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ElectromaEnetism & Electromasnetic lnduction

1 Ns2/10(d)

A plane loop of wire is placed in a uniform magnelic field. List the ways in which the loop can be moved
without producing an induced e.m.f. Explain why no e.m.f. is induced- t4l

The e.m.f. induced is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage (Faraday's Law of
llerlromagnetic lnduction): t- ; fNA,4l-o\P)

No e.m.f. is indu€ed ifthere is no change in the magneti€ flux linkage(B.4cosd since N = 1). This can be
achieved in the following ways:

{a) lfthe area A remains constant, the loop can be moved about in the field as long as 0 (the angle
between the magnetic field and the normal to the plane of the loop) remains unchanged. This
ensures that the magnetic flux linkage remains constani.

ib) The loop can also be rotated such that dchanges, provided the shape and hence the area ofthe
loop is adiusted at the same time, such that its area A decreases as B decreases (i.e. cosd
rncreases), and vice versd,lo marnlarn a constant magneti( llux linkage.
a
".0 .i'
2 Ns3/1(e)

Explain why:

(a) a considerable force is required to move a copper rod into the magnetic field between the
poles of a powerfu I electroma gnet, and
(b) the force is larger when the movement is faster- Isl

(a) when a copper rod cuts into the magnetic field, an e.m.l is induced in the rod due to the
magnetic flux being cut (Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic lnduction). This e.m.f. creates a
current in the rod. LJsing Fleming's Left Hand Rule, it can be shown that this current produces a
force which opposes the motion of the copper rod. To overcome this opposing force, the
external agent moving the rod has to exert considerable force.

(b) When the rod is moved faster, the rate of cutting of magnetic flux increases. Since the
-1.\ magnitude of the e.m.f. induced is proportional to the rate of cutting of the magnetic flux, the
e.m-f. induced will be larger. This results in a larger current and hence larger opposing force. The
external agent thus needs to exert an even greater force to move the rod against this larger
I opposing force-
\"
'rl
N93/7 (part)

The flux density due to a long straight wire is given by the €xpression B =#:, where / is the current ;n
the wire and d is the perpendicular distance from the wire.

Figure 4.1 shows a long, straight, vertical wire WX. Carrying a current of 9.0 A downwards. A second
long, straight wire YZ ,s placed horizontally, and carries a current of 12.0 A in the direction shown. ABCD
is a horizontal, rectangular table'top: the wire YZ is parallel to the side BC of this table, and the wire wx
passes through a small hole in the table. The perpendicular distance between the wires is 100 mm. P is
the point 50 mm from \Z along the perpendicular between the wires.

1OO mm

(a) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic flux density at the point P. (Relate the
direction ofthe flux density to the sides AB and BC ofthe tab,e top, as appropriate.) t6l
(b) The wire YZ is to remain fixed in position, but the orientation and position of the wire WX can be
changed. The currents in the two wires remain at the same values as before, and the point P
remains 50 mm away from Yz in the place ABCD. How should WX be arranged so as to produce
zero magnetic f[]x density at P? (Again relat€ the required position of WX to the table top
ABCD.) 14l

(a) The magnetic iux density at P due to the current in wire wX Bllx = =3.6x
10 ?s (in the direction CB, using the right hand grip rule).

The maenetic flux density at P due to the current in wire Yz Byz = 4.8 < 10-s ?
= +;?*+
(in the direction out ofthe plane ofthe table, using the right hand grip rule.

Letgbetheanglethatthismagneticfluxdensitymakeswiththeplaneofthetable,

,o,'s=lJL=1.333
Bwx
tun \1.333
a= = 53.1'
The direction ofthis magnetic flux densiiy is thus 53-loabove the plane ofthe table, in a vertical
plane parallelto the side of BC.

(b) lnordertocanceltheupwardmagneticfluxof4.Bxl0-s?createdbVthewireYZatpointP,
s
the current in wire WX must produce a downward magneiic flux of 4.8 x 10 7 at the sam€
poini.
Thedistanceof\direWXfrompointpcanbefoundfromr=#(bymakingdthesubject).

ln order to produce a downward magnetic flux at P, the current in wire wX must flow in the
direction of BC (same direction as the current in YZ), and lie on the same plane as the table top
ABCD, 0.0375 m to the ieft of P.
4 N94/7 {part)

A loop of flexible wire of length L lies in a loose, irregular shape on the surface of a smooth horizontal
table, as shown in Fig. 4-1.

To battery

B into table

Fig.4.1

A uniform steady magnetic field of flux density B is directed vertically downwards through the table. The
ends ofthe wire are then connected to a battery so that there is a current 1 in the loop in the direction

(a) State the magnitude and direction ofthe force actin8 on the infinitesimal element dsofthe
wire. Hence describe and explain what happens to the loop. I3l
(b) Fig. 4.2 shows a small element ds of the wire. When it is carrying the current /, the tension in
the wire is ?- Find an expression for 7 in terms of r, B and 1. lReminder: for small 6d (measured
in radians, sindd - d0. t6l
(c) Describe whatwould happen tothe loop ifthe direction ofthe currentwere reversed. [2]
(a) Applying Fleming's Left Hand Rule, pointingthe fore finger (field) intothe planeofthe paper,
the middle finger (curren0 towards the left, the thumb (force) points downwards.
The force F = BI ds is hence a€ting downwards (with reference to the plan e of the paper).
Repeating this throughoul the whole loop, the force is always perpendicular to ihe wire element
and directed outwards. As a result, the loop will expand until it becomes a circle.

(b) since the wire element willeventually be in equilibrium, the resultant force acting on it is zero.
This implies that the total upward components ofthe two tensions T is equal to the downward
force due to the magnetic field.

The angle that ? makes with the horizontal is half of dd. Therefore
2T sin6! = BlSs
zrt!= BISI (using small angle approximation)
T= tstL l1l

if r is the radlus of the expanded circular loop, then


From clrcular rneasure knowiedge,
6s=r"60.Buttheclrcumferenceofthe oop, 2zI is also equal toihelengthof thewirel.

- L6e

!:=a
Substiiuting lnto equation (rl, / = ;
(c) lf the direction of the curreni is reversed, the force on the loop will be inwards instead of
outwards. The oop wili contract instead of expand, until the wlre becomes crumpled up.

5
s N94/10(c)

A wire is bent into a semicircle of radius 0.20 m. lt is suppoded by insulators and may be rotated with a
handle, as shown in Fig.5.

magnetic field
Fis.5

Brushes, connected to terminals, make contact with the straight parts of the wire. The curved wire is
rotated in a steady, uniform magnetic field of flux density 0.80 T, generating an alternating e.m.f. with a
peak value of0.31 V. At what angular speed is the wire rotating? tsl

e.m.l. r - +.
dt
In lhrs case, there is only one loop \o N - L

e.m.f . € =- !! = - ,,t) = B A,,sin/,,t = inl',t = 0.31sinat


* @ Acos E os

BAU = 0.31

rlj =_ _--_ {1)

Area ofthe semicircle.4 = 1nr'z = 0.062a3 m2

(1), ,) 6.Zrads 1
Substituting into equation lzst)
6 N03/3

Fig. 6 shows a piece of wire of resistance R bent into a closed square loop WXYZ of side a. The loop
moves from leftto right with con stant velocity v.

region ofuniform
magnetic flux density B
a
a Fig.6

During its motion the loop passes, in the direction of the velocity u, through a region of uniform
magnetic flux density B. The direction ofthe field is normally into the paper, away from you. The width
ofthe.magnetic field region is (r.

rfa)
/ By considering the {orces acting on the relevant sides of the loop, find an expression for the
total work that must be done in order to move the loop completely through the magnetic field
without changing its velocity. 14l
(b) show qlglftdaively how energy is conserved during the motion. I2l
4\^ar hlahlvt-.1
!L
l
(a) As the loop begins to enter the magnetic field, only the side XY experiences an opposing force.
This is because only XY is cutting the magnetic field lines. And e.m.f. is induced on the side XY
given by the formula:
E = BIX' = BAu

The current which flows is:


E Bav

to oppose the motion. So that if the loop is moving


By Lenz' Law, this current will create a force
with constant speed, this force must be equalto lhe forward force exerted to move the loop.
The opposing force is given by:
B (Lv
F=BIL=B a=

Work done = Force x distance moved in the direction ofthe force.


B2a3!
=_xd=
,eR

This is repeated for the side WZ when it enters the magnetic field.

Hence iotalwor( done rs ---

(b) When the loop is moved across the magnetic field, a magnetic force is produced which opposes
the motion. The work done against this force is converted into electrical energy, which is then
d issipated as heat in the wire loop. This is in accordance with the Law of Conservation of Energy.

Quantatively,
current / = Ill
n

PowerP = /.R= l;J d=


"
The time taken for the loop to move completely th rough the rnagnetic field, over a distance 24,
ts
--

Lrergv dissipdted . Powe linF - -


--:
This is in agreement with the answer in (a), th us energy is conserved.

8l

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