Raihan Alisha Nabila -1306437126

Civil Engineering/ International Program

Risk assessment, management, and analysis of Engineering Faculty building.

Picture 1. Cracks on beam and column

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Raihan Alisha Nabila -1306437126

Civil Engineering/ International Program

Failure Identification

These cracks on beams and columns are the common phenomenon that happens in a construction. Several causes in every aspects
can damage or produce cracks on beams and columns. The types of crack can be classified as the structural crack and the non-structural
crack, such as excessive movement of the structure of the building, subsidence of ground, overloading of a structure, and partial weakening
of the structure. By seeing this failure on construction, it can be defined or known as the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the risk.
This failure occurs in the building can cause and effect in an unexpected time, short or even long term. As the time flows crack on the beam
will be no longer support the load given to it and can make the loads including people fall and cause injuries.

Risk Assessment

The danger or harm that can be brought by this event can be measured using several level assessments. The classifications are
qualitative and quantitative assessment. The qualitative assessment can be measured as the potential to cause harm or the likely effect
between major, serious and slight and can be rated as high, medium, and low.

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Raihan Alisha Nabila -1306437126

Civil Engineering/ International Program

FAULT TREE ANALYSIS

Structural
crack

Non-structural
crack

Structural
Movement
Moisture
Change

Thermal
Movement

Elastic
Deformation

Creep

Chemical
Reaction

Foundation
movement &
settlement of soil

Growth of
vegetation

Diagram 1. Fault Tree Analysis of Cracks on beams and columns

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Raihan Alisha Nabila -1306437126

Civil Engineering/ International Program
Risk Analysis

One of the purposes of this analysis is to minimize the risk failures of an activities involved people in a working area surrounded by
heavy equipment, chemical reaction, high end technology and others that might happen according to safety, health, and environmental
standard. Cracks on beams and columns can cause short and long term effect to the structure of a building. As the short term effects are the
aesthetic aspect, the view of the crack can decrease the beauty of exterior design of a building and we also can assess there are several
errors in the non-structural cracks. This cracks can be widen as the age of the building becomes older. The first aspect from non-structural
cracks is the moisture change, the materials used in the most buildings are porous in their structure in the form of inter-molecular space,
and they expands on absorbing moisture from atmosphere and shrinks on drying, these movements are reversible such as shrinkage of
cement and lime based materials on initial drying.
Thermal movement causes the materials less or more expands on heating and contracts on cooling. When this movement is
restraint, internal stresses are set-up in the component, and may cause cracks due to tensile or shear stress. The elastic deformation under
circumstances can cause cracking in the building when its under gone normal strain, due to plastic deformation, drying shrinkage, and
excessive shear stress. Creep deformation occurs usually in materials such as concrete, brickwork, mortar, timber etc. For example in
concrete, it depends on water & cement content, water cement ratio, temperature, humidity, the use of the admixture and other components.
But when deformation due to elastic strain and creep, cracking can be much more severe and damaging.
Movement due to chemical reaction may results in outward thrust and formation of cracks. The common chemical reactions that
produces cracks are the amount of sulphate attack, carbonation, and corrosion of reinforcement. The structural cracks that might happen in
the beams and columns are the inadequate strength, the material decay, and dimensional stability. There are several general preventions that
can be applied to minimize the cracks, such as the choices of materials, it has very vital influence on cracking which occur during
construction because there are certain properties of materials that influence cracking (e.g modulus of elasticity) , specifications for mortar
and concrete have big impact from preventing the cracks, we should consider the minimum amount of drying shrinkage , creep and
adequate resistance against the sulphate attack, architectural design of buildings, structural design, foundation design, construction practice,
construction technique, and environments. Cracking can be classified as the slight and major hazard according to how bad the cracks occur

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Raihan Alisha Nabila -1306437126

Civil Engineering/ International Program
if it is badly damaged the buildings structure can fall off and harm lots of people. The likelihood of the cracks occur can be classified as
high and low level and is depended on term of the effect. Besides performing the good structure of beams and columns, when constructing
the beam and columns we have to make sure all the heavy equipment are safe and used in the way they are generally used.

Conclusions

The cracking can be classified to several levels of causing hazard according to how badly it is damaged
We have to consider several things to reduce the cracking to occur such as the choices materials, specifications of mortar and
concrete, creep, structural design, foundation design, construction techniques and the environments.
We need to make a risk prevention and management, because it can produce the efficient work, productive time, can decrease the
outcome, and make the structure stand stronger and longer

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