Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION
1.1 overview
In humans daily life, environment gives the most significant impact to their health
issues. Therefore, environment and industry air quality issues are critically discussed to
increase the awareness and responsibility regarding the threat on the environment towards
public and workers health. Most of the dangerous gas such as carbon monoxide (CO),
refrigerant gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are colourless and odourless compound
that are produced by incomplete combustion. Therefore, gas detector device is needed in
order to inform the safety situation continuously.
An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger
mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded
as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a
general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to
meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many devices in common
use today.
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one
or a few dedicated functions, sometimes with real-time computing constraints. In contrast, a
general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different tasks
depending on programming. Embedded systems have become very important today as they
control many of the common devices we use. A modern example of embedded system is
shown in fig 1.1
This project also comes under embedded system. This project is designed to detect
dangerous gases in mines. If human being exposed to these gases then their health will be
damaged. So we will send a robot instead of human beings. Robot consists of gas sensor.
1
In general the gas leakage detection system is classified based on operating mode of the
sensor, one is based on direct contact, where the monitoring station and sensing unit are wired
or could be wireless, enabling their integration with a wireless module . The other type is
based on wireless transducers utilizing the change of electrical indicators to indicate the
variation of physical parameters, such as gas concentration. While most sensors belong to the
first type, we think that the latter type of sensor could be regarded as a new type of
reconfigurable antenna. Unlike conventional reconfigurable antennas, the reconfigurable part
is controlled by the gas concentration. The wireless sensor networks are very popular and are
studied widely on the hardware and software configurations.
In this prototype project we design in such a way that the robot can be moved anywhere
with the user commands. This project is very much useful in the places where a human
cannot go into the places like ground canals, smoke oriented caves, coal mines etc., and this
project is very much useful in such situations
Chapter 2
WIRELESS RF TECHNOLOGY
2.1 What is wireless?
Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic
waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or all of the communication
path. Some monitoring devices, such as intrusion alarms, employ acoustic waves at
frequencies above the range of human hearing; these are also sometimes classified as
wireless. Wireless technology is rapidly evolving, and is playing an increasing role in the
lives of people throughout the world. In addition, ever-larger numbers of people are relying
on the technology directly or indirectly.
Examples of Wireless devices:
Baby monitors
These devices are simplified radio transmitter/receiver units with limited range.
Cellular phones and pagers
These provides connectivity for portable and mobile applications, both personal and
business.
Two way radios
This includes Amateur and Citizens Radio Service, as well as business, marine, and
military Communications.
Satellite television
Allows viewers in almost any location to select from hundreds of channels. Etc.,
Global positioning system (GPS)
GPS allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of boats and ships, and pilots of
aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on earth.
openers, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio receivers,
satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones.
systems. The source and/or destination can be laptops, mobile phones, televisions, security
systems and any other device that supports wireless communication.
Broadcast Radio
Basically an audio broadcasting service, radio broadcasts sound through the air as radio
waves. It uses a transmitter to transmit radio waves to a receiving antenna. To broadcast
common programming, stations are linked to the radio networks. The broadcast occurs either
in syndication or simulcast (simultaneous broadcast) or both. Radio broadcasting can also be
done via cable FM, the internet and satellites. A radio broadcast sends data over long
distances (across countries) at up to 2 megabits per second (AM/FM Radio).
Microwave Radio
Microwave transmission involves the transfer of voice and data through the
atmosphere as super high-frequency radio waves called microwaves. Microwave transmission
is mainly used to transmit messages between ground-based stations and satellite
communications systems.
Microwave transmission mainly uses radio waves whose wavelengths are
conveniently measured in small units such as centimeters. Microwaves belong to the radio
spectrum ranges of roughly 1.0 gigahertz (GHz) to 30 GHz. Antennas used in microwave
transmissions are of convenient sizes and shapes. Microwave transmission depends on lineof-sight in order to work properly. The main drawback of microwave signals is that they can
be affected by bad weather, especially rain.
Communications Satellites
A communication satellite is an artificial satellite used specifically as a
communication transmitter/receiver in orbit. It behaves like a radio relay station above the
earth to receive, amplify, and redirect analog and digital signals carried on a specific radio
frequency. The huge capability makes communication satellites an ideal medium for
transmitting and receiving all kinds of content, including audios and videos.
Applications of Wireless Communication
Television Remote Control
Modern televisions use wireless remote control. Currently radio waves are also used.
Wi-fi
This is a wireless local area network that establishes internet connection with the
portable computers.
Security systems
For homes and office buildings, hard wired implementation security systems are
replaced by the Wireless technology.
Cellular Telephone
Radio waves are used to facilitate the operator to make phone calls from any place on
the earth. CDMA, GSM, and 3G are examples of the advancement made by wireless
communication in the domain.
Wireless energy transfer
A process where a power source transmits electrical energy to electrical load which
does not have built-in power source wirelessly.
Radio frequency is the rate of oscillation in the range of about 3Hz to 300GHz which
corresponds to the frequency of radio waves, and the alternating currents which carry the
radio signals. In general any frequency < 300 GHz is termed as radio waves. The radio waves
are the very starting point of the EM spectrum. The Radio Wave Wavelength lies in 1mm to
100,000km. And the Radio Wave Frequency lies between as low as 3 Hz to as high as 300
GHz. The radio waves are generally used in communication systems.
Frequency
Description
3 GHZ - 30 GHZ
3 MHZ - 30 MHZ
High frequency
Medium frequency
Low frequency
3 KHZ - 30 KHZ
300 HZ - 3 KHZ
Voice frequency
Up to 300 HZ
2.6 RF Module
An RF module (radio frequency module) is a (usually) small electronic device used
to transmit and/or receive radio signals between two devices. In an embedded system it is
often desirable to communicate with another device wirelessly. This wireless communication
may be accomplished through optical communication or through Radio Frequency (RF)
communication. For many applications the medium of choice is RF since it does not require
line of sight. RF communications incorporate a transmitter and/or receiver. RF Modules are
widely used in consumer applications such as garage door openers, wireless alarm systems,
industrial remote controls, smart sensor applications, and wireless home automation systems.
They are often used instead of infrared remote controls as they have the advantage of not
requiring line-of-sight operation.
Main factor affecting RF modules performance
As with any other radio-frequency device, the performance of an RF Module will
depend on a number of factors. For example, by increasing the transmitter power, a larger
communication distance will be achieved. However, this will also result in a higher electrical
power drain on the transmitter device, which will cause shorter operating life for battery
powered devices. Also, using a higher transmit power will make the system more prone to
interference with other RF devices.
Chapter 3
IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS GAS (LPG) IN
UNDERGROUND APPLICATIONS
3.1 Mine Gases
10
11
primarily butane (C4H10) and, most commonly, includes both propane and butane,
depending on the application.
Properties of LPG
Table 3.1 properties of LPG
LEL is the Lower Explosive Limit and UEL is the Upper Explosive Limit. Any amount
of gas between the two limits is explosive. The explosion of LPG may happen if the
following conditions are fulfilled:
The concentration of gas is between LEL.
A sufficient amount of Oxygen exists.
There is a source of ignition.
The technical specifications of LPG are:
Table 3.2 technical specifications of LPG
GENERAL
12
IS476
specification
Vapour Pressure at 65 deg.(max)
16.76
kg/sq-cm
Volatility evaporation temp. in
celsius
NTP
Copper strip corission at 38celsius
Dryness
Odour
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Ethane %
Level 2
Propane %
Is-Butane %
38 max
19 max
Not-Butane %
41 min
1 max
Volatile sulphur %
0.003 max
1 max
LIQUID
Density at 15celsius
kg/litre
0.557
1.85
litres
Vapour pressure at 15celsius
5.3
Bar
Kcal/kg
11840
Kcal/kg
10920
VAPOUR
Density at 15celsius kg/cube-
2.21
metre
Volume of gas per kg at 15celsius
0.48
cube-metre
Latent Heat of Vapourization at
86
15celsius kcal/kg
Gross Calorific Value
Net Calorific Value
Kcal/Nm^3
26200
Kcal/Nm^13
24100
29
cube
13
Unlike natural gas, LPG is heavier than air, and thus will flow along floors & tend to
settle in lower spots, such as basements. There are two main dangers from this.
Possible explosion if mixture of LPG & air is right & if there is an ignition
source.
Suffocation due to LPG displacing air, causing a decrease in oxygen
concentration
LP Gas vapour, being heavier than air, may, in the event of a leak, accumulate in
confined spaces and low-lying areas. The means of ventilation and meteorological conditions
will influence the movement and dispersion of the LP Gas vapour. Uncontrolled release of LP
Gas is inherently hazardous. A liquid LP Gas leak is considered more hazardous in that it will
expand to vapour form with volume in excess of 200 times that of the original liquid volume
leak. Being heavier than air, vapour will tend to lie, or drift, close to the ground with a risk
that it will find a source of ignition while it remains within its flammable limits.
Persons exposed to high level of LPG experiences Central Nervous System (CNS)
depression. There is a range of symptoms with increasing concentration from the onset CNS
effects, hypoxia and asphyxiation: disorientation, light headedness, dizziness, drowziness,
loss of physical coordination, impaired judgement, drunkenness, unconsciousness and death.
scale. As a sensors detection exceeds a preset alarm level, the alarm or signal will be
activated
Fixed type gas detectors may be used for detection of one or more gas types. Fixed
type detectors are generally mounted near the process area of a plant or control room.
Generally, they are installed on fixed type mild steel structures, and a cable connects the
detectors to a SCADA system for continuous monitoring.
Semiconductor sensors detect gases by a chemical reaction that takes place when
the gas comes in contact with the sensor. Tin dioxide is the most common material used in
semiconductor sensors and the electrical resistance in the sensor is decreased when it comes
in contact with the monitored gas. The resistance of the tin dioxide is typically around 50 k
in air but can drop to around 3.5 k in the presence of 1% methane. This change in
resistance is used to calculate the gas concentration. Semiconductor sensors are commonly
used to detect hydrogen, oxygen, alcohol, and harmful gases such as carbon monoxide. The
sensor must come in contact with the gas in order to detect it, semiconductor sensors work
over a smaller distance than infrared point or ultrasonic detectors. There are different
semiconductor sensors for flammable gas, plastic or metal cover. Few of them are given
below in table 3.3
Table 3.3 semiconductor gas sensors
Model
MQ-2
Target gas
Methane,butane,LPG,
voltage
5V
smoke,flammable,combustibl
MQ-3
MQ-4
MQ-5
MQ-6
MQ-7
MQ-8
MQ-9
e gases
Alcohol, ethanol, smoke
Methane, CNG
Natural gas, LPG
LPG, butane gas
carbonmonoxide
Hydrogen gas
Carbonmonoxide, flammable
MQ-131
MQ-135
Model
MQ214
MQ216
MQ303A
MQ306A
MQ136
MQ137
gases
Ozone
Benzene, alcohol, smoke
Target gas
Methane, natural gas
Natural gas, coal gas
Alcohol, ethanol, smoke
LPG, butane gas
Hydrogen sulphide
Ammonia
15
5V
5V
5V
5V
5V-1.4V
5V
5V-1.5V
6V
5V
Voltage
6V
0.9V
0.9V
5V
5V
MQ138
5V
High sensitivity
Fast response
Wide detection range
Stable performance and long life
Simple drive circuit
incident
Quantifying the on-site and off-site impact of credible accident scenarios.
Gas detection instruments may be portable (or semi-portable) gas measuring
instruments or fixed installed gas detection systems. The safety of an area potentially being
affected by dangerous gases and vapours to a high degree depends on the reliability of the gas
detection system, and especially on the quality of the sensors being used. In opposite to
sensors of portable devices fixed installed sensors including their electronics are continuously
in operation for years to detect the random gas release. There are certain gas detection
transmitters having so excellent measuring performance characteristics that today they even
show up more and more as analysing instruments in the field of process instrumentation.
Filtering out the suspended particles so that only gaseous elements are able to
In order to manage above listed functions efficiently, the steel mesh is made into two
layers. The mesh is bound to rest of the body via a copper plated clamping ring. The
connecting leads of the sensor are thick so that sensor can be connected firmly to the circuit
and sufficient amount of heat gets conducted to the inside part. They are casted from copper
and have tin plating over them. Four of the six leads are for signal fetching while two are
used to provide sufficient heat to the sensing element. The pins are placed on a Bakelite base
which is a good insulator and provides firm gripping to the connecting leads of the sensor.
The internal structure has hollow sensing element which is made up from Aluminum Oxide
based ceramic and has a coating of tin oxide. Using a ceramic substrate increases the heating
efficiency and tin oxide, being sensitive towards adsorbing desired gas components suffices
as sensing coating.
17
18
fluorine. Do avoid icing on the sensor surface and dipping of sensor in water which may
result in loss of sensitivity of the sensor.
Chapter 4
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN APPROACH
4.1 Block diagram
The main aim of this project is to design a wireless RF controlled LPG detecting
robot for underground and mining applications. Therefore the project is divided into two parts
which are hardware and software. For the software implementation, it involves writing code
and programming the PIC microcontroller. Meanwhile, hardware implementation involves
designing the circuit of the project and PCB development. Each part of the project will be
discussed in details in this chapter.
Transmitter:
19
PIC16F877A
RF
MICRO
ENCODER
CONTROLLER
SWITCHES
TRANSMITTER
CONTROLLER
RF
RECEIVER
L293D
DECODER
DRIVER
IC
GAS SENSOR
Microcontrollers
IR Modules
Driver IC
Motors
Gas sensor
Software requirements:
MPLAB IDE.
Embedded C Programming.
M2
The microcontroller that is been used is the PIC 16F877A controller. PICs are
popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide
availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low
cost or free development tools, and serial programming ( and re-programming with flash
memory) capability. The microcontroller is used to collect the parameter value from the
sensor unit and compare it with the set point (safer level of gases) and transfer the
corresponding data to the CPU. It also receives commands from the CPU and transfers
it to the robot unit for its movement. The Microcontroller is the core of the surveillance
robot.
4.3 PIC16F877A
PIC microcontrollers (Programmable Interface Controllers) are electronic circuits that
can be programmed to carry out a vast range of tasks. They can be programmed to be timers
or to control a production line and much more. They are found in most electronic devices
such as alarm systems, computer control systems, phones, in fact almost any electronic
device. Many types of PIC microcontrollers exist, although the best are probably found in the
GENIE range of programmable microcontrollers. These are programmed and simulated by
Circuit Wizard software.
PIC is the most popular 8-bit chip in the world, used in a wide variety of
applications.The PIC16F877A devices have a 13-bit program counter capable of addressing
an 8K word x 14 bit program memory space. This memory is used to store the program after
we burn it to the microcontroller. The PIC16F877A device has 8K words x 14 bits of Flash
program memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. Each time we burn
program into the micro, we erase an old program and write a new one.
Pin diagram
21
FLASH
368
256
2*8 bit,1*16 bit
8 ch,10 bit
2
14
5
2 CCP
-40 to 125
2 to 5.5
40
Advantages of PIC
4.3 PCB
22
PCB stands for PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD. Printed circuit board (PCB)
provides both the physical structure for mounting and holding the components as well as the
electrical interconnection between the components. That means a PCB or PWB (printed
wiring board) is the platform upon which electronic components such as integrated circuit
chips and other components are mounted. A PCB consists of anon-conducting substrate
(typically fibre glass with epoxy as resin) upon which the conductive pattern or circuitry is
formed. Copper is the most prevalent conductor although nickel, silver and tin are also used
in some cases.
4.3.1 Types of PCB
PCB may be of different types:1) Single-sided
2) Double-sided
3) Multilayer
Single sided PCBs
As the name suggest in these designs the conductive pattern is only at in one side.
And also the size is large in these case but these are cheap.
Double sided PCBs
These are the PCBs on which the conductive pattern is in on both sides. The size of
board is small in this case but it is costlier than that of single sided PCB.
Multilayer PCBs
In this case the board consists of alternating layers of conducting pattern and
insulating material. The conductive Material is connected across the layers through plated
Through holes. The size of this PCB is smaller than that of double sided PCB but it is very
costly.
But in our project we use a single sided PCB. In some applications, a single sided PCB
design may be desired to reduce cost. While a single sided design reduces cost, it also creates
additional design limitations that may affect performance. Performance parameter affected by
the layout can include EMI, EMC, spurious radiation, reliability of the over production
spread, temperature, supply voltage and sensitivity of the design to its environment (e.g. FOB
handheld-effect..).However, in many applications with less stringent requirements the
performance of a single sided PCB may be acceptable.
23
(A)
(B)
Front view
Back view
24
(A)
Front view
Fig 4.7 RF receiver STR433
(B)
Back view
4.5.1 Operation
The STR-433 uses a super-regenerative AM detector to demodulate the incoming AM
carrier. A super regenerative detector is a gain stage with positive feedback greater than unity
so that it oscillates. An RC-time constant is included in the gain stage so that when the gain
stage oscillates, the gain will be lowered over time proportional to the RC time constant until
the oscillation eventually dies. When the oscillation dies, the current draw of the gain stage
decreases, charging the RC circuit, increasing the gain, and ultimately the oscillation starts
again. In this way, the oscillation of the gain stage is turned on and off at a rate set by the RC
time constant. This rate is chosen to be super-audible but much lower than the main
oscillation rate. Detection is accomplished by measuring the emitter current of the gain stage.
Any RF input signal at the frequency of the main oscillation will aid the main oscillation in
restarting. If the amplitude of the RF input increases, the main oscillation will stay on for a
longer period of time, and the emitter current will be higher. Therefore, we can detect the
original base-band signal by simply low-pass filtering the emitter current.
4.5.2 Features and Applications:
Features of STR433MHz Receiver are:
Low Cost
5V operation
3.5mA current drain
No External Parts are required
Receiver Frequency: 433.92 MHZ
Typical sensitivity: -105dBm
IF Frequency: 1MHz
Sensor reporting
Automation system
Remote Keyless Entry (RKE)
Remote Lighting Controls
Asset Tracking
Wireless alarm and security systems.
Pin Description:
Table 4.2 pin description of LM7805
Pin No
1
2
3
Function
Input voltage (5V-18V)
Ground (0V)
Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V)
Name
Input
Ground
Output
4.6.2 LM7812
7812 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear
voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not
27
give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a
constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage. It is a positive voltage
regulator capable of delivering 12V@1Amps.
Specifications:
28
4.8 HT12E
The 2^12 encoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications.
They are capable of encoding information which consists of N address bits and 12-N data
bits. Each address/ data input can be set to one of the two logic states. The programmed
addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared
transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal. The capability to select a TE trigger on
the HT12E further enhances the application flexibility of the 2^12 series of encoders. The
HT12A additionally provides a 38KHz carrier for infrared systems.
Features
Applications
29
4.9 HT12D
The 2^12 decoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system
applications. The decoders receive serial addresses and data from a programmed 2^12 series
of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier using an RF or an IR transmission medium. They
compare the serial input data three times continuously with their local addresses. If no error
or unmatched codes are found, the input data codes are decoded and then transferred to the
output pins. The VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission. The 212 series of
decoders are capable of decoding information that consist of N bits of address and 12-N bits
of data. Of this series, the HT12D is arranged to provide 8 address bits and 4 data bits. The
features and applications of HT12D are similar to that of HT12E.
30
Items
Parameter
Min Type Max Unit
name
System Characteristics
VCC
PH
Working
Voltage
4.9
5.1
Heating
0.5
consumption
800 mW
RL
Load
resistance
can
adjust
RH
Heater
resistance
33
Rs
Sensing
Resistance
30
Working principle
When a gas interacts with the sensor, it is first ionized into its constituents and is then
adsorbed by the sensing element. This adsorption creates a potential difference on the
element which is conveyed to the processor unit through output pins in form of current.
The gas sensor module consists of a steel exoskeleton under which a sensing element
is housed. This sensing element is subjected to current through connecting leads. This current
is known as heating current through it, the gases coming close to the sensing element get
ionized and are absorbed by the sensing element. This changes the resistance of the sensing
element which alters the value of the current going out of it.
Electronic characteristics
Table 4.3: Electronic Characteristics of MQ-2:
31
Sensitivity Adjustment
Resistance value of MQ-2 is difference to various kinds and various concentration
gases. So, When using this components, sensitivity adjustment is very necessary. we
recommend that you calibrate the detector for 1000ppm liquified petroleum gas<LPG>,or
1000ppm iso-butane<i-C4H10>concentration in air and use value of Load resistance
that( RL) about 20 K(5K to 47 K). When accurately measuring, the proper alarm point
for the gas detector should be determined after considering the temperature and humidity
influence.
Application Ideas
4.11 Buzzer
32
4.12 LED
A light emitting diode (LED) as shown in Figure 2.12 is a semiconductor light source.
LED is used as the indicator lamp in the many devices and is increasingly used for lighting.
The LED is based on the semiconductor diode.
When a diode is forward biased which is switch on, electron are able to recombine
with holes within the devices, releasing energy in the form of photon. This effect is called
electroluminescence and the colour of the light is determined by the energy gap of the
semiconductor. LED are usually integrated optical components are used to shape its radiation
pattern and assist in the reflection.
33
the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between
the other two ends of the bridge.
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3
conduct, whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes
will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through
RL.
For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4
conduct whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be
in series with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the
same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted
into a unidirectional wave.
4.14 Battery
A battery is a type of linear power supply that offers benefits that traditional lineoperated power supplies lack: mobility, portability and reliability. A battery consists of
multiple electrochemical cells connected to provide the voltage desired.
34
4.15 capacitors
The Capacitor or sometimes referred to as a Condenser is a passive device, and one
which stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field which produces a potential (static
voltage) across its plates. In its basic form a capacitor consists of two parallel conductive
plates that are not connected but are electrically separated either by air or by an insulating
material called the Dielectric. When a voltage is applied to these plates, a current flows
charging up the plates with electrons giving one plate a positive charge and the other plate an
equal and opposite negative charge this flow of electrons to the plates is known as the
Charging Current and continues to flow until the voltage across the plates (and hence the
capacitor) is equal to the applied voltage Vcc.
4.16 Resistor
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its
terminals that is proportional to the electric current passing through it in accordance with
Ohm's law:
V = IR
The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum
working voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient,
noise, and inductance. Resistors can be made to control the flow of current, to work as
Voltage dividers, to dissipate power and it can shape electrical waves when used in
combination of other components.
35
4.20 Resistor
Chapter 5
WORKING OF RF MODULE
5.1 Interfacing of RF Module with PIC
The term wireless is very much hyped! Whenever we hear the term wireless, stuffs
like Mobile telecommunication (GSM), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, RF Communication, Wireless
networks, Zigbee, I2C, SPI,DTMF, etc.. Well, fortunately or unfortunately, all of these
protocols can be interfaced with a microcontroller in one way or the other. But what matters
is, the level of complexity. To start off, RF (Radio Frequency) Communication is the most
preferred and low cost solution. All we need is a RF Module (Transmitter-Receiver Pair). RF
36
Communication works on the principle of Serial Communication. Thus, we need either of the
things to convert the conventional n-bit (4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, etc.) data into serial data. For
this, we have two choices:
Use a microcontroller to convert the n-bit data into serial data and vice-versa
Use serial encoders/decoders to do the same.
37
spite of the Inefficiency of loudspeakers, (often only a few %) the signal eventually appears
at a level that may be heard.
38
The heavier the load (higher current), the faster the capacitor discharges, thus the more
ripple there will be. We want an input voltage (to the load) as smooth as possible because
sometimes a device acts weird due to a power supply with too large of a ripple. When the
load is so heavy that the ripple is too large, you can use a bigger capacitor, because that
smoothens the line more. Therefore, it depends on the load what value you need for a
capacitor.
On each cycle, the capacitor charges to the peak voltage. Then, it discharges as the
regulator draws current from it. The capacitor must be large enough that when the regulator
draws current from it between the charge cycles, the voltage will not drop below the
minimum voltage specified for that regulator.
5. 3.2 Transmitter circuit diagram
HT12E Encoder IC will convert the 4 bit parallel data given to pins D0 D3 to serial
data and will be available at DOUT. This output serial data is given to ASK RF Transmitter.
Address inputs A0 A7 can be used to provide data security and can be connected to GND
(Logic ZERO) or left open (Logic ONE). Status of these Address pins should match with
status of address pins in the receiver for the transmission of the data. Data will be transmitted
only when the Transmit Enable pin (TE) is LOW. 1.1M resistor will provide the necessary
external resistance for the operation of the internal oscillator of HT12E.
5.3.3 Receiver circuit diagram
39
ASK RF Receiver receives the data transmitted using ASK RF Transmitter. HT12D
decoder will convert the received serial data to 4 bit parallel data D0 D3. The status of these
address pins A0-A7 should match with status of address pin in the HT12E at the transmitter
for the transmission of data. 51K resistor will provide the necessary resistance required for
the internal oscillator of the HT12D.The VT pin (pin 17) of HT12D is connected to the RC7
(pin 26) of PIC.
From the figure we can conclude that the DC Motor is not interfaced directly to the
micro controller. It is interfaced through its driver L293D .As shown in the above figure
L293D is a 16 pin IC in which the two motors are connected to pins 3,6,11,14of L293D and
in turn the L293D is connected to Microcontroller to its Pins 34,35,39,40(Port B).
If the both the inputs to the Motor Driver is Low and high the motor is in halt
position. If the first output is high, Second output is low then DC Motor moves forward .If
the first output is low, second output is high then DC Motor moves reverse.
Here the pins of motor driver that is four input pins i/p1, i/p2, i/p3, i/p4 and heat sink
pin and enable1 and enable2 pins and ground pin and vs pins are connected to micro
controller pins respectively, here L293D is the motor driver and its having one H bridge
inbuilt to handle two motors by using two enable pins.
40
Chapter 6
RESULT ANALYSIS
The circuit for Wireless RF controlled LPG detection in underground and mining
applications has been set up. The software program for our project is written in MATLAB
IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps us to write, compile and debug
embedded programs. Circuit diagram was laid out in PROTEUS software. This has been
successfully interfaced with the microcontroller.
41
The PIC microcontroller acts as a central controlling unit. This module is capable of
communicating with the input and the output modules. The output module is formed by the
motors used for controlling the direction of the motor i.e. the forward and backward
movement of the robot. The microcontroller reads the mobile sensor continuously to take any
action.
The robot has two DC Motors respectively. The DC motor generates torque directly
from DC power supplied to the motor by using internal commutation, stationary permanent
magnets, and rotating electrical magnets. It works on the principle of Lorentz force, which
states that any current carrying conductor placed within an external magnetic field
experiences a torque or force known as Lorentz force. The controller is interfaced with DC
motors, that are fixed to the Robot to control the direction of the Robot.
The project has five switches that helps the robot to move in forward, backward, left
and right directions. The fifth switch is used for stop/ run of the robot.
address pins MUST have the same address in both transmitter and receiver, or else the data
wont be transferred. Thus we have made the first five address pins (A0-A4) to active high
and the rest to active low (grounded).
43
44
The project is aimed at providing human safety for the rescue team in hazardous
environments such as coal mines. In this paper we have proposed a wireless sensor network
which employs smart gas sensors to be used in mining and underground applications to detect
the combustible gases. This system is built to help user to feel comfortable in a work place
and easy to monitor the range of air quality in the environment. This system device also gives
an advantage to the user to easily get the information about the air quality in their building or
industrial area or in their work place.
It provides information about gas leakage and it alerts the consumer about it
through wireless transmission. The base station can be enabled manually and also
automatically by a remote. If there is no gas leakage that is when the system is normal, the
buzzer does not give a beep sound. And if there is any abnormality occurs, then the gas
leakage detection system is enabled and it is indicated by a beeping sound of the buzzer and
corresponding preventive action has been taken. This system can be used in home, industry,
storage yard safety systems, coal mines and other underground applications to detect any
combustible gas leakage which can alert the personnel apart from taking required safety
measures.
The system proposed is reasonably simple with low power consumption and
can be deployed in short span of time without entailing considerable maintenance cost. Also
use of wireless RF technology made it easy to manage the wireless sensor network.
Future scope
45
This project can be advanced due to requirement of the consumer. This device can
also be made to target the domestic need, by using the required sensors for required specific
application.
As an advance modification this device may include several gas sensors such as
carbon monoxide nitrogen dioxide etc. since those sensors do not consume much current
comparing to LPG sensor. Furthermore gas level can be detected according to hazards ppm
level and can be transmit for further processing according to industrial need.
In the future work the robot can be fixed with a wireless camera that can shot the
pictures and send the data to the controller or the user. This can also be functioned using
GSM technology.
As our future work we will employ Zigbee transceiver so that the coverage area will
be increasing. This can be developed by the use of higher transmission range transceivers so
that it can travel for a greater distance and can be used in different environments based on the
transmission range.
46
APPENDIX
PIC16F877A is a microcontroller which without a programming code is as dumb as
a plastic stuff. To make the PIC as our project CPU we do write a program code in
EMBEDDEDC using MATLAB as a compiler.
Source code for PIC on Transmitter module
#pragma config |= 0x3F32
#pragma bit s1 = PORTC.0
#pragma bit s2 = PORTC.1
#pragma bit s3 = PORTC.2
#pragma bit s4 = PORTC.3
#pragma bit s5 = PORTC.4
#pragma bit s6 = PORTC.5
#pragma bit s7 = PORTC.6
#define rf PORTD
#pragma bit te = PORTD.7
void delay()
{
unsigned int i,j;
for(i=0;i<250;i++)
for(j=0;j<30;j++);
}
void main()
{
TRISC = 0xFF;
TRISD = 0x00;
while(1)
{
if(s1==0)
{
rf = 0x01;
te = 0;
delay();
te = 1;
47
delay();
}
else if(s2==0)
{
rf = 0x02;
te = 0;
delay();
te = 1;
delay();
}
else if(s3==0)
{
rf = 0x03;
te = 0;
delay();
te = 1;
delay();
}
else if(s4==0)
{
rf = 0x04;
te = 0;
delay();
te = 1;
delay();
}
else if(s5==0)
{
rf = 0x05;
te = 0;
delay();
te = 1;
delay();
}
48
else if(s6==0)
{
rf = 0x06;
te = 0;
delay();
te = 1;
delay();
}
else if(s7==0)
{
rf = 0x07;
te = 0;
delay();
te = 1;
delay();
}
}
}
49
in2 = in3 = 0;
}
void left()
{
en1 = en2 = 1;
in1 = in4 = 0;
in2 = in3 = 1;
}
void main()
{
unsigned int i,j;
unsigned char x;
TRISC = 0xFF;
TRISB = 0x00;
delay();
buz=1;
while(1)
{
while(vt==0)
{
if(sen==0)
{
buz = 0;
en1 = en2 = 0;
while(1);
}
}
x = rf;
x = x & 0x0F;
switch(x)
{
case 0x01:forword();
break;
case 0x02:backword();
51
break;
case 0x03:left();
break;
case 0x04:right();
break;
case 0x05:en1 = en2 = 0;
break;
}
}
}
52
BIBILIOGRAPHY
PIC Microcontroller Notes - NetMax Technologies.
http://www.all datasheets.com
www.wireless communications.com
liquefied petroleum gas ,Wikipedia
www.wikipedia.com
Development of wireless sensor network for combustible gas monitoring. Sensors &
Actuators: A. Physical, 1-8
Health, E., & Elements, L. (2012). Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Canada) Section 1:
Identification of the substance or mixture and of the supplier
59
Section 2 : Hazard ( s ) Identification Section 3 : Composition / Information on Ingredients
Section 4 : First Aid Measures
53