Exchangers that are TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association) rear types
L, M, N, & W do not have removable bundles and thus will not have a bundle pull load to
consider. For this case, a minimum of 1 kip of rodding force shall be applied in the
longitudinal direction.
Thermal Force (Tf)
Longitudinal load on the foundation induced by the thermal growth of the
vessel/exchanger between supports shall be considered. Thermal loads shall be treated
as dead load when applying concrete design load factors. The thermal load shall be
based on operating (not design) temperatures of the shell. Equal and opposite thermal
loads shall be applied at the tops of the piers.
The thermal load is the load required to overcome static friction between the support and
the slide plate. The value of this load is taken as the coefficient of friction times the
vertical reaction due to operating loads on the sliding pier applied longitudinally at the
top of the pier. (See Section 7.1 for typical coefficients of friction).
For exchangers, the temperature used to check thermal expansion shall be the average
of the shell inlet and outlet operating temperatures.
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When the thermal load required to deflect the piers by one half the amount of total
temperature expansion between the piers is smaller than the friction load, it shall govern.
Engineering judgment should be applied when using this equation for pedestals which
extend significantly below grade as the soil will form a passive wedge and paving around
the pedestal may significantly shorten the assumed length.
= CeD(T - 70F)
Fd =
3EI 1
L3
2
Where:
= Total expansion between piers, (in)
Ce = Coefficient of thermal expansion, (7.8 x 10-5 in/ft/F for mild steel
and 1.18 x 10-4 in/ft/F for stainless steel)
D
= Distance between piers (ft)
= 57000
f ' c, psi (3605 ksi for f ' c = 4,000 psi

and 3122 ksi for f ' c =3,000 psi)
Ff = Friction load (vessel weight x coefficient of friction, m)

Fd = Thermal load required to deflect pier
I=
bt 3
, Moment of Inertia, (in4)
12
b = wall pier width (in), t = wall pier thickness (in)
= Pedestal Length (Top of footing to bottom of saddle)
T = Operating temperature (F)

The thermal load is an internal load which can be substantially relieved by bending of the
saddles, rotation of the supporting piers or footings, or sliding of the saddles on the
supports. Therefore, the allowable soil bearing pressure may be increased by 25% and
the stability ratio may be neglected when thermal loads are considered. In some cases,
however, where large movements or poor soil conditions exist, the Design Technical
Professional may not wish to increase the allowable soil bearing pressure.
6.6
Additional General Requirements

The saddle to pier connection shall be considered fixed for transverse loads.
The saddle to pier connection shall be considered pinned for longitudinal loads. This will
introduce a vertical up and down force couple to the piers.
Loads due to expansion of piping shall be included in applicable combination when
judged significant. For large (> 8) piping, consult with the pipe stress engineer for
loads.
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It may be necessary to include loads on the foundation from required piping supports or
platforms. These loads will cause eccentricities which must be evaluated.
6.7
Load Combinations
6.7.1 Strength Design Load Combinations
The following strength design load combinations and associated load
factors shall apply for concrete design, unless Project Design Criteria dictate
otherwise.
Load Combination
Design Load Factors
Operating
1.4(Do+ Ds) + 1.4 Tf (or Ff)
Operating + Live
1.2(Do+ Ds) + 1.6(L) + 1.2 Tf (or Ff)
Operating + Wind + Live
1.2(Do+ Ds) + 1.6W + f1L
Operating + Seismic + Live
(1.2+0.2 SDS) (Do+ Ds)+ 1.0E + f1L
Empty + Wind
0.9(De+ Ds) + 1.6W
Empty + Seismic
(0.9-0.2 SDS) (De+ Ds)+ 1.0E
Empty + Bundle Pull
0.9(De+ Ds) + 1.6BP
Test
1.4(Dt+ Ds)
Test + Wind (or Live)
1.2(Dt+ Ds) +1.6 (0.25W or 0.25L)
Where,
Ds = Dead Load of Structure (weight of the foundation and soil above the
foundation resisting uplift)
SDS = Design Earthquake Spectral Response Acceleration for short periods.
Per ASCE 7, it may be taken as zero if SDS is less than 0.125.
f1
= 0.5 (f1=1.0 for live loads in excess of 100 psf)
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6.7.2
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Allowable Stress Load Combinations

Similarly, the following allowable stress design loading combinations and
associated design load factors shall apply to foundation design for bearing
capacity and stability, unless Project Design Criteria dictate otherwise.
Load Combination
Design Load Factors
Operating
(Do+ Ds) + Tf (or Ff)
Operating + Live
(Do+ Ds) + Tf (or Ff) + L
Operating + Wind
(Do+ Ds) + W
Operating + Seismic
(1.0+ 0.14 SDS) (Do+ Ds) + 0.7E
Operating + Live + Wind
(Do+ Ds) + 0.75W + 0.75L
Operating + Live + Seismic
(1.0+0.105 SDS)(Do+Ds) + 0.525 E + 0.75L
Empty + Wind
0.9(De+ Ds) + W
Empty + Seismic
0.9(De+ Ds) + 0.7E
Dead + Bundle Pull
(De+ Ds) + BP
Test + Wind (Live)
(Dt+ Ds) + 0.25 (W or L)
Notes:
Factor of Safety (overturning and sliding) > 1.0, for Load Combinations with
0.9D + W (or 0.7E)
Loads due to lateral earth pressure or pressure due to ground water or bulk
materials (H), shall be treated as live loads with appropriate load factors, without
reduction. Load factor for H shall be set to zero for stability checks, where they
counteract Wind or Seismic Loads.
When required by Project Design Criteria, a combination of erection weight
and/or test weight plus a percentage of wind shall be used.
7.0
SLIDE PLATES
A slide plate (Figure 3) shall normally be provided on the sliding end of all horizontal
vessels/exchangers regardless of temperature or amount of expansion. Some lightly loaded
vessels/exchangers may not require slide plates.
Mustang normally sets the channel end (or flanged end, Figure 3) saddle as the slide end
unless specified otherwise by the client. Consult with Piping Engineering to determine the
actual sliding end for the vessel/exchanger in question.
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7.1
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Materials
Slide plates shall normally be steel. For large movements and heavy
vessels/exchangers, it may be necessary to use low friction Teflon bearing plates.
Low-friction slide plates shall be designed in accordance with the manufacturers
recommendations.
Typical coefficients of friction are as follows:
MATERIAL
No slide plate (steel saddle supported on concrete)
Steel slide plate
Teflon slide plate*
Bearing pressure over 100 psi
Bearing pressure 100 psi and below
*Verify with manufacturers values
COEFFICIENT OF
FRICTION
0.5
0.4
0.06
0.1
SLIDE PLATE
FIGURE 3 SLIDE PLATE

7.2
Sizing
Slide plates are normally 1/2 thick. Slide plate dimensions are calculated as:
Slide Plate Width
= Saddle Width + 2 x (D, thermal expansion) + 1 inch
Slide Plate Length
= Saddle Length + 1 inch
Holes in slide plates for anchor bolts are normally 1/8 larger than anchor bolt diameter.
Normally, a 1 1/2 thickness of grout is provided at the fixed end wall pier. (This allows
1 of grout to be placed under the slide plate.)
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8.0
ANCHOR BOLTS
Normally type H bolts (Reference Mustang Standard Drawing Dwg-CD-1001-01, Anchor
Bolt Schedule) shall be used on all vessel/exchanger piers. Sleeves are normally not
provided. Anchor bolts shall be checked for allowable shear on concrete and pullout
tension.
For 1-1/8 and larger diameter anchor bolts under seismic loading use double the allowable
shear capacity given in the Mustang anchor bolt schedule.
Anchor bolt holes in saddles are normally 1/4 larger in diameter than the anchor bolts.
Corrosion allowance shall not be considered unless required by project specifications.
It is desirable to select appropriate anchor bolt type to keep bolts out of the mat.
Anchor bolts shall project 2.5 times the bolt diameter above the top of the saddle base.
Friction force at the bottom of the saddle must be overcome before lateral load is assumed
to produce shear in anchor bolts. Under seismic condition, frictional resistance at the
bottom of the saddle shall be neglected.
9.0
WALL PIER DESIGN

9.1
Sizing
Wall pier dimensions shall be the slide plate size plus 4 inches.
Minimum wall pier thickness shall be 10 inches.
Minimum cover on anchor bolts shall be maintained per Mustang Standard Drawing,
Anchor Bolt Schedule).
Wall pier width and thickness shall be sized in even 2 inch increments to facilitate the
use of metal forms. Verify that the vessel/exchanger nozzles do not interfere with
support piers accounting for thermal growth.
Horizontal vessels/exchangers are normally supported by a rectangular wall pier.
However, where the vessels/exchangers are elevated above an economical height for
the construction of piers, columns with T heads should be considered. The dividing
line for using T columns is around 10 to 12 feet above grade, except for vessels with
saddles less than 4 feet long or foundations in intermediate and high seismic design
categories where taller piers are recommended. Extremely heavy vessels/exchangers
may require a concrete frame rather than T columns. In some cases, multiple
platforms and pipe supports are required around an elevated vessel/exchanger and the
option of utilizing a steel structure as opposed to a concrete structure must be
considered. Consult the Lead Technical Professional for guidance.
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Reinforcing
Wall piers are generally designed as cantilever beams with symmetrical reinforcement.
When the reinforcement required approaches max , or with extremely heavy loads or
long piers, it may be necessary to investigate the pier as a column. When horizontal
length to thickness ratio is less than 2.5, the wall pier should be designed as a column
(IBC Section 1908.1.8).
Both wall piers should be identical to avoid detailing confusion and facilitate ease of
construction.
Vertical wall pier reinforcing shall extend into footings when the height of piers above the
top of footing is 8-0 or less. In intermediate and high seismic design categories,
splicing is discouraged. Therefore, taller bars are recommended before splicing is
considered. Above this height, dowels shall be used with a Class B splice. The splice
length shall be determined per ACI 318, Section 12.2 and 12.15. The reduction in
development length per ACI 318, Section 12.2.5 for excess reinforcement is not
applicable to splice lengths in accordance with ACI 318, Section 12.15.1.
Vertical bar hook development length in the footing shall be in accordance with ACI 318,
Section 12.5.
The following minimum wall pier reinforcement is recommended:
Pier
Thickness
10
12
14
Vertical
Reinforcement
#4 @ 8 c/c
#5 @ 10 c/c
#6 @ 10 c/c
Horizontal
Ties
#3 @ 12 max
#4 @ 12 max
#4 @ 12 max
The total minimum vertical reinforcing provided shall be at least 0.005 of the gross
concrete area, Ag. To satisfy crack control requirements per ACI 318, Section 10.6.4,
maximum reinforcement spacing shall be 10 inches.
Ties for rectangular wall piers over 5 feet wide shall normally be twin hairpins (U shaped rebar) for ease of construction. Splice lengths for ties shall be class B. The
reduction factors from ACI 318, Section 12.2.2 shall not be applied. The minimum splice
length shall be 12 inches. A double set of #4 ties spaced at 3 from top of grout in
accordance with ACI 318, Section 7.10.5.6 shall be placed at the top of piers to protect
pedestals from anchor bolt lateral force.
Cross ties for wall piers may be spaced further apart than every other vertical bar.
However, all shear reinforcement must be distributed uniformly. Cross ties in high
seismic areas shall not be spaced farther apart than 14.
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10.0
COLUMN DESIGN
10.1 Sizing
Columns shall be square or rectangular and sized in even 2-inch increments. It is
desirable to standardize column dimensions for any one job as much as possible in
order to simplify forming.
10.2 Reinforcing
Columns shall be designed in accordance with ACI 318 or applicable Project Design
Criteria.
Typically, the reinforcement in columns shall be identical to avoid detailing confusion and
facilitate ease of construction.
Dowels shall be used to transfer column loads to the footings. The minimum dowel
projection shall be as required for Class B lap splice (See Section 9.2.3 for applicable
ACI 318 Code Sections.)
Vertical bar hook development length in the footing shall be in accordance with ACI 318,
Section 12.5.
T Columns, when used, shall be designed in accordance with requirements of ACI 318.
Special attention must be given to the reinforcement detail in the beam-column
connection.
11.0
FOOTING DESIGN
11.1 Sizing
Footings shall normally be rectangular or square with dimensions in even 2-inch
increments to facilitate the use of metal forms.
Minimum footing thickness shall be 15 with 3-inch incremental increases. The
thickness selected shall be checked for shear and tension in the concrete.
Typically, both footings shall be identical to avoid detailing confusion and facilitate ease
of construction.
Whenever the dimension in the longitudinal direction of an individual footing approaches
the distance between piers, consideration shall be given to combining both piers on a
common mat.
11.2 Stability Ratio
Stability provisions outlined herein apply to shallow foundations. Footings supported on
piles shall utilize the tension capacity of piles. The minimum stability ratio for service
loads other than earthquake shall be 1.5 or in accordance with job specifications. For
earthquake service loads, the minimum stability ratio shall be 1.0 or in accordance with
Project Design Criteria.
For a foundation with a symmetrical and concentric pedestal and footing, the overturning
stability ratio, SRo, may be calculated as:
SRo = b/2e
Where:
b = dimension of the footing in the direction of overturning moment, ft
e = overturning moment at the base of the footing divided by the total vertical
load, ft
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The stability ratio for sliding is defined as the passive soil resistance plus the soil
frictional resistance divided by the maximum horizontal load applied to the foundation for
any given loading condition.
11.3
Soil Bearing or Pile Reactions

The soil bearing pressure shall be computed using unfactored loads and the following
formulas:
Total Footing Area In Compression,
e
6
S.B. =
P 6e
1
A
L
Total Footing Area Not in Compression,
e >
6
S.B. =
2P
L
3B e
2
Where:
e = Eccentricity of vertical load due to horizontal load (M/P)
B = Side of footing perpendicular to direction of horizontal load
L = Side of footing parallel to direction of horizontal load
P = Total vertical load
M = Applied Moment at the bottom of the footing
A = Area of footing
When eccentricity exists in two directions, soil bearing shall be checked using the Biaxial
Soil Bearing Pressure Chart (reference Appendix 3).
Often, pipe supports in the vicinity are supported by exchanger pier pedestals or
footings. Loads due to such pipe supports and effects of their location should be
evaluated in the wall pier and/or foundation design.
When applicable, all load combinations must also be evaluated for a buoyant condition
when a high groundwater table is encountered. The minimum factor of safety for
buoyancy shall be 1.2 under unfactored service loads.
Any increase in allowable soil bearing pressure for wind, seismic, or thermal load
combinations shall be based on Project Design Criteria or recommendation by the
geotechnical consultant.
Pile loads shall be calculated using the following formula:
Q=
P Mx y My x
n y2
x2
Where:
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P = total vertical load, kips

n = total number of piles
Mx, My = overturning moment at the base of pile cap about x-axis and y-axis,
respectively.
x = distance measured from the centroid of the pile group about the y-axis to any
pile, ft.
y = distance measured from the centroid of the pile group about the x-axis to any
pile, ft.
x2, y2 = total moment of inertia of the pile group about y-axis and x-axis,
respectively. (Each pile is treated as a point with I = 0, and A = 1)
11.4
Reinforcing and Stresses

The footing shall be designed as a one-way slab reinforced to resist flexural stresses in
one direction only.
Shear and bending moments shall be computed based on the soil bearing determined
by strength design loads per the appropriate design load factors as specified in Section
6.7.
Bending moment and rebar development length shall be checked at the face of the pier.
Beam shear, as a measure of diagonal tension, shall be conservatively checked at the
face of the pier and if excessive shall be checked as outlined in ACI 318, Section 11.11.
Two way (punching) shear of the wall piers shall be checked as applicable per ACI 318,
Section 11.11.
Minimum footing steel shall be #5 @ 10 c/c for crack control. Consult with the Lead
Engineer if top layer reinforcement is recommended.
For seismic condition, top layer reinforcement shall be provided to account for load
reversals.
When piles are used, check punching shear per ACI 318, Section 15.5.3 and 15.5.4.
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1: SAMPLE DESIGN SKETCH
10-0
NORTH
6-0 SQ
NOTE: PIER/FOOTING
DIMENSIONS ARE TYPICAL
1-2
(4) 1 DIA
ANCHOR BOLTS
C. L.
FDNS
3-4
SLIDE PLATE
(SEE DETAIL)
A
C. L. FDN &
SLIDING END
C. L. FDN
PLAN
C. L. PLATE
10
B
2
CLR
#4 TIE SETS
(2 TIES PER SET)
(5) #6 DWLS
EA LONG FACE
(10 TOTAL)
7 SPA @ 10 (+)
6-10
8-1
1/2 THK PL
ASTM A-36
C. L.
PLATE
3-2
4 PROJ
TOG OR
TO SLIDE PLATE
EL
1 GROUT OR
GROUT & SLIDE PL
(2) 1 DIA HOLES
SLIDE PLATE
3
CLR
1-3
#4 TIES
#6 @ 10 EW
3
#6 DOWELS
SECTION A
SECTION B
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Appendix 2: EXCHANGER ESTIMATING CHARTS
These curves give the approximate weight of heat exchangers, all in tons. The curves are for a
192-inch Type-ET exchanger with two passes in the tubes. The tubes are -inch on a 90degree layout. The tube-material is 14-gage steel. For the weights of heat exchangers with
other tube lengths, multiply by the following factors.
LENGTH IN INCHES
HEAT EXCHANGER FACTOR
240
1.10
192
1.00
168
0.95
144
0.90
120
0.85
96
0.80
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These curves give the approximate weight of standard tube bundles in tons. The tubes are
inch, 14 gage, and 192 inches longs. Two pass on square pitch. The baffle spacing ranges
from 8 inches on the 15 inch exchanger to 16 inches on the 48 inch exchanger. For the weights
of the bundle with other lengths multiply by the following factors.
LENGTH IN INCHES
HEAT EXCHANGER FACTOR
240
1.20
192
1.00
168
0.90
144
0.80
120
0.70
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KEY TO OUTLINE DRAWINGS

Once an order has been placed for a shell and tube exchanger, the most important need from
the purchasers viewpoint is the outline (dimensional) drawing. Until this is available, final
details of civil, structural, and piping work necessary to integrate the exchanger into the system
cannot be completed. Preparation of the outline drawing by the manufacturer requires complete
detailed design of the exchanger - a time consuming job. Usually, the outline drawing will be
available two to three weeks after order. Sometimes this period extends to a month or more.
During this time the purchaser can complete preliminary layout work, estimating exchanger
dimensions by reference to the exchanger specification sheet.
The data on the exchanger specification sheet which establish the general configuration of the
exchanger are: (1) the exchanger type, (2) the tube length, and (3) the shell diameter. With
these and knowledge of permissible nozzle arrangements and orientations, a quick estimate of
exchanger dimensions can be made
Important Dimensions
The sketches below illustrate important layout dimensions for floating head fixed tubesheet, and
U-tube exchangers.
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Estimating Dimensions
Using tube length and shell diameter, dimensions can be approximated by formulas below. The
abbreviation T.L. stands for tube length; S.D. for shell diameter.
Possible Error
A = T.L. +
S.D.
2
+ 26"
B = T.L.
S.D.
C=
+ 24"
2
S.D.
D=
+ 19"
2
S.D.
E = T.L. 20"
2
S.D.
F=
+ 9"
2
A
G = 1"
4
A
H=
(Rounded off to next smaller foot
2 dimension)
+12 -6
4
4
8
2
3
J = T.L. - 26"
A
K=
2 dimension)
L = T.L.
M = T.L.(Not Valid if a nozzle is
N=
located beyond end of bundle)

dimension)
A.
2
() Span between supports and projection of supports can vary considerably depending on
standards established by the manufacturer.
Note: For U-tube units, manufacturers customarily show the straight length of the tubes (to the
tangent point of the U-bends) as a part of the size of designation. For U-tube units the tube
length (T.L.) is this straight length plus one-half the shell diameter.
These formulas are based on exchangers with 8 nozzles. Corrections may be applied for nozzles
of different size as follows: (note that CNS stands for the larger channel nozzle size; FSNS stands
for the front shell nozzle size; RSNS stands for the rear shell nozzle size).
Dimension A Add: CNS 8
Dimension C Add: (CNS - 8) + (FSNS 8)
Dimension D Add: (CNS - 8) + (FSNS 8)
Dimension E, J, M Subtract: (FSNS 8) + (RSNS 8)
Unless there is a large difference in size, these corrections are not required.
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Appendix 3: BIAXIAL SOIL BEARING PRESSURE CHART
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Appendix 4: STACKED EXCHANGERS FOUNDATION DESIGN EXAMPLE
Concrete parameters:
f c := 4000 psi
fy := 60000psi
conc := 150pcf (Density of Normal Weight Concrete)
Input geotechnical parameters:

soil := 100pcf (Density of Soil)
SBnet := 5.5ksf (Allowable Net Soil Bearing)
(Stability Ratio)
SR := 1.50
NOTE: THIS EXAMPLE ASSUMES A FOUNDATION THAT CONSISTS

OF TWO IDENTICAL WALL PIERS AND FOOTING.
Input weights and parameters from vendor:
VESTOPempty := 32kip
VESBOTTOMempty := 32kip
BUNDLEBOTTOM := 19kip
VESTOPoper := 44kip
VESBOTTOMoper := 44kip
BUNDLE TOP := 19kip
VESTOPtest := 44kip
VES BOTTOMtest
LT := 23.5ft
:= 44kip
(Length of Top Exchanger)
Lb := 23.5ft
(Length of Bottom Exchanger)
ID TOP := 3.25ft (Inner Diameter of Top Exchanger)
IDBOTTOM := 3.25ft (Inner Diameter of Bottom Exchanger)
t TOP := .125in
(Wall Thickness of Top Exchanger)
t BOTTOM := .125in (Wall Thickness of Bottom Exchanger)
Ins TOP := 0in
(Top Exchanger Insulation Thickness)
Ins BOTTOM := 0in
c b := 2.75ft
c t := 5.5ft
H m := 1.50ft
(Height from Center of Bottom

Exchanger to Top of Wall Pier)
(Footing Thickness)
s := 11ft
(Bottom Exchanger Insulation Thickness)
Temp := 550
(Height from Center of Bottom

Exchanger to Center of Top Exchanger)
(Maximum Operating Temperature, F)
(Spacing Between Wall Piers)
f := .40
(Friction Coefficient for Sliding)
H f := 8ft
(Height from Bottom of Footing to

Top of Wall Pier)
C e := 0.000078
(Thermal Coefficient for Steel, in/ft)
H g := 4ft
(Height from Bottom of Footing to

Grade)
N AB := 2
(Number of Anchor Bolts per Pier)
Cc1 := 2.67ft
(Bolt Center-to-Center Spacing,

Transverse Direction)
AB := .875 in
(Anchor Bolt Diameter)
C c2 := 0ft
(Bolt Center-to-Center Spacing,

Longitudinal Direction - ie double
row of bolts)
BottomSaddleWidth
:= 9in
BottomSaddleLength
:= 3.0ft
SlidePlateThickness := .5in (Recommended Value is 0.50 in)
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VERTICAL LOADS
Assuming bottom exchanger is heavier than top exchanger, the bottom exchanger operating and test loads are increased
by If to account for piping and miscellaneous on bottom exchanger. (Recommend 10 - 20% increase; Use larger If
value for vessels with diameter less than 36" and use smaller If values for vessels with diameter greater than or equal
to 36") I f := 1.20
Vertical Load Distribution at fixed and sliding end:
Fraction of Load at Fixed End:
F e := 0.4
Fraction of Load at Sliding End:
Se := 1 Fe = 0.6
Top Exchanger Loads

Empty
Operating
Test
Total Load
Load on Fixed End
Load on Sliding End
De_top := VESTOPempty
De_top_fix := Fe VESTOPempty
De_top_slid := Se VESTOPempty
De_top = 32 kip
De_top_fix = 12.8 kip
De_top_slid = 19.2 kip
Do_top := VESTOPoper
Do_top_fix := Fe VESTOPoper
Do_top_slid := Se VESTOPoper
Do_top = 44 kip
Do_top_fix = 17.6 kip
Do_top_slid = 26.4 kip
Dt_top := VESTOPtest
Dt_top_fix := Fe VESTOPtest
Dt_top_slid := Se VESTOPtest
Dt_top = 44 kip
Dt_top_fix = 17.6 kip
Dt_top_slid = 26.4 kip
Total Load
Load on Fixed End
Load on Sliding End
De_bot := VESTOPempty
De_bot_fix := Fe VESTOPempty
De_bot_slid := Se VESTOPempty
De_bot = 32 kip
De_bot_fix = 12.8 kip
De_bot_slid = 19.2 kip
Do_bot := If VESTOPoper
Do_bot_fix := If Fe VESTOPoper
Do_bot_slid := If Se VESTOPoper
Do_bot = 52.8 kip
Do_bot_fix = 21.12 kip
Dt_bot := If VESTOPtest
Dt_bot_fix := If Fe VESTOPtest
Dt_bot_slid := If Se VESTOPtest
Dt_bot = 52.8 kip
Dt_bot_fix = 21.12 kip
Dt_bot_slid = 31.68 kip
Bottom Exchanger Loads

Empty
Operating
Test
Do_bot_slid = 31.68 kip
Total Combined Loads For Both Exchangers

Empty
Operating
Test
Load on Fixed End
Load on Sliding End
De_tot_fix := De_bot_fix + De_top_fix
De_tot_slid := De_bot_slid + De_top_slid
De_tot_fix = 25.6 kip
De_tot_slid = 38.4 kip
Do_tot_fix := Do_bot_fix + Do_top_fix
Do_tot_slid := Do_bot_slid + Do_top_slid
Do_tot_fix = 38.72 kip
Do_tot_slid = 58.08 kip
Dt_tot_fix := Dt_bot_fix + Dt_top_fix
Dt_tot_slid := Dt_bot_slid + Dt_top_slid
Dt_tot_fix = 38.72 kip
Dt_tot_slid = 58.08 kip
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SIZE SLIDE PLATE

:= Ce s
( Temp 70)
12
= 0.4118in
(Thermal growth of a vessel/exchanger used in thermal calculations)
SlidePlateWidth := Ceil( BottomSaddleWidth + 2 + 1in , 1in) = 11 in

SlidePlateLength := Ceil( BottomSaddleLength + 1in , 1in) = 38 in
SIZE WALL PIER

Wall Pier Length
Edge Distance of Anchor Bolts:
d edge1 := 4 AB = 3.5 in
d edge2 := 4in
d e := max( d edge1, d edge2) = 4 in
Minimum Wall Pier Length:
Lpier1 := Cc1 + 2 d e = 40.04 in

Lpier2 := SlidePlateLength + 4in = 42 in
Lpier := max( Lpier1, Lpier2) = 42 in
Lpier := Ceil( Lpier , 2in) = 42 in
Note: When the wall pier length provided in this calculation is not large enough, use L3 to
override the automatically calculated values for deflection control in wall pier design.
L3 := 10in
Lpier := max( Lpier , L3) = 3.5ft
Wall Pier Width

Minimum Wall Pier Width:
W pier1 := Cc2 + 2 d e = 8 in
W pier2 := SlidePlateWidth + 4in = 15 in
W pier := max( W pier1, W pier2) = 15 in
W pier := Ceil( W pier , 2in) = 16 in
Note: When the wall pier width provided in this calculation is not large enough, use W3 to
override the automatically calculated values for deflection control in wall pier design.
W 3 := 10in
W pier := max( W pier , W 3) = 16 in
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DETERMINE LATERAL LOADS

WIND LOADS
Select these factors based on ASCE 7-05 or project design criteria. Detailed wind pressure calculations are beyond
the scope of this design example.
C f_round := .7
(force coefficient for round surface)
G f := .85
C f_flat := 1.80
(force coefficient for flat surface)
q z := 21.89 psf (velocity pressure)
q z_long := q z Gf Cf_flat = 33.49 psf
(longitudinal velocity pressure)
q z_tran := q z Gf Cf_round = 13.02 psf
(transverse velocity pressure)
(gust effect factor)
Determine Effective Diameters

ODTOP := IDTOP + 2 ( t TOP + Ins TOP ) = 3.27ft
ODBOTTOM := IDBOTTOM + 2 ( t BOTTOM + Ins BOTTOM ) = 3.27ft

ODTOPeff :=
(2 ODTOP ) if ODTOP 3 ft
(1.8 ODTOP ) if 3 ft ODTOP 4.5ft
(1.7 ODTOP ) if 4.5 ft ODTOP 6.5 ft
(1.6 ODTOP ) if 6.5 ft ODTOP 8.5 ft
(( 1.5 ODTOP ) ) otherwise
ODTOPeff = 5.89ft
ODBOTTOMeff :=
(2 ODBOTTOM ) if ODBOTTOM 3 ft
(1.8 ODBOTTOM ) if 3 ft ODBOTTOM 4.5 ft
(1.7 ODBOTTOM ) if 4.5 ft ODBOTTOM 6.5 ft
(1.6 ODBOTTOM ) if 6.5 ft ODBOTTOM 8.5 ft
(( 1.5 ODBOTTOM ) ) otherwise
ODBOTTOMeff = 5.89ft
Transverse Wind Loads

A TOPtr := ODTOPeff ( LT ) = 138.36ft
W tran_top := A TOPtr q z_tran = 1.8 kip

A BOTTOMtr := ODBOTTOMeff Lb = 138.36ft
W tran_bot := A BOTTOMtr q z_tran = 1.8 kip

W tran := W tran_bot + W tran_bot = 3.6 kip
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Longitudinal Wind Loads

A l :=
( ODTOPeff + ODBOTTOMeff )
2
( cb + ct + .5 ODTOPeff) = 65.9ft
2
W long := A l q z_long = 2.21 kip
Vertical Couple Force, Compression/Tension Load:

W long_FC := W long
( cb + ct )
s
= 1.66 kip
SEISMIC LOADS
Select these factors based on IBC 2006 or project design criteria. Detailed seismic load calculations are beyond
Seismic Distribution Coefficient,C s := .067
Importance Factor,
I eq := 1.25
S S := 0.20
Short Period Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter,
Short Period Site Coefficient,F a := 1.2
(also, ref. Table 11.4-1, ASCE 7-05)
Short Period Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter Adjusted For Site Class Effects:
SMS := Fa SS = 0.24
(ref. EQ 11.4-1, ASCE 7-05)
Design Short Period Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter:

SDS :=
2
3
SMS = 0.16
(ref. EQ 11.4-3, ASCE 7-05)
Seismic Design For Rigid Non-building Structures:

Lateral force assuming a fundamental period, T, less than 0.06 seconds (ref. EQ 15.4-5, ASCE 7-05):
Top Exchanger Load:
Empty:
Ee_top := 0.30 SDS Ieq De_top = 1.92 kip
Operating: Eo_top := 0.30 SDS Ieq Do_top = 2.64 kip

Bottom Exchanger Load:
Empty:
Ee_bot := 0.30 SDS Ieq De_top = 1.92 kip
Operating: Eo_bot := 0.30 SDS Ieq Do_bot = 3.17 kip

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Total Exchanger Loads:

Empty:
Ee_tot := Ee_top + Ee_bot = 3.84 kip
Operating: Eo_tot := Eo_top + Eo_bot = 5.81 kip

Wall Pier Seismic Loads (only consider the contributing portion above footing):
Weight of wall pier above footing, Wt pier1 := ( Hf Hm) Lpier W pier conc = 2.28 kip
1
2
Ewallpier := Cs Wt pier1 = 0.15 kip
Lateral force of wall pier,

THERMAL LOADS
Note: Thermal load is based on the force to overcome friction.

Ff := f Do_tot_slid = 23.23 kip
.5
E := 57000 fc
Ig :=
kip
in
Lpier ( W pier)
12
= 114000ksi
3
4
= 14336 in
Hwp := Hf Hm = 78 in
Fd :=
(3 E Ig)
3
= 2127.5kip
2 Hwp
Tf := min( Ff , Fd) = 23.23 kip

SlidingCheck := if ( Ff < Fd , "Sliding Will Occur" , "Use Low-Friction Slide Assembly or Increase Pier Size" )
SlidingCheck = "Sliding Will Occur"
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BUNDLE PULL LOADS

Bp_top := .3 BUNDLETOP + 100
lbf
in
ODTOP = 9.63 kip
Bp_bot := .3 BUNDLEBOTTOM + 100
lbf
in
ODBOTTOM = 9.63 kip
Bp_top := if ( Bp_top > 0 , if ( Bp_top 2000lbf , 2000lbf , Bp_top) , 0kip) = 9.63 kip
Bp_bot := if ( Bp_bot > 0 , if ( Bp_bot 2000lbf , 2000lbf , Bp_bot) , 0kip) = 9.63 kip
Bp := max( Bp_top , Bp_bot) = 9.63 kip (Verify Bundle Pull requirements per project design criteria)
Bundle Pulling forces shall be resisted by friction on both piers. When the friction is overcome on the
sliding support, the entire load shall be resisted by the fixed pier.
Bp_slid :=
Bp
2
= 4.81 kip
Bp_slid := if ( Bp_slid Ff , Bp_slid , 0kip) = 4.81 kip

Bp_fix := Bp Bp_slid = 4.81 kip

Bp_FC_top := Bp
Bp_FC_bot := Bp
( cb + c t )
s
( cb)
s
= 7.22 kip
= 2.41 kip
Bp_FC := max( Bp_FC_top , Bp_FC_bot ) = 7.22 kip
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STRENGTH DESIGN LOAD COMBINATIONS

Vertical Loads
PU1_fix := 1.4 Do_tot_fix = 54.21 kip
1. Operating
Horizontal Loads
VU1_thermal := 1.4 Tf = 32.52 kip
PU1_slid := 1.4 Do_tot_slid = 81.31 kip
2. Oper+Live
NO PLATFORM LIVE LOAD
3. Oper+Wind+Live
PU3_fix := 1.2 Do_tot_fix = 46.46 kip
VU3_tran := 1.6W tran = 5.77 kip
VU3_long := 1.6 W long = 3.53 kip
PU3_FC := 1.6 W long_FC = 2.65 kip
4. Oper+Seismic+Live PU4_fix := 1.2 Do_tot_fix = 46.46 kip
5. Empty+Wind
VU4_tran := Eo_tot + Ewallpier = 5.96 kip
VU4_long := Eo_tot + Ewallpier = 5.96 kip
PU5_fix := 0.9 De_tot_fix = 23.04 kip
PU5_slid := 0.9 De_tot_slid = 34.56 kip
6. Empty+Seismic
PU6_fix := ( 0.9 0.2 SDS) De_tot_fix = 22.22 kip
VU6_tran := Eo_tot + Ewallpier = 5.96 kip
PU6_slid := ( 0.9 0.2 SDS) De_tot_slid = 33.33 kip
VU6_long := Eo_tot + Ewallpier = 5.96 kip
7. Empty+Bundle Pull PU7_fix := 0.9 De_tot_fix = 23.04 kip

PU7_slid := 0.9 De_tot_slid = 34.56 kip
VU7_fix := 1.6 Bp_fix = 7.7 kip

VU7_slid := 1.6 Bp_slid = 7.7 kip
PU7_FC := 1.6 Bp_FC = 11.55 kip
8. Test
PU8_fix := 1.4 Dt_tot_fix = 54.21 kip

PU8_slid := 1.4Dt_tot_slid = 81.31 kip
9. Test+Wind (or Live) PU9_fix := 1.2 Dt_tot_fix = 46.46 kip

PU9_slid := 1.2Dt_tot_slid = 69.7 kip
VU9_tran := 1.6 0.25W tran = 1.44 kip

VU9_long := 1.6 0.25 W long = 0.88 kip
PU9_FC := 1.6 0.25 W long_FC = 0.66 kip

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ALLOWABLE STRESS LOAD COMBINATIONS

Vertical Loads
PA1_fix := Do_tot_fix = 38.72 kip
1. Operating
Horizontal Loads
VA1_thermal := Tf = 23.23 kip
PA1_slid := Do_tot_slid = 58.08 kip
2. Oper+Live
3. Oper+Wind+Live
PA3_fix := Do_tot_fix = 38.72 kip
VA3_tran := W tran = 3.6 kip
PA3_slid := Do_tot_slid = 58.08 kip
VA3_long := W long = 2.21 kip
PA3_FC := W long_FC = 1.66 kip
4. Oper+Seismic+Live PA4_fix := ( 1.2 + 0.14SDS) Do_tot_fix = 47.33 kip
5. Empty+Wind
VA4_tran := 0.7( Eo_tot + Ewallpier ) = 4.17 kip
PA4_slid := ( 1.2 + 0.14SDS) Do_tot_slid = 71 kip
VA4_long := .7( Eo_tot + Ewallpier ) = 4.17 kip
PaA5_fix := 0.9 De_tot_fix = 23.04 kip
PA5_slid := 0.9 De_tot_slid = 34.56 kip
6. Empty+Seismic
PA6_fix := ( 0.9 0.14 SDS ) De_tot_fix = 22.47 kip
VA6_tran := .7( Eo_tot + Ewallpier ) = 4.17 kip
PA6_slid := ( 0.9 0.14 SDS) De_tot_slid = 33.7 kip
VA6_long := .7( Eo_tot + Ewallpier ) = 4.17 kip
7. Empty+Bundle Pull PA7_fix := De_tot_fix = 25.6 kip

PA7_slid := De_tot_slid = 38.4 kip
VA7_fix := Bp_fix = 4.81 kip

VA7_slid := Bp_slid = 4.81 kip
PA7_FC := Bp_FC = 7.22 kip
8. Test
PA8_fix := Dt_tot_fix = 38.72 kip

PA8_slid := Dt_tot_slid = 58.08 kip
9. Test+Wind (or Live) PA9_fix := Dt_tot_fix = 38.72 kip

PA9_slid := Dt_tot_slid = 58.08 kip
VA9_tran := 0.25W tran = 0.9 kip

VA9_long := 0.25 W long = 0.55 kip
PA9_FC := 0.25 W long_FC = 0.41 kip

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WALL PIER DESIGN (Conservatively design as cantilever beam)

Clear cover to main reinforcement (2 inches minimum),C c_pier := 2in
Diameter of tie (assuming #4 tie),
dt := .5 in
Area of tie (assuming #4 tie),
Area tie :=
dt = 0.2 in2
2

Diameter of main reinforcement (assuming #6 bar),db := .75 in

Area of main reinforcement bar (assuming #6 tie), Area pier_bar :=
db
2
= 0.44 in
d eff_pier := W pier Cc_pier ( .5 db ) = 13.63 in
Effective depth,
shear = 0.75
(ACI 318, Section 9.3.2.3)
Maximum weight Distribution Factor, facmax := max( Se , Fe) = 0.6

Shear Design:
Vu_max := max( VU1_thermal, VU3_long , VU4_long , VU5_long , VU6_long , VU7_fix, VU7_slid , VU9_long) = 32.52 kip
V c := shear 2 fc psi Lpier d eff_pier = 54.29kip
(ACI 318, EQ 11-3, = 1.0 for normal weight concrete)
Check := if ( V c Vu_max , "Provide Minimum Tie Reinforcement at 12" Spacing" , "Shear Reinforcement Required" )
Check = "Provide Minimum Tie Reinforcement at 12" Spacing"
Flexural Design:
ft
Maximum moment in the wall pier, M u_max := Vu_max ( Hf Hm) = 211.41kip
Area of reinforcement required for balanced condition:

pier :=
fc
2 fy
pier_min :=
1.7
200psi
fy
2.89
= 0.00639
2
Lpier d eff_pier fc
7.56 M u_max
= 0.00333
(ACI 318, Section 10.5.1)
4
4
:= if pier pier_min , pier , if pier pier_min , pier_min , pier
3
3
A s1 := Lpier d eff_pier = 3.66 in
A s2 := ( 0.005 W pier Lpier 0.5) = 1.68 in
(EG-1904, Section 9.2.5)
A s_pier := max( A s1 , A s2) = 3.66 in
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Npier_required :=
Number of bars required,
A s_pier
Area
= 8.28
pier_bar
Document No.
1
Rev.
bars on each face
A pier_required := Npier_required Area pier_bar = 3.66 in
A s_pier
=9
Area pier_bar
Number of bars provided,
Npier_provided := ceil
Approximate spacing,
s pier_bar :=
(Lpier 2 Cc_pier db )
(Npier_provided 1)
bars on each face
= 4.66 in
Maximum crack control spacing:

fs :=
2
3
fy = 40 ksi
Crackpier_bar := min
600
f
s
ksi
in 2.5Cc_pier , 12 40
= 10 in
fs

ksi
in
Maximum spacing,s pier_max := if ( s pier_bar Crackpier_bar, s pier_bar, Crackpier_bar) = 4.66 in Center-to-center Spacing
FOOTING THICKNESS CHECK

Assume #6 bar for wall pier reinforcement, determine the minimum footing thickness to develop standard hook for
the pier reinforcing bar:
:= 1
(Factor for uncoated bars)
fy
psi
Ldh := .02
fc
psi
db = 14.23 in
:= 1
(Factor for normal weight concrete)
Check_Footing_Thickness := if ( Ldh + 3in) < Hm , "Okay" , "Increase Footing Thickness"
Check_Footing_Thickness = "Okay"
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FOOTING DESIGN
Size Footing For Bearing Pressure:
SBallow := SBnet + soil Hg = 5900 psf
TryW footing := Ceil( W pier + 2 Hm , 2in) = 54 in
Note: When the footing width provided in this calculation is not large enough due to inadequate
footing size, use Wfooting_input to override the automatically calculated values.
W footing_input := 96in
W footing := max( TryW footing, W footing_input) = 96 in
TryLfooting := Ceil( Lpier + 2 Hm , 2in) = 78 in
Note: When the footing length provided in this calculation is not large enough due to inadequate
footing size, use Lfooting_input to override the automatically calculated values.
Lfooting_input := 120in
Lfooting := max( TryLfooting, Lfooting_input) = 120 in
Area footing := Lfooting W footing = 80ft
Wt pier := W pier ( Hf Hm) Lpier conc = 4.55 kip

Wt footing := conc ( Hm) Lfooting W footing = 18 kip
Wt soil := soil ( Lfooting W footing W pier Lpier) ( Hg Hm) = 18.83 kip
Wt total := Wt pier + Wt footing + Wt soil = 41.38 kip
NOTE: By engineering observation, the load combinations that will provide minimum and maximum soil pressure
in this particular case, the Operating (Allowable Stress Load Combination #1) and Empty + Bundle Pull (Allowable
Stress Load Combination #7) govern design in the longitudinal direction. The calculations below are for checking
the soil pressures and stability ratio. The magnitudes of the loads acting in both directions will produce minimal biaxial effects and can be ignored for this design.
Operating: (Load Combination used for maximum pressure)
P1 := PA1_slid = 58.08 kip
P2 := PA1_fix = 38.72 kip
H1 := VA1_thermal = 23.23 kip
M1 := 0ft lb
M2 := 0ft lb
(Applied Moment)
(Applied Moment)
Pmax1 := max( P1, P2) = 58.08 kip

Ptot := Pmax1 + Wt total = 99.46 kip
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Moments At Bottom Of Footing:

M' := H1 ( Hf ) = 185.86ft kip
M'' := H2 ( Hf ) = 185.86ft
kip
M tot := M1 + M2 + max( M' , M'') = 185.86kip

ft
Eccentricity:
e :=
Mtot
= 1.869ft
Ptot
kern, k :=
W footing
6
= 1.33ft
e1 := "ARE OK"
e2 := "STOP, VERIFY LOADS"
Loads := if ( e < 0ft , e2 , e1)
qmax := if e k ,
Loads = "ARE OK"
Ptot
W footing Lfooting
Ptot
W footing Lfooting
qmin := if e k ,
1 + 6
1 6
W footing
3 L
e
2 Ptot
W footing
footing
2
qmax = 3.111 ksf
, 0ksf
qmin = 0.000 ksf
W footing
Check := if ( qmax SBallow , "Footing size is adequate" , "Increase Footing Size or Consider Combined Footing."
Check = "Footing size is adequate"
Stability Ratio:
SRo := if e
0 , SR ,
W footing
2 e
= 2.14
Footing_Stability := if ( SRo SR , "OK" , "Resize Footing" )

Footing_Stability = "OK"
Empty + Bundle Pull: (Load Combination used for minimum pressure)

P1 := PA7_fix PA7_FC = 18.38 kip
P2 := PA7_slid + PA7_FC = 45.62 kip
H1 := VA7_fix = 4.81 kip
H2 := VA7_slid = 4.81 kip
M1 := 0ft lb
M2 := 0ft lb
(Applied Moment)
(Applied Moment)
Pmax2 := max( P1, P2) = 45.62 kip

Ptot := Pmax2 + Wt total = 87 kip

M' := H1 ( Hf ) = 38.5 kip ft
M'' := H2 ( Hf ) = 38.5 kip ft
Mtot := M1 + M2 + ( max( M' , M'') ) = 38.5 kip ft

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Eccentricity:
e :=
Mtot
Ptot
= 0.443ft
kern, k :=
W footing
6
= 1.33ft
e1 := "ARE OK"
Loads := if ( e < 0ft , e2 , e1)
qmax := if e k ,
Loads = "ARE OK"
W footing
3 L
1 6
, 0ksf
W footing
W footing Lfooting
Ptot
W footing Lfooting
qmin := if e k ,
1 + 6
Ptot
2 Ptot
W footing
footing
2
qmax = 1.448 ksf
qmin = 0.727 ksf
Stability Ratio:
SRe := if e
0 , SR ,
W footing
2 e
= 9.04
Footing_Stability := if ( SRe SR , "OK" , "Resize Footing" )

Note: Strength design loads shall be used for footing steel reinforcement design.
Operating: (Load Combination used for maximum pressure)
P1U := PU1_slid = 81.31 kip
P2U := PU1_fix = 54.21 kip
H1U := VU1_thermal = 32.52 kip
M1U := 0ft lb
M2U := 0ft lb
(Applied Moment)
(Applied Moment)
P1max1.U := max( P1U , P2U) = 81.31 kip

P1tot.U := P1max1.U + 1.4Wt total = 139.25kip

M1'U := H1U ( Hf ) = 260.2ft kip
M2'U := H2U ( Hf ) = 260.2 ft kip
M1tot.U := M1U + M2U + max( M1'U , M2'U) = 260.2 kip ft

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Eccentricity:
e1U :=
M1tot.U
= 1.869ft
P1tot.U
kern, k1U :=
q1maxU := if e1U k1U ,
P1tot.U
W footing Lfooting
P1tot.U
W footing Lfooting
q1minU := if e1U k1U ,
1 + 6
,
W footing
3 L
trans :=
1 6
d1 :=
= 1.33ft
= 2.61 ksf
, 0ksf = 0 ksf
W footing
e1U
de1 := if e1U > k1U , W footing
if ( q1maxU)
W footing
e1U 3 , 0ft = 1.61ft
q1minU , 0ksf , q1maxU q1minU

W footing de1
long :=
Lfooting
W footing
2
footing
sb1 :=
Wt footing + Wt soil
2 P1tot.U
e1U
Distance from mat edge to positive soil pressure:
Soil pressure gradient:
W footing
kip
= 0.41
ft ft
W footing
(W footing W pier)
2
Determine Maximum Shear & Moment:

shear1 ( W ) := ( long W + if ( d1 W , P1max1.U , 0 lb) ) if ( d1) W , P1max1.U , 0 lb ...
2 sb1
+ if ( W > de1 , W de1 , 0in)
+ q1minU W Lfooting
2
moment1( W ) := long
+ if d1 < W , M1 + M1'U P1max1.U ( W d1) , 0 ft lb ...

2
+ if ( d1) < W , M2U + M2'U P1max1.U ( W d1) , 0 ft lb ...
3 sb1
+ if ( W > de1 , W de1 , 0 in)
num :=
W footing
0.01ft
i := 0 .. num
dist :=
i
i ft
100
+ q1minU
W
2
Lfooting
( i)
V1 := shear1 dist
i
( i)
M1 := moment1 dist
i
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V1max := max( V1) = 0 kip
M1max := max( M1) = 0 ft kip
V1min := min( V1) = 171.86 kip
M1min := min( M1) = 728.42ft kip
maxshear1 := max( V1max , V1min
) = 171.86kip
maxmom1:= max( M1max , M1min
) = 728.42ft kip
Empty + Bundle Pull: (Load Combination used for minimum pressure)

P1U := PU7_fix PU7_FC = 11.49 kip
P2U := PU7_slid + PU7_FC = 46.11 kip
H1U := VU7_fix = 7.7 kip
H2U := VU7_slid = 7.7 kip
M1U := 0ft lb
M2U := 0ft lb
(Applied Moment)
(Applied Moment)


M1'U := H1U ( Hf ) = 61.6ft kip
M2'U := H2U ( Hf ) = 61.6 ft kip
M2tot.U := M1U + M2U + max( M1'U , M2'U) = 61.6 kip ft
Eccentricity:
e2U :=
M2tot.U
P2tot.U
= 0.592ft
kern, k2U :=
P2tot.U
W footing Lfooting
P2tot.U
W footing Lfooting
1 + 6
sb2 :=
W footing
2
= 1.33ft
= 1.88 ksf
, 0ksf = 0.72 ksf
W footing
e2U
2 P2tot.U
e2U
footing
1 6
,
W footing
3 L
W footing
if ( q2maxU)
W footing
e2U 3 , 0ft = 0 ft

W footing de2
= 0.14
kip
2
ft ft
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2 sb2
+ if ( W > de2 , W de2 , 0in)
+ q2minU W Lfooting
2
+ if d1 < W , M1U + M1'U P1max1.U ( W d1) , 0 ft lb ...

2
3 sb2
+ if ( W > de2 , W de2 , 0 in)
num :=
W footing
0.01ft
i := 0 .. num
dist :=
i
+ q2minU
i ft
W
2
Lfooting
( i)
V2 := shear2 dist
i
100
( i)
M2 := moment2 dist
i
V2max := max( V2) = 16.75 kip
M2max := max( M2) = 145.97ft kip
V2min := min( V2) = 75.39 kip
) = 75.39 kip
) = 264.18ft kip
Check Shear in Longitudinal Direction:

Cc_footing := 2in
Clear cover to main reinforcement (2 inches minimum),
Diameter of main reinforcement (assuming #8 bar), db footing := 1.0in

2
Area of footing bar (assuming #8 bar),

Effective depth,
Area footing_bar :=
db footing
2
= 0.79 in
2
d eff_footing:= Hm Cc_footing ( .5 db footing) = 15.5 in
b := Lfooting
Vul := max( maxshear1 , maxshear2) = 171.86 kip
Vn := shear 2 fc psi b d eff_footing = 176.46 kip
Check := if ( Vn Vul , "OK" , "Increase Footing Size" )
Check = "OK"
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Top and Bottom Longitudinal Reinforcement in Footing:

For simplicity use same reinforcing for both top and bottom, so use minimum "d" for calculation:
Mu := max( maxmom1, maxmom2) = 728.42 kip ft

footing :=
fc
2 fy
footing_min :=
= 0.00781
b deff_pier fc
7.56 Mu
1.7 2.89
200psi
fy
= 0.00333
4
4
:= if footing footing_min , footing , if footing footing_min , footing_min , footing = 0.00781
3
A s1 := b d eff_footing = 14.52 in
A s_TEMP := 0.0018b

Hm
2
= 1.94 in
2
(ACI 318, Section 7.12.2.1)
A s_footing := max( A s1 , A s_TEMP ) = 14.52 in
Nfooting_required :=
A s_footing
= 18.49
Area footing_bar
bottom bars
A footing_required := Nfooting_required Area footing_bar = 14.52 in
Number of bars provided, Nfooting_provided := ceil( Nfooting_required) = 19
bottom bars
A footing_provided := Nfooting_provided Area footing_bar = 14.92 in
s footing_bar :=
(Lfooting 2 Cc_footing db footing)

(Nfooting_provided 1)
= 6.39 in
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fs :=
2
3
fy = 40 ksi
CC := min( Cc_footing + dt , 2in) = 2 in

Crackfooting_bar := min
15 40 in
fs

ksi
2.5CC,
12 40in
= 10 in
fs

ksi
Maximum spacing,s footing_max := if ( s footing_bar Crackfooting_bar, s footing_bar, Crackfooting_bar) = 6.39 in

Conservatively, use same reinforcement for top and bottom in both directions.
Use rebar size:
db footing = 1 in
Number of bars: Nfooting_provided = 19

Max spacing:
s footing_max = 6.39 in
Punching Shear:
Pumax1 := max( PU1_fix, PU1_slid , PU3_fix PU3_FC , PU3_slid + PU3_FC , PU4_fix, PU4_slid , PU5_fix PU5_FC , PU5_slid + PU5_FC )
Pumax2 := max( PU6_fix, PU6_slid , PU7_fix PU7_FC , PU7_slid + PU7_FC , PU8_fix, PU8_slid , PU9_fix PU9_FC , PU9_slid + PU9_FC )
Pumax := max( Pumax1, Pumax2) = 81.31 kip
Shear stress at a distance of 1/2 * deff_footing from the face of wall pier:
v1 :=
Pumax
2 ( W pier + Lpier + 2 d eff_footing) d eff_footing
v1n := shear 4 fc psi = 189.74psi
= 29.47 psi
Check_Punching_Shear := if ( v1n v1 , "OK" , "Increase Footing Thickness" )

Check_Punching_Shear = "OK"
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Appendix 5: HORIZONTAL VESSEL FOUNDATION DESIGN EXAMPLE
Concrete parameters:
f c := 4000 psi
fy := 60000 psi
conc := 150pcf (Density of Normal Weight
Concrete)
Geotechnical parameters:
soil := 100pcf
(Density of Soil)
SB net := 5ksf
(Allowable Net Soil Bearing)
SR := 1.50
(Stability Ratio)
NOTE: THIS EXAMPLE ASSUMES A FOUNDATION THAT

CONSISTS OF TWO IDENTICAL WALL PIERS AND FOOTING.
Weights and parameters from vendor:

VESempty := 98kip
VES oper := 335kip
VES test := 394 kip
Temp := 500
(Maximum Operating Temperature, F)
f := .40
(Friction Coefficient for Sliding)
Ce := 0.000078 (Thermal Coefficient for Steel, in/ft)
L v := 37ft
(Length of Vessel)
ID := 12 ft
(Inner Diameter of Vessel)
t := .125 in
(Wall Thickness of Vessel)
Ins := 0in
(Vessel Insulation Thickness)
c b := 6.5ft
(Height from Center of Vessel to Top of

Wall Pier)
N AB := 2
(Number of Anchor Bolts per Pier)
AB := 1.25 in
(Anchor Bolt Diameter)
SaddleWidth
:= 10in
SaddleLength
:= 140in
SlidePlateThickness := .5in (Recommended Value
is 0.50 in)
H m := 2.0ft (Footing Thickness)

Ls := 22ft
(Spacing Between Wall Piers)
H f := 8ft
(Height from Bottom of Footing to Top of Wall Pier)
H g := 4ft
(Height from Bottom of Footing to Grade)
C c1 := 11ft
(Bolt Center-to-Center Spacing, Transverse Direction)
Cc2 := 0ft
(Bolt Center-to-Center Spacing, Longitudinal Direction

i.e. double row of bolts)
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VERTICAL LOADS
Vessel operating and test loads are increased by If to account for piping and miscellaneous on vessel. (Normally,
10 - 20% increase; Use larger If value for vessels with diameter less than 36" and use smaller If values for vessels
with diameter greater than or equal to 36")
I f := 1.10
Vertical Load Distribution at fixed and sliding end:

Fraction of Load at Fixed End:
F e := .50
Fraction of Load at Sliding End:
Se := 1 Fe = 0.5
Vessel Loads
Total Load
Load on Fixed End
Load on Sliding End
De := VESempty
De_fix := Fe VESempty
De_slid := Se VESempty
De = 98 kip
De_fix = 49 kip
De_slid = 49 kip
Do := If VESoper
Do_fix := If Fe VESoper
Do_slid := If Se VESoper
Do = 368.5 kip
Do_fix = 184.25kip
Do_slid = 184.25kip
Dt := If VEStest
Dt_fix := If Fe VEStest
Dt_slid := If Se VEStest
Dt = 433.4 kip
Dt_fix = 216.7 kip
Dt_slid = 216.7 kip
Empty
Operating
Test
SIZE SLIDE PLATE

:= Ce Ls
( Temp 70)
12
= 0.7379in
(Thermal growth of a vessel used in thermal calculations)
SlidePlateWidth := Ceil( SaddleWidth + 2 + 1in , 1in) = 13 in

SlidePlateLength := Ceil( SaddleLength + 1in , 1in) = 141 in
SIZE WALL PIER

Wall Pier Length
Edge Distance of Anchor Bolts:
d edge1 := 4 AB = 5 in
d edge_min := 4in (Per Mustang Standard, minimum edge distance is 4 inches)

d e := max( d edge1, d edge_min) = 5 in
Minimum Wall Pier Length:
Lpier1 := Cc1 + 2 d e = 142 in

Lpier2 := SlidePlateLength + 4in = 145 in
Lpier := max( Lpier1, Lpier2) = 145 in
Lpier := Ceil( Lpier , 2in) = 146 in
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Note: If the wall pier length provided in this calculation
is not large enough, use L3 to override the automatically
calculated values for deflection control in wall pier design.
L 3 := 10 in
Lpier := max( Lpier , L3) = 12.17ft
Wall Pier Width

Minimum Wall Pier Width:
W pier1 := Cc2 + 2 d e = 10 in
W pier2 := SlidePlateWidth + 4in = 17 in

W pier := max( W pier1, W pier2) = 17 in
W pier := Ceil( W pier , 2in) = 18 in
W
:= 10 in
W pier := max( W pier , W 3) = 18 in
Note: If the wall pier width provided in this calculation

is not large enough, use W3 to override the automatically
calculated values for deflection control in wall pier design.
DETERMINE LATERAL LOADS

WIND LOADS
Select these factors based on ASCE 7-05 or project design criteria. Detailed wind pressure calculations are
beyond the scope of this design example.
C f_round := .7
(force coefficient for round surface)
C f_flat := 1.80 (force coefficient for flat surface)
G f := .85
(gust effect factor)
q z := 21.89 psf (velocity pressure)
q z_long := q z Gf Cf_flat = 33.49 psf
(longitudinal velocity pressure)
q z_tran := q z Gf Cf_round = 13.02 psf
(transverse velocity pressure)
Determine Effective Diameters

OD := ID + 2 ( t + Ins ) = 12.02ft
ODeff := if ( OD 3ft , 2 OD , if ( OD 4.5ft , 1.8 OD , if ( OD 6.5ft , 1.7 OD, if ( OD 8.5ft , 1.6 OD , 1.5 OD) ) ) )
ODeff = 18.03ft
Transverse Wind Loads

A tr := ODeff ( Lv) = 667.16ft
W tran := A tr q z_tran = 8.69 kip
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Longitudinal Wind Loads
A l := ( ODeff) cb +
ODeff
2
= 279.77ft
W long := A l q z_long = 9.37 kip

W long_FC := W long
( cb)
Ls
= 2.77 kip
SEISMIC LOADS
Select these factors based on IBC 2006 or project design criteria. Detailed seismic load calculations are beyond
Seismic Distribution Coefficient,C s := .067
Importance Factor,
I eq := 1.25
S S := 0.20
Short Period Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter,
Short Period Site Coefficient,F a := 1.2
(also, ref. Table 11.4-1, ASCE 7-05)
Short Period Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter Adjusted For Site Class Effects:
SMS := Fa SS = 0.24
(ref. EQ 11.4-1, ASCE 7-05)
Design Short Period Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter:

SDS :=
2
3
SMS = 0.16
(ref. EQ 11.4-3, ASCE 7-05)
Seismic Design For Rigid Non-building Structures:

Lateral force assuming a fundamental period, T, less than 0.06 seconds (ref. EQ 15.4-5, ASCE 7-05):
Vessel Load:
Empty:
Ee := 0.30 SDS Ieq De = 5.88 kip
Operating: Eo := 0.30 SDS Ieq Do = 22.11 kip

Wall Pier Seismic Loads (only consider the contributing portion above footing):
Weight of wall pier above footing, Wt pier1 := ( Hf Hm) Lpier W pier conc = 8.21 kip
1
2
Lateral force of wall pier,
Ewallpier := Cs Wt pier1 = 0.55 kip
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THERMAL LOADS
Note: Thermal load is based on the force to overcome friction.
Ff := f Do_slid = 73.7 kip
.5
E := 57000 fc
Ig :=
kip
in
Lpier ( W pier)
12
= 114000ksi
3
4
= 70956 in
Hwp := Hf Hm = 72 in
Fd :=
(3 E Ig)
3
= 23986.86kip
2 Hwp
Tf := min( Ff , Fd) = 73.7 kip

SlidingCheck := if ( Ff < Fd , "Sliding Will Occur" , "Use Low-Friction Slide Assembly or Increase Pier Size" )
SlidingCheck = "Sliding Will Occur"
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STRENGTH DESIGN LOAD COMBINATIONS

Vertical Loads
PU1_fix := 1.4 Do_fix = 257.95kip
1. Operating
Horizontal Loads
VU1_thermal := 1.4 Tf = 103.18kip
PU1_slid := 1.4 Do_slid = 257.95kip
2. Oper+Live
3. Oper+Wind+Live
PU3_fix := 1.2 Do_fix = 221.1 kip
PU3_slid := 1.2 Do_slid = 221.1 kip
4. Oper+Seismic+Live PU4_fix := 1.2 Do_fix = 221.1 kip
5. Empty+Wind
VU4_tran := Eo + Ewallpier = 22.66 kip
PU4_slid := 1.2 Do_slid = 221.1 kip
VU4_long := Eo + Ewallpier = 22.66 kip
PU5_fix := 0.9 De_fix = 44.1 kip
PU5_slid := 0.9 De_slid = 44.1 kip
6. Empty+Seismic
7. Test
PU6_fix := ( 0.9 0.2 SDS) De_fix = 42.53 kip
VU6_tran := Eo + Ewallpier = 22.66 kip
PU6_slid := ( 0.9 0.2 SDS) De_slid = 42.53 kip
VU6_long := Eo + Ewallpier = 22.66 kip
PU7_fix := 1.4 Dt_fix = 303.38kip
PU7_slid := 1.4Dt_slid = 303.38kip
8. Test+Wind (or Live) PU8_fix := 1.2 Dt_fix = 260.04kip

PU8_slid := 1.2Dt_slid = 260.04kip
VU8_tran := 1.6 0.25W tran = 3.48 kip

VU8_long := 1.6 0.25 W long = 3.75 kip
PU8_FC := 1.6 0.25 W long_FC = 1.11 kip
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MUSTANG
EG-1904
Document No.
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Rev.
ALLOWABLE STRESS LOAD COMBINATIONS

Vertical Loads
PA1_fix := Do_fix = 184.25kip
1. Operating
Horizontal Loads
VA1_thermal := Tf = 73.7 kip
PA1_slid := Do_slid = 184.25kip
2. Oper+Live
3. Oper+Wind+Live
PA3_fix := Do_fix = 184.25kip
PA3_slid := Do_slid = 184.25kip
4. Oper+Seismic+Live PA4_fix := ( 1.2 + 0.14SDS) Do_fix = 225.23kip
5. Empty+Wind
VA4_tran := 0.7( Eo + Ewallpier ) = 15.86 kip
PA4_slid := ( 1.2 + 0.14SDS) Do_slid = 225.23kip
VA4_long := .7( Eo + Ewallpier ) = 15.86 kip
PaA5_fix := 0.9 De_fix = 44.1 kip
PA5_slid := 0.9 De_slid = 44.1 kip
6. Empty+Seismic
7. Test
PA6_fix := ( 0.9 0.14 SDS) De_fix = 43 kip
VA6_tran := .7( Eo + Ewallpier ) = 15.86 kip
PA6_slid := ( 0.9 0.14 SDS ) De_slid = 43 kip
VA6_long := .7( Eo + Ewallpier ) = 15.86 kip
PA7_fix := Dt_fix = 216.7 kip

PA7_slid := Dt_slid = 216.7 kip
8. Test+Wind (or Live) PA8_fix := Dt_fix = 216.7 kip

PA8_slid := Dt_slid = 216.7 kip
VA8_tran := 0.25W tran = 2.17 kip

VA8_long := 0.25 W long = 2.34 kip
PA8_FC := 0.25 W long_FC = 0.69 kip
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Rev.
WALL PIER DESIGN (Conservatively design as cantilever beam)

C c_pier := 2in
Clear cover to main reinforcement (2 inches minimum),
Diameter of tie (assuming #4 tie),
dt := .5in
Area of tie (assuming #4 tie),
Area tie :=
dt = 0.2 in2
2

Diameter of main reinforcement (assuming #6 bar),db := .75 in

2
Area of main reinforcement bar (assuming #6 tie), Area pier_bar :=

Effective depth,
shear = 0.75
db = 0.44 in2
2

d eff_pier := W pier Cc_pier ( .5 db ) = 15.63 in
(ACI 318, Section 9.3.2.3)
Maximum weight Distribution Factor, facmax := max( Se , Fe) = 0.5

Shear Design:
Vu_max := max( VU1_thermal, VU3_long , VU4_long , VU5_long , VU6_long , VU8_long) = 103.18kip
V c := shear 2 fc psi Lpier d eff_pier = 216.42kip
Check := if ( V c Vu_max , "Provide Minimum Tie Reinforcement at 12" Spacing" , "Shear Reinforcement Required" )
Check = "Provide Minimum Tie Reinforcement at 12" Spacing"
Flexural Design:
ft
Maximum moment in the wall pier, M u_max := Vu_max ( Hf Hm) = 619.08kip

pier :=
fc
2 fy
pier_min :=
1.7 2.89
200psi
fy
= 0.004
2
Lpier d eff_pier fc
7.56 M u_max
= 0.00333
4
4
:= if pier pier_min , pier , if pier pier_min , pier_min , pier = 0.004
3
A s1 := Lpier d eff_pier = 9.13 in
A s2 := ( 0.005 W pier Lpier 0.5) = 6.57 in
(EG-1904, Section 9.2.5)
A s_pier := max( A s1 , A s2) = 9.13 in
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Npier_required :=
A s_pier
Area
= 20.67
pier_bar
Document No.
1
Rev.
bars on each face
A pier_required := Npier_required Area pier_bar = 9.13 in
As_pier
= 21
Area pier_bar
Npier_provided := ceil
s pier_bar :=
(Lpier 2 Cc_pier db )
(Npier_provided 1)
bars on each face
= 7.06 in

fs :=
2
3
fy = 40 ksi
Crackpier_bar := min
600

ksi
fs
in 2.5Cc_pier , 12 40
= 10 in

ksi
in
fs
Maximum spacing,s pier_max := if ( s pier_bar Crackpier_bar, s pier_bar, Crackpier_bar) = 7.06 in Center-to-center Spacing
FOOTING THICKNESS CHECK

Assume #6 bar for wall pier reinforcement, determine the minimum footing thickness to develop standard hook for
the pier reinforcing bar:
:= 1
(Factor for uncoated bars)
fy
psi
db = 14.23 in
Ldh := .02
fc
psi
:= 1
(Factor for normal weight concrete)
Check_Footing_Thickness := if ( Ldh + 3in) < Hm , "Okay" , "Increase Footing Thickness"
Check_Footing_Thickness = "Okay"
EG-1904 Rev1.doc
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MUSTANG
EG-1904
Document No.
1
Rev.
FOOTING DESIGN
Size Footing For Bearing Pressure:
SBallow := SBnet + soil Hg = 5400 psf
TryW footing := Ceil( W pier + 2 Hm , 2in) = 66 in
Note: When the footing width provided in this calculation is not large enough due to inadequate
footing size, use Wfooting_input to override the automatically calculated values.
W footing_input := 96in
W footing := max( TryW footing , W footing_input ) = 96 in
TryLfooting := Ceil( Lpier + 2 Hm , 2in) = 194 in
Note: When the footing length provided in this calculation is not large enough due to inadequate
footing size, use Lfooting_input to override the automatically calculated values.
Lfooting_input := 266in
Lfooting := max( TryLfooting, Lfooting_input) = 266 in
Area footing := Lfooting W footing = 177.33ft
Wt pier := conc W pier ( Hf Hm) Lpier = 16.43 kip

Wt footing := conc ( Hm) Lfooting W footing = 53.2 kip
Wt soil := soil ( Lfooting W footing W pier Lpier) ( Hg Hm) = 31.82 kip
Wt total := Wt pier + Wt footing + Wt soil = 101.44kip
NOTE: By engineering observation, the load combinations that will produce minimize and maximize soil pressure
in this particular case, the Operating (Allowable Stress Load Combination #1) and Empty + Seismic (Allowable
Stress Load Combination #6) govern design in the longitudinal direction. The calculations below are for checking
the soil pressures and stability ratio. The magnitudes of the loads acting in both directions will produce minimal
bi-axial effects and can be ignored for this design.
Operating: (Select Load Combination for maximum pressure)
P1 := PA1_slid = 184.25kip
P2 := PA1_fix = 184.25kip
M1 := 0ft lb
M2 := 0ft lb
(Applied moment)
(Applied moment)
Pmax1 := max( P1, P2) = 184.25kip
Ptot := Pmax1 + Wt total = 285.69kip
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Document No.
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Rev.

M' := H1 ( Hf ) = 589.6ft kip
M'' := H2 ( Hf ) = 589.6 ft kip
Mtot := M1 + M2 + max( M' , M'') = 589.6 kip ft
Eccentricity:
e :=
Mtot
= 2.064ft
Ptot
kern, k :=
W footing
6
= 1.33ft
e1 := "ARE OK"
Loads := if ( e < 0ft , e2 , e1)
qmax := if e k ,
Loads = "ARE OK"
Ptot
W footing Lfooting
Ptot
W footing Lfooting
qmin := if e k ,
1 + 6
1 6
W footing
3 L
e
2 Ptot
W footing
footing
2
qmax = 4.438 ksf
, 0ksf
qmin = 0.000 ksf
W footing
Stability Ratio:
SRo := if e
0 , SR ,
W footing
2 e
= 1.94
Footing_Stability := if ( SRo SR , "OK" , "Resize Footing" )

Empty + Seismic: (Select Load Combination for minimum pressure)

P1 := PA6_fix = 43 kip
P2 := PA6_slid = 43 kip
H1 := VA6_long = 15.86 kip
H2 := VA6_long = 15.86 kip
M1 := 0ft lb
M2 := 0ft lb
(Applied moment)
(Applied moment)
Pmax2 := max( P1, P2) = 43 kip

Ptot := Pmax2 + Wt total = 144.44kip

M' := H1 ( Hf ) = 126.9 kip ft
M'' := H2 ( Hf ) = 126.9 kip ft
Mtot := M1 + M2 + max( M' , M'') = 126.9 kip ft

EG-1904 Rev1.doc
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Rev.
Eccentricity:
e :=
Mtot
Ptot
= 0.879ft
kern, k :=
W footing
6
= 1.33ft
e1 := "ARE OK"
Loads := if ( e < 0ft , e2 , e1)
qmax := if e k ,
Loads = "ARE OK"
W footing
3 L
1 6
, 0ksf
W footing
W footing Lfooting
Ptot
W footing Lfooting
qmin := if e k ,
1 + 6
Ptot
2 Ptot
W footing
footing
2
qmax = 1.351 ksf
qmin = 0.278 ksf
Stability Ratio:
SRe := if e
0 , SR ,
W footing
2 e
= 4.55
Footing_Stability := if ( SRe SR , "OK" , "Resize Footing" )

Note: Strength design loads shall be used for footing steel reinforcement design.
Operating: (Select Load Combination for maximum pressure)
P1U := PU1_slid = 257.95kip
P2U := PU1_fix = 257.95kip
H2U := VU1_thermal = 103.18kip
M1U := 0ft lb
M2U := 0ft lb
(Applied moment)
(Applied moment)
P1max1.U := max( P1U , P2U) = 257.95kip

M1'U := H1U ( Hf ) = 825.44ft kip
M2'U := H2U ( Hf ) = 825.44ft

kip
M1tot.U := M1U + M2U + max( M1'U , M2'U) = 825.44kip

ft
EG-1904 Rev1.doc
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Eccentricity:
e1U :=
M1tot.U
= 2.064ft
P1tot.U
kern, k1U :=
P1tot.U
W footing Lfooting
P1tot.U
W footing Lfooting
1 + 6
,
W footing
3 L
trans :=
sb1 :=
= 1.33ft
= 3.85 ksf
, 0ksf = 0 ksf
W footing
if ( q1maxU)
W footing
e1U 3 , 0ft = 2.19ft

W footing de1
long :=
Lfooting
W footing
e1U
2 P1tot.U
e1U
footing
1 6
W footing
ft ft
d1 :=
W footing
kip
= 0.66
(W footing W pier)
2

2 sb1
+ if ( W > de1 , W de1 , 0in)
+ q1minU W Lfooting
2
+ if d1 < W , M1 + M1'U P1max1.U ( W d1) , 0 ft lb ...

2
3 sb1
+ if ( W > de1 , W de1 , 0 in)
num :=
W footing
0.01ft
i := 0 .. num
dist :=
i
i ft
100
+ q1minU
W
2
Lfooting
( i)
V1 := shear1 dist
i
( i)
M1 := moment1 dist
i
V1max := max( V1) = 0 kip
M1max := max( M1) = 0 ft kip
V1min := min( V1) = 542.2 kip
M1min := min( M1) = 2310.21ft kip
) = 542.2 kip
) = 2310.21ft kip
EG-1904 Rev1.doc
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EG-1904
MUSTANG
Document No.
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Rev.
Empty + Seismic: (Select Load Combination for minimum pressure)

P1U := PU6_fix = 42.53 kip
P2U := PU6_slid = 42.53 kip
H1U := VU6_long = 22.66 kip
H2U := VU6_long = 22.66 kip
M1U := 0ft lb
M2U := 0ft lb


M1'U := H1U ( Hf ) = 181.28ft kip
M2'U := H2U ( Hf ) = 181.28ft

kip
M2tot.U := M1U + M2U + max( M1'U , M2'U) = 181.28kip

ft
Eccentricity:
e2U :=
M2tot.U
P2tot.U
= 0.982ft
kern, k2U :=
P2tot.U
W footing Lfooting
P2tot.U
W footing Lfooting
1 + 6
sb2 :=
W footing
2
= 1.33ft
= 1.81 ksf
, 0ksf = 0.27 ksf

W footing
e2U
2 P2tot.U
footing
1 6
,
W footing
3 L
e2U
W footing
if ( q2maxU)
W footing
e2U 3 , 0ft = 0 ft

W footing de2
= 0.19
kip
2
ft ft

2 sb2
+ if ( W > de2 , W de2 , 0in)
+ q2minU W Lfooting
2
+ if d1 < W , M1U + M1'U P1max1.U ( W d1) , 0 ft lb ...

2
2
W
3 sb2
Lfooting
+ if ( W > de2 , W de2 , 0 in)
+ q2minU
6
2
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MUSTANG
num :=
W footing
i := 0 .. num
0.01ft
dist :=
i
i ft
100
Document No.
1
Rev.
( i)
( i)
M2 := moment2 dist
V2 := shear2 dist
V2max := max( V2) = 14.47 kip
M2max := max( M2) = 362.82ft kip
V2min := min( V2) = 77.42 kip
) = 77.42 kip
) = 847.87ft kip
Check Shear in Longitudinal Direction:

Clear cover to main reinforcement (2 inches minimum),C c_footing := 2in
Diameter of main reinforcement (assuming #8 bar), db footing := 1.00 in
2
db footing
2
Area of footing bar (assuming #8 bar), Area footing_bar :=
= 0.79 in
2
Effective depth,
d eff_footing:= Hm Cc_footing ( .5 db footing) = 21.5 in
b := Lfooting
Vul := max( maxshear1 , maxshear2) = 542.2 kip
Vn := shear 2 fc psi b d eff_footing= 542.55kip
Check := if ( Vn Vul , "OK" , "Increase Footing Size" ) Check = "OK"
Top and Bottom Longitudinal Reinforcement in Mat:

For simplicity use same reinforcing for both top and bottom, so use minimum "d" for calculation:
Mu := max( maxmom1, maxmom2) = 2310.21kip
ft

footing :=
2 fy
fc
footing_min :=
1.7 2.89
200psi
fy
= 0.00434
2
b deff_footing fc
= 0.00333
7.56 Mu
4
4
:= if footing footing_min , footing , if footing footing_min , footing_min , footing = 0.00434
3
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A s1 := b d eff_footing = 24.84 in
A s_TEMP := 0.0018b

Hm
2
= 5.75 in
2
(ACI 318, Section 7.12.2.1)
A s_footing := max( A s1 , A s_TEMP ) = 24.84 in
Nfooting_required :=
A s_footing
Area
= 31.63
footing_bar
A footing_required := N footing_required Area footing_bar = 24.84 in
s footing_bar :=
N footing_provided := ceil ( Nfooting_required ) = 32
A pier_provided := N footing_provided Area footing_bar = 25.13 in
bottom bars
bottom bars
(Lfooting 2 Cc_footing db footing)

(Nfooting_provided 1)
= 8.42 in

fs :=
2
3
fy = 40 ksi
CC := min( Cc_footing + dt , 2in) = 2 in

Crackfooting_bar := min
15 40 in

ksi
fs
2.5CC,
12 40in
= 10 in
fs

ksi
Maximum spacing,s footing_max := if ( s footing_bar Crackfooting_bar , s footing_bar , Crackfooting_bar ) = 8.42 in

Conservatively, use same reinforcement for top and bottom in both directions.
Use rebar size:
db footing = 1 in
Number of bars: Nfooting_provided = 32

Max spacing:
s footing_max = 8.42 in
EG-1904 Rev1.doc
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EG-1904
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1
Rev.
Punching Shear:
Pumax1 := max( PU1_fix, PU1_slid , PU3_fix PU3_FC , PU3_slid + PU3_FC , PU4_fix, PU4_slid , PU5_fix PU5_FC ) = 257.95kip
Pumax2 := max( PU5_slid + PU5_FC , PU6_fix, PU6_slid , PU7_fix, PU7_slid , PU8_fix PU8_FC , PU8_slid + PU8_FC ) = 303.38kip
Pumax := max( Pumax1, Pumax2) = 303.38 kip
Shear stress at a distance of 1/2 * deff_footing from the face of wall pier:
v1 :=
Pumax
2 ( W pier + Lpier + 2 d eff_footing) d eff_footing
v1n := shear 4 fc psi = 189.74 psi
= 34.08 psi
Check_Punching_Shear := if ( v1n v1 , "OK" , "Increase Footing Thickness" )

Check_Punching_Shear = "OK"
EG-1904 Rev1.doc
Page 61 of 61

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Horizontal Vessel & Heat Exchanger

REVISION and APPROVALS

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ............................................................................................ 4

Lead Technical Professional

CODES, STANDARDS, AND REFERENCE DOCUMENTS ...................................................... 4

DESIGN CONDITIONS .............................................................................................................. 5

Vessel/Exchanger Drawings and Calculations

WALL PIER DESIGN ............................................................................................................... 14

COLUMN DESIGN ................................................................................................................... 16

FOOTING DESIGN .................................................................................................................. 16

American Concrete Institute

American Society of Civil Engineers

International Building Code

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Lead Technical Professional

CODES, STANDARDS, AND REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

Shell inlet and outlet operating temperature and shell material

6.1.4 Operating Weight (Do)

Wind Loads (W)

Wind Load Factor

When large platform configurations are encountered, use good engineering

Earthquake Loads (E)

= Distance between piers (ft)

f ' c, psi (3605 ksi for f ' c = 4,000 psi

Ff = Friction load (vessel weight x coefficient of friction, m)

= Pedestal Length (Top of footing to bottom of saddle)

T = Operating temperature (F)

Additional General Requirements

Design Load Factors

1.4(Do+ Ds) + 1.4 Tf (or Ff)

1.2(Do+ Ds) + 1.6(L) + 1.2 Tf (or Ff)

Operating + Wind + Live

1.2(Do+ Ds) + 1.6W + f1L

Operating + Seismic + Live

(1.2+0.2 SDS) (Do+ Ds)+ 1.0E + f1L

0.9(De+ Ds) + 1.6W

(0.9-0.2 SDS) (De+ Ds)+ 1.0E

Empty + Bundle Pull

0.9(De+ Ds) + 1.6BP

Test + Wind (or Live)

1.2(Dt+ Ds) +1.6 (0.25W or 0.25L)

= 0.5 (f1=1.0 for live loads in excess of 100 psf)

Allowable Stress Load Combinations

Design Load Factors

(Do+ Ds) + Tf (or Ff)

(Do+ Ds) + Tf (or Ff) + L

(1.0+ 0.14 SDS) (Do+ Ds) + 0.7E

Operating + Live + Wind

(Do+ Ds) + 0.75W + 0.75L

Operating + Live + Seismic

(1.0+0.105 SDS)(Do+Ds) + 0.525 E + 0.75L

0.9(De+ Ds) + 0.7E

Dead + Bundle Pull

Test + Wind (Live)

(Dt+ Ds) + 0.25 (W or L)

FIGURE 3 SLIDE PLATE

WALL PIER DESIGN

Soil Bearing or Pile Reactions

Total Footing Area Not in Compression,

P = total vertical load, kips

Reinforcing and Stresses

(2) 1 DIA HOLES