Leccin 1: Reading

Holiday
1. Before you read the passage, answer these questions:
Have you ever been on holiday? If so, where? What did you do? What did you eat? Did you
enjoy yourself?
2. Read the passage through to find out what it's about. DO NOT use a dictionary.
In August 1987 I went on holiday with my family, to a small Greek Island. We were going to
spend two whole weeks basking in the sun, eating traditional Greek food and relaxing on
the beach. Everything was going to plan until one day, in fact the eigth day of my holiday,
the sky changed from being a bright blue to a dark grey colour. It started to rain. I really
believed that the rain would last maybe an hour or two. I retreated back into the hotel to
take a little rest. I closed the shutters, got into bed and set the alarm clock to go off in two
hours time, a siesta, why not?!
When the alarm clock went off, I jumped out of bed, opened the shutters and to my total
dismay it was still raining. The rain was falling quite heavily. On the ground there were
huge puddles, "How strange!", I said to myself. I had been abroad many times but I had
never experienced heavy rain. I decided to walk up to the entertainment room, to see if I
could pass the time. On my way there, I was presented with quite a shock. The path to get
there was completely flooded and covered with a thick mud.
The next day when I woke up, it was still raining and the hotel was completely flooded. The
corridors leading in to the apartments were filled with water, at least 1 metre deep. People
with hotel rooms next to the mountain had been evacuated because mud had fallen down
from the mountain. The dining room had water running down the walls. There wasn't any
food because there wasn't any electrical power. My holiday had turned into a disaster.
That day, the hotel manager announced, "Due to the circumstances, everyone is to
evacuate the island as soon as possible". Later that day, boats were sent from Greece to
come and collect us. As soon as I arrived at main land Greece I sighed a sign of relief, I
was safe and sound!

Leccin 1: Composition
Informal Letter

------ ooo O ooo -----Remember:

1. Your address on the right hand side of the page.
2. Leave one space and write the date underneath your address.
3. Leave one space and write the introduction, e.g. Dear.,
4. Write an introduction, main body and conclusion.
5. To end the letter either write:
With love from / Love from / Love to all (If you wish to send love to somebody's
friends/family) / All my love
Useful Phrases:
Thank you for your letter

It was nice to hear from you

I'm sorry I haven't written for so long
Hoping to hear from you before too long
I'm afraid to say that I won't be able to
I would be most grateful if you could
Do you think you could?
I regret to inform you that we are unable to
I am writing to inquire whether it is possible
I will have great pleasure in

Leccin 1 (cont.): Grammar

The Past Simple
a) Form
1.- Regular verbs: Bare Infinitive + ed
Examples:
Present
Watch
Work

I work every day

I watch television at the weekend

Past

I worked every day

I watched television at the
weekend
Play
I play football at school
I played football at school
2.- Irregular verbs: ver leccin 10 Curso de Ingls (www.aulafacil.com)
b) Use
1.- To talk about things that happened in the past:
I stayed in that hotel last week
He worked all night and finished the project
2.- To talk about the general past and about regular actions:

We lived in Rome for a year when I was a child

Our friends often visited us there
EJERCICIOS
Indique el tiempo "past simple" de los verbos entre parntesis.

1.

- I ________ very long hours (Work)

2.

I ________ to London in 1920 (Go)

3.

My mother ________ ill when I was

12 years old (Be)

4.

I ________ work at 09:00 am and I

finished at 19:00 pm (Start)

5.

In the 1920s I ________ my summer

holiday in Scotland (Spend)

6.

He ________ me just last month

(Visit)

7.

Last night I ________ Lord of the

Rings at the cinema (See)

8.

My grandfather ________ last year

(Retire)

Leccin 1 (cont.): Vocabulary

Holidays (las vacaciones)
A holidaymaker: un veraneante
A festival: una fiesta
Fortnight: quince das
Easter: Pascuas
Holy Week: Semana Santa
Christmas: Navidad
Abroad: en el extranjero
Beach: la playa
Coast: la costa
Sunglasses: las gafas de sol
In the open air: al aire libre
Isolated: aislado
A trip: una excursin
Souvenir: el recuerdo
Travel agency: una agencia de viajes
Tourist office: una oficina de turismo
A brochure: un folleto
A plan: un plano
Climate: el clima
Atmosphere: el ambiente
Wave: la ola

Sand: la arena
Sandy: arenoso
Tide: la marea
Light-house: el faro
Entertainment: la distraccin
Season: la temporada
To go on holiday: ir de vacaciones
To relax: relajarse
To enjoy oneself: divertirse
To have a good time: pasarlo bien
To have a bad time: pasarlo mal
To go camping: hacer camping
To take a photo: sacar una foto
To have a snack: merendar
To sunbathe: tomar el sol
To get a suntan: broncearse
To rent: alquilar
To remember: acordarse / recordar
To forget: olvidar

Leccin 2: Listening

Read the following questions carefully. Then listen to the speaker and fill in the questions.
You may listen to the speaker a maximum of three times.

Robots - The Future

They have been around for years. They come in all shapes and sizes. When they were first
invented nobody knew their importance. But, how soon will it be before they are so
intelligent that they take over jobs which only human beings can do, such as, treating
patients or constructing houses? You may wonder what I am talking about..well, I am
talking about robots.
If we examine the possible advantages that robots could offer us in the future, we see that
there are numerous. Just imagine if there was a robot that could carry out all of the
housework, drive you about, prepare your food and build houses. How would your life be?
I bet millions of people would say, "just perfect". Having a robot to do all these things
would undoubtedly save a lot of time and money.
However, there are, of course, some disadvantages. I can envisage that in the future,
possessing a robot will be very expensive, and perhaps only those elitists will be able to
afford them. Something that might worry me a little, would be, 'what if the robot began to
malfunction and started to destroy things?' I am sure that in the future, just as there may be
robots that are good and helpful, there are also going to be those that are bad and made to
kill. This is something extremely important to bear in mind.
I think I can conclude by saying that although having a robot in the future could be
extremely useful, I personally see more disadvantages than advantages. I am happy with
my life at the moment even if I have to do my own ironing and cooking!
------ ooo O ooo -----According to the speaker:
What jobs might robots be able to do in the future?
What are the advantages of having a robot?
What are the main disadvantages?
What concerns the speaker?
How does the speaker conclude?

Leccin 2 (cont.): Grammar

Will & Going to

a) Form
1.- "Will"

I
You
He / she / it
We
You
They

Form

Contraction

Will
Will
Will
Will
Will
Will

I'll
You'll
He'll / She'll / It'll
We'll
You'll
They'll

Form

Contraction

am going to
are going to
is going to
are going to
are going to
are going to

I'm going to
You're going to
He's / She's / It's going to
We're going to
You're going to
They're going to

2.- "Going to"

I
You
He / she / it
We
You
They

b) Use
1.- We use "will" when we make decision at the time of speaking. A decision that has not
been decided before.
Katie: Let's go out for dinner
Maria: That's a good idea. We'll go to the Chinese restaurant.

2.- We use "going to" when we have already decided to do something.

(Maria and Katie have already decided to eat Chinese food)
Maria: Katie and I have decided to go out for dinner. We're going to eat Chinese.

James: That's nice.

Compare:
"Manuel is in London". "Oh really? I didn't know. I'll phone him later"
"Manuel is in London". "Yes, I know. I'm going to see him later"
3.- You use "will" or "going to" when you are predicting what will happen:
I think John will go to the party
I think John is going to go to the party
4.- You use "going to" when you use facts or events in the present situation as evidence
for a prediction:
It's going to rain
Oh dear, I'm going to be late.
5.- You use "going to" when something is clearly going to happen very soon and as a
warning:
Watch out, we're going to crash
Be careful, you are going to drop those glasses
6.- You use "will" when you are making a promise or an offer:
I'll ring you later tonight
I'll come round and help you later

Leccin 2: Exercises
(Oir una vez contestados y corregidos los ejercicios)

Exercises
Grammar
A) Escribe completas las respuestas en rojo, utilizando las palabras entre parntesis y
empleando las formas verbales "will" ('ll) o "going to" segn convenga:

1.

Why are you switching on the

computer? ________ my report (I /
type)

2.

Would you like a drink? Yes please.

________ a cup of tea (I / have)

3.

Did you phone your father? No, but

don't worry, ________ him now (I /
phone)

4.

What are you doing tonight?

________ to a party (We / go)

5.

Can you meet up tonight? No, sorry I

can't. ________ Madonna in concert
(I / see)

B) El tiempo verbal de las siguientes oraciones es incorrecto. Escrbelas nuevamente

utilizando el tiempo adecuado:

1.

- This evening I wash my hair

2.

James receives a new car next month

3.

Today I see the dentist at 15:00 pm

4.

I'm sure the weather is good this

Friday

C) Escribe completas las siguientes oracions utilizando "will" or "going to":

Leccin 7 : Listening
Read the questions, then listen to the listening carefully. Answer the questions. You may
listen to the listening twice.
The Judgement of Paris
The Judgement of Paris is told in Greek Mythology. It is the story of the Trojan Prince
Paris, who was called upon to Judge who was the most attractive of the goddesses, Hera,
Athene or Aphrodite.
Hera, Athene and Aphrodite desperately wanted to win the competition and so to try and
persuade Paris they each tried to bribe him by offering him great gifts. Hera offered Paris
'great power', Athene offered him 'success in battle' and Aphrodite offered the most
beautiful woman in the world. After a lot of thought, Paris took Aphrodite up on her offer.
She then helped Paris to abduct Helen. This abduction caused The Trojan War.
------ ooo O ooo -----Questions
1.- Where is the Judgement of Paris told?
2. By who and why was Paris called upon?
3. What did the goddesses do in order to try and persuade Paris?
4. What did Athene offer Paris?
5. Whose offer did he take?
6. What was the result of taking this bribe?

Leccin 7 (cont.): Grammar

The Passive (II)

Active

Passive

Present continuous
Past continuous
Present perfect
Past perfect
Modal verb

am/is/are + present participle

We are washing my car

am/is/are + being + past participle

My car is being washed

was/were + past participle

They were explaining the rules

was/were + being + past participle

The rules were being explained

have/has + past participle

We have cleaned the room

have/has + been + past participle

The room has been cleaned

had + past participle

They had watched the film

had + been + past participle

The film had been watched

modal verb + infinitive

You can catch the ball

modal verb + be + past participle

The ball can be caught

Exercises
Escribe las siguientes frases en forma pasiva.

1.

We keep the plates in the cupboard

2.

Someone found Jim's bag lying in the street

3.

You can obtain this tape at your local library

4.

Someone told me to park my car outside in the street

5.

They sold their car for over 20000000

6.

Nobody has heard of Paul since he went to live in France

7.

They sell sweets at most newsagents

8.

They do not allow you to borrow more than three books

9.

Someone gave her a necklace for her birthday

10.

Tourism

You must wear protective glasses in the workshop

A historic town: Una ciudad monumental

A room with a sea view: Una habitacin con vistas al mar
Complaints book: El libro de reclamaciones
Cost of accommodation: El coste del alojamiento
Cruise: El crucero
Double booking: La doble reserva
Day-trippers: Los excursionistas
For all tastes: Para todos los gustos
Geographical situation: La localizacin geogrfica
Hotel industry: La industria hotelera
Mass tourism: El turismo de masas
Tour operator: El tour operador
Package tour: El viaje con todo incluido
Quality tourism: El turismo de calidad
Within anyone's reach: Al alcance de cualquiera
The beaches are overflowing: Las playas estn a rebosar
The coastal areas: Las zonas costeras
The forecast for this year: Las previsiones para este ao
The nightlife: La movida nocturna
To afford a holiday: Costearse unas vacaciones
To choose a trendy place: Escoger un sitio marchoso
To develop a roll of film: Revelar un rollo de pelcula
To enjoy a good holiday: Disfrutar de unas buenas vacaciones

To get a suntan: Broncearse

To get drunk: Emborracharse
To go inland: Dirigirse tierra adentro
To go on a trip: Salir de excursin
To have forty winks/a snooze: Echarse una siestecita
To have a sweet tooth: Ser goloso/a
To lodge/make a complaint: Formular una reclamacin
To relax from the daily grind: Descansar del ajetreo cotidiano
To seek a few days' peace and quiet: Buscarse unos das de paz y tranquilidad
To spend a small fortune: Gastarse un dineral
To sunbathe on the beach: Tomar el sol en la playa
To take up Spanish: Empezar con el espaol
To take photos: Sacar fotos

Leccin 8 : Reading
An extract from Roald Dahl's, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory; Chapter 4)
The Secret Workers
The next evening, Grandpa Joe went on with his story.
You see, Charlie', he said, 'not so very long ago there used to be thousands of people
working in Mr Willy Wonka's factory. Then one day, all of a sudden, Mr Wonka had to ask
every single one of them to leave, to go home, never come back'.
'But why?' asked Charlie.
'Because of spies'.
'Spies?'

'Yes. All the other chocolate makers, you see, had begun to grow jealous of the wonderful
sweets that Mr Wonka was making, and they started sending in spies to steal his secret
recipes. The spies took jobs in the Wonka factory, pretending that they were ordinary
worker, and while they were there, each one of them found out exactly how a certain
special thing was made'.
'And did they go back to their own factories and tell? Asked Charlie.
'They must have', answered Grandpa Joe, 'because soon after that, Fickelgruber's factory
started making an ice cream that would never melt, even in the hottest sun. Then Mr
Prodnose's factory came out with a chewing-gum that never lost its flavour however much
you chewed it. And then Mr Slugworth's factory began making sugar balloons that you
could blow up to huge sizes before you popped them with a pin and gobbled them up. And
so on, and son on. And Mr Willy Wonka tore his beard and shouted. "This is terrible! I shall
be ruined! There are spies everywhere! I shall have to close the factory!"
'But he didn't do that!' Charlie said.
'Oh, yes he did. He told all the workers that he was sorry, but they would have to go home.
Then, he shut the main gates and fastened them with a chain. And suddenly, Wonka's giant
chocolate factory became silent and deserted. The chimneys stopped smoking, the
machines stopped whirring and from then on, not a single chocolate or sweet was made.
Not a soul went in or out, and even Mr Willy Wonka himself disappeared completely.'
'Months and months went by', Grandpa Joe went on, 'but still the factory remained closed.
And everybody said, "Poor Mr Wonka. He was so nice. And he made such marvellous
things. But he's finished now. It's all over."
'Then something astonishing happened. One day, early in the morning, thin columns of
white smoke were seen to be coming out of the tops of the tall chimneys of the factory!
People in the town stopped and stared. "What's going on?" they cried. "Someone's lit the
furnaces! Mr Wonka must be opening up again!" They ran to the gates, expecting to see
them wide open and Mr Wonka standing there to welcome his workers back'.
'But no! The great iron gates were still locked and chained as securely as ever, and Mr
Wonka was nowhere to be seen.'
"But the factory is working!" the people shouted. "Listen! You can hear the machines!
They're all whirring again! And you can smell the smell of melting chocolate in the air!".
' Grandpa Joe leaned forward and laid a long bony finger on Charlie's knee, and he said
softly, 'But most mysterious of all, Charlie, were the shadows in the windows of the factory.
The people standing on the street outside could see small dark shadows moving about
behind the frosted glass window.'
'Shadows of whom?' said Charlie quickly.

'That's exactly what everybody else wanted to know.'

Leccin 8 (cont.): Dialogue

Dialogue
(You have bought a coat and when you go home you realise you do not really like it. You go
back to the shop in order to return it and you have an argument with one of the assistants)
Maria: Good afternoon.
Shop assistant: Good afternoon, can I help you?
Maria: Well, the other day I bought this coat and to be honest, I don't like the colour very
much. Can I get my money back or exchange it?
Shop assistant: No, I'm sorry but we only exchange items if they are faulty.
Maria: I know but I really don't like the coat and I feel that if I changed it for another item
in this shop I would be happier.
Shop assistant: I'm afraid we do not refund or exchange items just because you don't like
them. You tried the jacket on in the shop didn't you?
Maria: Yes, but when I saw the coat in daylight I realised that I didn't like the colour.
Shop assistant: If you don't like the colour you can exchange the jacket for another colour.
Maria: Oh really, that is what I have been trying to say to you.
Shop assistant: Well, you should try and speak clearer next time. Here you are.
Maria: Thank you!

Leccin 8 (cont.): Grammar

Direct & reported speech
Study this example:
John

"I am very happy"

If you want to tell somebody what John said, there are two ways of doing this. You can use
direct or reported speech.
John said, "I am very happy" (direct speech)
John said that he was very happy (reported speech)
You use reported speech when you give information about what people say or think. The
main verb and the rest of the sentence are usually in the past tense.
Maria said (that) she went to London yesterday
I told her (that) we couldn't go to her party
(*) You can leave out "that"
Maria said she went to London yesterday
As a rule, the present form in direct speech changes to the past form in reported speech:
Present simple
am / is
are
can
do / does
have / has
will
help
finish
...

Past simple
was
were
could
did
had
would
helped
finished
...

However, if what you are reporting is still true at the time of reporting, you do not need to
change the verb.

John said "Maria is a shy person" (direct speech)

John said that Maria is a shy person (reported speech)
----- 0 ----Maria said "I want to go to Marbella next summer" (direct speech)
Maria said that she wants to go to Marbella next summer (reported speech)
Note that it is also correct to change the verb into the past:
John said that Maria was a shy person
Maria said that she wanted to go to Marbella next summer
In reported speech, the past simple can stay the same or you can change it to the past
perfect:
Past simple
could
did
had
was
...

Past perfect
had been able
had done
had had
had been
...

James said, "I went to Paris for the weekend" (direct speech)
James said (that) he went to Paris for the weekend (reported speech)
Or:
James said (that) he had been to Paris for the weekend (direct speech)
These verbs are often used to report statements:
Add
Admit
Announce
Answer
Complain

Explain
Find out
Inform someone
Reply
Say

Shout
State
Suggest
Tell someone
Whisper

Remember: When you're reporting times and places, these words sometimes change.

Direct speech
Here
Now
This
Tomorrow
Yesterday
This week
Last week

Reported speech
There
Then
The
The next day
The day before
That week
The week before

Leccin 8: Exercises

Exercises
A) Ayer te encontraste a una vieja amiga, Julia, que te cont varias cosas. Ms tarde te
encontraste otro amigo al que le contaste lo que Julia te haba dicho, utiliza para ello el
discurso indirecto (reported speech):
1.

(where / you / live?)

2.

(how old / you?)

3.

(you / speak / Russian?)

4.

(they / live / in a house or a flat?)

5.

(who / you / speaking to?)

6.

(what / drink / in the mornings?)

7.

(you / like / going on holiday?)

8.

(where / you / go / last summer?)

9.

(which / colour / he / prefer?)

10.

(when / they / walk the dog?)

B) Pon las palabras entre parntesis en el orden correcto para formar una pregunta.
1.

(when / born / were / you)

2.

(where / go / did / you / on your

holiday)

3.

(why / don't / go / to the doctors / you)

4.

(who / cake / all / the / ate / chocolate)

5.

(how / travel / to Germany / you / did)

6.

(what time / wake up / do / you)

Environment
Aerosol: El aerosol
Acid rain: Las lluvias cidas
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC): El cloroflurocarburos
Destruction of the rain forests: La destruccin de las selvas tropicales
Global warming: El recalentamiento del planeta
Greenhouse effect: El efecto invernadero
Hole in the ozone layer: El agujero de ozono
Hydrocarbons: Los hidrocarburos
Polluting gases: Los gases contaminantes
Spray: El spray
Ultraviolet radiation: Las radiaciones ultravioletas
Environmental damage: El deterioro ambiental
Man's survival: La superviviencia del hombre
Natural surroundings: El entorno natural
Reduction of the quality of life: El empeoramiento de la calidad de la vida
Crude oil: El petrleo
Fuel: El combustible
Oil slick: La mancha de petrleo
Recycling: El reciclaje

Renewable resources: Los recursos renovables

The oil crisis: La crisis de petrleo
To cause irreversible damage: Causar daos irreversibles
To consume: Consumir
To conserve energy: Conservar energa
To decontaminate: Descontaminar
To exhaust: Agotar
To poison: Envenenar
To pollute/contaminate: Contaminar
To recycle: Reciclar
To reduce the damage caused to: Reducir los daos causados a.
To take measures: Tomar medidas

Leccin 10 : Reading
Welcome to London Heathrow Airport
Here is some advice for our travellers:
1. It is your responsibility to have all the right travel documents with you (passport, visa,
medical & travel insurance, return ticket, etc.). Always check that you have these
documents with you and that they are not out of date.
2. Your airline or tour operator will inform you on how much luggage you can take free of
charge, what you can keep with you while on board the plane and what you are not allowed
to pack at all. Sharp or pointed items must not be taken in any hand luggage. Remember to
label your bags with luggage tags or special markings.
3. If your luggage is over-weight or too large, the extra charges can be very high.
Alternatively, the airline could insist that you leave some of your luggage behind.

4. You are allowed to carry with you on the aircraft a handbag, duty-free goods bought at
the airport and usually, one item of hand luggage. Keep this as small and as light as you
can - as it will have to go under the seat in front of you or in the overhead locker. When you
check-in, the rest of your luggage will go into the plane's cargo hold. Do not pack in this
luggage any cash, valuables, fragile or perishable items. If in doubt, ask the airline
beforehand.
5. Allow plenty of time to get to the airport, especially if travelling by car. Airports can be
very busy, especially at holiday and peak business travel times.
6. When you get your ticket, it should indicate the latest time for checking in. Do make sure
you have this information in advance. The check-in time is the latest time for getting to the
check-in desk. If you miss the check-in deadline, your place on the plane may go to
someone on the waiting list. Airlines usually advise that you check in at least one and a
half hours before your scheduled departure time.
When in the airport - NEVER leave your luggage unattended
7. Once you have checked your luggage in, you will get a luggage receipt. This is usually
attached to your ticket stub or boarding card. Keep this receipt safe.

Leccin 10 (cont.): Grammar

The
1.- You use "the" with singular nouns and when the person you are talking to knows the
thing or person you are talking about:
I spoke to the Queen yesterday (the Queen of England)I left the food in the fridge (the
fridge in my house)I bought two skirts and a watch. The skirts were expensive (the skirts I
bought)
Have you washed the glasses? (the glasses we have been using)
2. You use "the" when there is only one of something:
Madrid is the capital of Spain
The earth goes round the sun
3.You use "the" with a singular noun when you want to make general statement.

The book is very interesting

However, you do not use "the" with plural nouns to make a general statement 4.- We say:
The sky / The sea / The ground / The country / The environment / The cinema / The
theatre
5.- We do NOT say:
The breakfast / The lunch / The dinner
Example:
What did you have for breakfast?

Leccin 10: Exercises

Exercises
1.- Seala en las siguientes oraciones donde hay que utilizar los artculos "a" / "the":
1.

Police have been looking for________

man...

2.

... who held up a bank with ________

gun.

3.

The man went up to ________

counter...

4.

... and threw ________ plastic bag...

5.

... at ________ cashier and ordered her

to fill it up.

6.

________ lady started ....

7.

... to fill up ________ bag with 10

notes.

8.

However, suddenly ________ police

entered...

9.

... and arrested ________ man.

2.- En las siguientes oraciones indica cuando es necesario poner el artculo "the". En
aquellos casos que no lo sea indcalo con un guin "-".

a.

Have you had ________ breakfast yet?

b.

________ sky is very blue today

c.

You'll find that information at

________ top of the page

d.

There's some water in ________ kettle

e.

What is the highest building in

________ world?

Leccin 10 (cont.): Vocabulary

Transport
Dual carriageway: La autova
Excessive speed: La velocidad excesiva
High-speed train: Un tren de alta velocidad
Freight transport: Transporte de mercancas
Ministry of Transport: Ministerio de transporte
Motorway: La autopista
Safety: La seguridad
Toll road: La carretera de peaje
Weekly/monthly travel card: Abono de transportes semanal/mensual
To build new lines: Construir nuevas lneas
To cut train services: Quitar los trenes
To improve: Mejorar
To obstruct traffic: Obstaculizar el trfico
To reduce fares: Reducir las tarifas
Airline: La lnea area
Air safety: La seguridad area
Baggage allowance: La franquicia de equipaje
Baggage search: El registro de equipaje
Charter flight: El vuelo charter
Catastrophe: La catstrofe
Delay: El retraso
Disaster: El siniestro

Gate five: La puerta cinco

Jet lag: El desfase
Jumbo jet: El jumbo
Luggage handler: El despachador de equipaje
Mechanical fault: El fallo mecnico
Scheduled flight: El vuelo regular
Time difference: La diferencia de horario
To check in: Facturar el equipaje
To crash: Estrellarse
To X-ray: Radiografiar
Car park: Aparcamiento
Driving licence: El permiso de conducir
Highway Code: El Cdigo de la circulacin
Parking meter: El parqumetro
Parking ticket/fine: La multa de aparcamiento
To be broken down: Estar averiado
To break down: Tener una avera
To fine somebody: Ponerle una multa a alguien
To hitch-hike: Hacer autostop
To knock over: Atropellar
To overtake: Adelantar

Leccin 11 : Reading

My favourite room
My house is quite large. It has four bedrooms, three bathrooms, a kitchen, a study, a living
room, a dining room, a special games room and a big front and back garden.
My favourite room is my bedroom. I love it because it is the only room in my house where I
can lock myself away from the rest of the world. After a long hard day, all I want to do is go
up to my cosy bedroom and either listen to some mellow music, or lie down, unwind and
watch a bit of T.V or maybe even a relaxing film. This room is very special to me because I
have inhabited it for over fifteen years. It is a part of me. It is full of my personal
possessions and it has been decorated with my fair hands.
So what does this special room look like? Well, it's quite big, but not huge. It's big enough
to hold a double bed, which leans against the back wall of the room. There is a sofa bed,
which leans against the left wall in the room. In front of the bed there is a dressing table
with a large mirror. This is the place where I sit every morning and dry my hair and put on
my make-up. Either side of the dressing table there are two wardrobes.
The wardrobe on the right is the one I use daily, the one on the left is full of disused toys,
games, clothes and books. A bit messy! My television and video recorder are on a shelf
above the dressing table. Also on this shelf, there is a selection of my favourite videos:
Pretty Woman, Dirty Dancing, and Austin Powers. On the left hand side of my bed, to the
left of the door, there is a chest of draws and on top of the chest I have my stereo. Scattered
around the room. I have photos of my friends and family. These photos bring back
memories of happy times spent.

Leccin 11 (cont.): Grammar

Joining Sentences & Relative Clauses

We use a relative clause when we want to add information to a sentence.
The glass - in the cupboard - is heavy
The glass that is in the cupboard is heavy
1.- "Who": we use in a relative clause when we are talking about people (NOT things).

The man who we saw yesterday is a Doctor

The people who sent us the email are American
We can also use "that" instead of "who".
The man that we saw yesterday is a Doctor
2.- "That" & "Which": we use when we are talking about things (NOT people). They are
interchangeable.
I don't like sweets that (which) have soft centre
The fan that (which) was in my bedroom has broken
3.- "Whom": We use with formal writing. It is uncommon in informal writing and in
conversation. We use it when we are talking about people.
The person to whom you spoke was
The man from whom you received the letter
Remember:
Who - people
That - people or things
Which - things
Whom - people (formal)
Defining & Non defining relative clauses
1.- Defining: identify which person or thing is meant. Notice the lack of commas.
The architect who designed this building does not live here
We couldn't find the restaurant that we were looking for
2.- Non-defining: give extra information. They are often used to join sentences and are
more common in writing than in speech. "That" is not used in these sentences. Notice the
use of commas.
James, who is a 26 year old man, lives in London
El Pais, which is a Spanish newspaper, sells hundred of thousands of copies daily.

Leccin 11: Exercises

Exercises
Grammar
A) Seala en las siguientes oraciones si hay que utilizar "who" o "which":

1.

John has a friend ________ studied The Iliad

2.

Thank you for the money ________ you sent me for my birthday

3.

We are catching the plane ________ leaves at 09:00

4.

People ________ go to the gym, pay a lot of money

5.

My Mum has read everything ________ Grayham Green wrote

B) Forma una oracin uniendo las dos siguientes utilizando "who" o "which".

1.

A train goes to the shopping centre. It runs every hour

2.

Where are my keys? They were in my pocket

3.

The house is big. We went to visit it

4.

The firemen saved the man. He was stuck in his bedroom

Vocabulary

Escribe completa las siguientes frases utilizando una palabra derivada de la que aparece
entre parntesis.

31.

My grandma is very ________ (forget)

32.

He is a very ________ person (luck)

33.

The homeless would be ________ to receive food (thank)

34.

Most patients make a complete ________ in a few months (recover)

35.

Many people look for ________ in a job (secure)

36.

They received a ________ of furniture on Wednesday (deliver)

37.

Mary and Paul have ________ all the time (argue)

38.

He gained ________ by giving everyone money (popular)

39.

The car was badly ________ in the crash (damage)

40.

Michael Jackson's ________ in Thriller are amazing (move)

Leccin 11 (cont.): Vocabulary

Personal relationships
To be happily married: Estar felizmente casados
To be pregnant: Estar embarazada
To be in love: Estar enamorado/a
To confide in/trust one's friends: Confiar en los amigos

To evolve/work out a relationship: Evolucionar una relacin

To fall in love: Enamorarse
To get divorced: Divorciarse
To get married: Casarse (con)
To get on well/badly with: Llevarse bien/mal con
To give birth: Parir
To have a special relationship with: Tener una relacin especial con..
To respect other people's feelings: Respetar los sentimientos ajenos
To tolerate others: Tolerar a los dems
To support each other: Ayudarse uno a otro
To share/keep a secret: Compartir/guardar un secreto
To strike up friendships: Entablar amistades
Baby-sitter: El/la canguro
Best man: El padrino
Bridesmaid: La madrina
Infidelity: La infidelidad
Marriage break-up: La ruptura matrimonial
Marriage guidance: La orientacin matrimonial
Maternity leave: La baja de maternidad
Separation: La separacin
Wedding: La boda
Family Planning: Planificacin familiar
Birth control: El control de la natalidad

Contraception: La contracepcin
Contraceptive pill: La pldora anticonceptiva
Surrogate mother: La madre portadora
Test-tube fertilisation: La fecundacin in vitro
Test-tube baby: El nio probeta
To have an abortion: Abortar
The divorce rate: La tasa de divorcio
Senior citizens: Las personas mayores
Pensioner: El/la pensionista
Retired people: Los jubilados
To be retired: Estar jubilado/a
To do as you please: Hacer lo que te d la gana
To have to depend on others: Tener que depender de otros

Leccin 12 : Reading

A Guide to London - Soho & Covent Garden

In the 1960s and 70s Soho was renowned for sex clubs and prostitution. The area has since
been partially cleaned up, although some of the clubs still function. Nowadays, the people
who visit Soho take advantage of the main streets full of fashionable restaurants serving an
immense variety of foods from all over the world.
As well as being a perfect place to dine, Soho is theatreland, with five on Shaftsbury
Avenue alone. Directly behind Shaftsbury Avenue is the world famous Chinatown - a
perfect place to try both tasty and reasonably priced dishes. However, if what you are
looking for is a relaxing evening, then why not head down to Leister Square where you can

go to one of the four different cinemas. These cinemas have the largest screens and the
biggest buckets of popcorn ever.

If when you have finished with the cinema you fancy trying some of London's nightlife then
what better place to go than Leicester square. In the square itself there are a variety of
places to drink and dance the night away. You can choose between typical English pubs (*),
Wine bars, Comedy clubs, Planet Hollywoods bar/restaurant, Naomi Campbell and Kate
Moss's "Fashion Caf", The Hippodrome Discoteque and a favourite with foreigners,
Equinox and much much more.
Following Leicester Square across Charing Cross Road brings you to Long Acre and into
Covent Garden. In the 1970s Covent Garden was a shabby part of London, home to
wholesaler's market stalls. Today, Covent Garden is a traffic free zone with a lively and
bright Art and Craft market, which has surrounding it fashionable boutiques, gift shops,
petite cafs, pubs and restaurants. When the sun comes out, pubs and restaurants open
their terraces and make the ideal places to spend a lazy Sunday afternoon.
Walking around the piazza you will often find street performers singing or dancing. They
make light and refreshing entertainment. Around the area is the recently refurbished Royal
Opera House, the London Transport Museum and St. Paul's Church.
(*) English pubs close at 11:30 Monday -Saturday and at 11:00 on Sunday.

Leccin 12 (cont.): Grammar

Conditional
In English, there are many different ways of making sentences with if. It is important that:
1) You understand the difference between sentences that express real possibilities, and
those that express unreal situations.
2) You learn which tenses follow each conditional
a) Zero Conditional

We use the zero conditional to express a situation that is always true.

Present simple + present simple
If I read too much, I get a headache
b) First Conditional
We use the first conditional to express real possibilities.
Present simple + future
If I go to the concert, I'll see Ricky Martin
c) Second Conditional
We use the second conditional to express an unreal situation. The situation or condition is
improbable, impossible, imaginary or contrary to known facts.
Past simple + would (conditional)
If I won the lottery I would buy a house
d) Third Conditional
We use the third conditional to imagine the consequence of events that happened or began
to happen in the past.
Past Perfect + would have + past participle
If I had known, I would have gone to visit you
e) Mixed Conditional (2nd & 3rd Conditional)
The mixed conditional is a mixture between the 2nd and 3rd conditional.
If the weather had been better, we would go back next year
If I'd been born in 1980, I'd be 23 years old now. (remember: I'd been born - I'd = I had;
I'd be 23 years - I'd = I would)

Leccin 12: Exercises

Exercises
Grammar
A) Escribe completa las siguientes oraciones con el verbo en el tiempo correcto.
1.

What would happen if I ________ this

web site? (close)

2.

If I were you, I ________ that shirt, I

would wait until next week (not / buy)

3.

If you ________ to Britain, you'll be

able to speak English all day long (go)

4.

If the weather had been better, we

________ to the beach yesterday (go)

5.

Why ________ on holiday with us,

you'll enjoy it. (not / you / come)

6.

If you did your homework, you

________ to go to the disco (you / able)

7.

I didn't know you were in Madrid, if I'd

known, ________ (I / call / you)

8.

If you ________ al day, you'll get burn

(sunbathe)

9.

I'm not tired. If ________ tired, I'd go

home now (I / be)

10.

If you had been to Malta, then

________ that they speak English very
well (you / know)

B) En las siguientes oraciones hay errores. Escrbelas correctamente.

1.

If I go with Anna to the party, I would

see your brother Paul

2.

If I hadn't just bought a car, I would

have more money now

3.

If you go to the beach you would see

the sea

4.

If I would known, I would have visited

you

5.

If I won the lottery I'll buy a big house

with a swimming pool

6.

We'll go to the beach unless it would

rain all the time

7.

If you need any help, please let me

know

8.

Where you would go if you can go

anywhere in the world?

Vocabulary
Escribe completa las siguientes frases utilizando una palabra derivada de la que aparece
entre parntesis.

41.

I had to have some ________ made to

my shoes (repair)

42.

Jack the Ripper was a famous

________ (murder)

43.

The ________ to the theatre is on the

left (enter)

44.

Hercule Poirot is one of Agatha

Christie's most famous ________
(detect)

45.

Globalization is causing the ________

of the rain forest (destroy)

46.

After a fatal incident the police always

make an ________ (inquire)

47.

________ are usually served during the

interval of a play (refresh)

48.

The food in the Chinese restaurant was

absolutely ________ (disgust)

49.

Many factory workers suffer a lot of

________ from their boss (press)

50.

At the moment there are many foreign

________ in Madrid (visit)

Leccin 13 : Reading

Superstitions
What is a superstition?
Superstition, a belief or practice generally regarded as irrational and as resulting from
ignorance or from fear of the unknown. It implies a belief in unseen and unknown forces
that can be influenced by objects and rituals. Magic or Sorcery, witchcraft, and the occult
in general are often referred to as superstitions. Examples of common superstitions include
the belief that bad luck will strike the person in front of whom a black cat passes or that
some tragedy will befall a person who walks under a ladder.
But where do these superstitions come from?
If you see a black cat, you'll have bad luck - In ancient Egypt, the Goddess Bast, was a
black female cat. Christian priests wanted to wipe out all traces of other religions so
convinced their ignorant followers to destroy the evil demons that were black cats.
If you walk under a ladder, you'll get bad luck - This came from the early Christian belief
that a leaning ladder formed a triangle with the wall and ground. According to the Holy
Trinity you must never walk through a triangle, unless you want to be considered in league
with the devil.
If you spill some salt, throw it over your left shoulder to keep bad luck away - In the
middle ages salt was a very precious expensive commodity. It was also used for medicinal
purposes. If you spill salt you must immediately throw it over your left shoulder to strike
the horrible spirits in the eye, thus preventing sickness.
Take care on Friday the Thirteen - Those who know about these things, inform us that
Adam and Eve were expelled from the Garden of Eden on a Friday. Noah's flood started on
a Friday, and Christ was crucified on a Friday. Christians also noted that twelve witches
and one devil are present at Santanic ceremonies so Friday and 13 make a deadly
combination.

Leccin 13 (cont.): Grammar

Conjunctions
a) Although

Although + subject + verb

Although I wanted to go New York, I couldn't go because the flights were too expensive
b) In spite of / Despite
We use "in spite of" / "despite" in a sentence which starts off negative and which has a
positive ending.
In spite of (Despite) + noun / pronoun + ing
In spite of what I did yesterday, I still had a good time
Despite the bad weather, I still went out
In spite of having no money, I still managed to buy
c) In case
We use "in case" to say why somebody does or doesn't do something. You do something
now in case something happens later.
In case + subject + verb
You can not use the simple future tense after "in case".
My brother might call tonight. I don't want to leave my house in case he phones
d) Unless
Unless + subject + verb
1. We use "unless" as a synonym of "except if" / "only if"
You can not go to the party unless you have an invitation
2. We can use "unless" as a warning:
We will miss the train unless we hurry (except if we hurry)
e) As long as / So long as / Provided (that) / Providing (that)
1. We use these conjunctions as a synonym of "if" or "on condition that".
2. We do not use the future simple tense (will) after these conjunctions.

As long as / So long as / Provided (that) / Providing (that) + subject + verb

You can borrow my shoes as long as / so long as you don't walk in the rain with them on
You can use my computer provided that / providing that you don't use the internet

Leccin 13: Exercises

Exercises
A) Elige una de estas conjunciones para completar las siguientes oraciones: although / in
spite of / because / because of
1.

________ we arrived late, we had a

good time

2.

I couldn't go to the bank ________ I

had a lot of things to do

3.

The plane was delayed ________ the

strike

4.

I didn't get the job ________ having

the necessary skills

5.

I got to work on time ________ there

was a lot of traffic

B) Une las siguientes oraciones utilizando la conjuncin "in case".

1.

I sent a birthday card to Maria but she

didn't reply. So I sent her a text
message because I thought that
perhaps she hadn't received the card

2.

Robert thought that his phone was

going to run out of battery. So he took
his phone charger with him

3.

I thought that the party was going to be

cancelled because of the rain. So I rang
Peter to check

C) Escribe nuevamente las siguientes oraciones utilizando la conjuncin "unless".

1.

I'm only going to swimming practice if

you go

2.

The doctor will see you today only if it's

an emergency

3.

You can use my car if you drive

carefully

D) Completa las siguientes oraciones utilizando alguna de las siguientes opciones:

- "... they don't cry!"
- "... that it is cooked in vegetable oil"
- "... she has enough time after she finishes work"

1.

I like Chinese food unless...

2.

I like Chinese food provided...

3.

Katie goes to the gym everyday as long

as...

4.

I don't mind looking after children as

long as...

Use of English
Elige una palabra de la lista para completar el siguiente relato:
strange / chimpanzee / shopping / shopper / under / Bizarre / looked / face / normal

1.

The ________ world of Michael

Jackson looked even wackier
yesterday...

2.

... when he went ________ in a furry

monkey mask.

3.

Michael Jackson seemed more like

something from Planet of The Apes
than a pop superstar. The eccentric
singer - who regularly covers his
________ in public - donned the
grotesque mask on a surprise visit to a
south Florida shopping mall.

4.

One ________ said:

5.

"He ________ like an extra from The

Planet Of The Apes - I don't mean the
high-tech remake, I mean the Charlton
Heston original.
The ________ thing was that he just
acted...

6.

7.

... as though it was perfectly ________

to go out shopping...

8.

... looking like a ________.

9.

Still, what's ________ the mask isn't

that pretty either."

Leccin 13 (cont.): Vocabulary

Useful phrases & Conjunctions

First: Para comenzar
Next: A continuacin
Finally: Como colofn
As a result (of): Como resultado (de)
Besides: Adems
Consequently: Por consecuencia
Given that: Dado que
However: Sin embargo
In any case: De todos modos
In fact: De hecho
In this context: En este contexto
In other words: Dicho de otro modo

In Principle: En principio
In spite of: A pesar de
Instead of: En lugar de
It's certain that: Es cierto que
Moreover: Es ms
Nevertheless: Sin embargo
Nowadays: Hoy en da
Of course: Por supuesto
Owing/due to: Debido a
That is to say: Es decir
Therefore: Por lo tanto
Unfortunately: Desgraciadamente
Whereas: Mientras que
A worrying situation: Una situacin inquietante
It is often said that: Se suele afirmar que
It's worth considering: Vale considerar
The key to the problem: La clave del problema
The main worry: La preocupacin predominante
The obvious solution: La solucin obvia
There is no denying that: No se puede negar que
There is no room for doubt that..: No cabe duda de que
You have to bear in mind (that): Hay que tener en cuenta (que)
From my point of view: Desde mi punto de vista

I think that: Pienso que

In my opinion: A mi parecer
My personal opinion is that: Mi opinin personal es que
It is my belief that: Es mi creencia que..
To be honest: Para ser sincero/a
In conclusion: En conclusin / para concluir
In brief/to sum up: En resumen

Leccin 14 : Reading

Conversation
Manuel: Hi Kara?
Kara: Yes.
Manuel: Hi it's Manuel. I was wondering, could you direct me to the university library?
Kara: Yes of course. Where are you coming from and how are you going to get there?
Manuel: I am going to go by car from my house.
Kara: Ok. Let me think.ok, turn right out of your house and when you get to the Tjunction at the end of the road, bear left on to the A1M. Keep on that road for 5 miles. Once
you have gone over the bridge, take the 2nd turning on your right.
Manuel: That's the road where the Chinese restaurant is, isn't it?
Kara: Yes, that's right. Anyway, continue up the road for about another mile and when you
get to the roundabout take the 2nd exit.
Manuel: The exit towards Hatfield?

Kara: Yes. Then I suggest that you park your car and walk, as the library is the 1st oneway street on the left. It's signposted.
Manuel: Thank you, you have been very helpful.
Kara: That's ok, see you later.
Manuel: Bye

Leccin 14 (cont.): Grammar

Prepositions
a) At / on / in (Time)
We use:
At
On
In

Time
Days & Dates
Months, years & seasons

Examples:
I start school at five o'clock (time)
I go to the tennis club on Fridays (days)
My birthday is on the 13th of August (dates)
I usually go on holiday in August (months)
I was born in 1980 (years)
In Summer, I like going swimming (seasons)
Expressions with "at":
At night / At the weekend / At Christmas / At the same time / At the moment
Expressions with "in":
In the morning (s) / In the afternoon (s) / In the evening (s) / In a few minutes / In six
months

We do not use "at / on / in" before "last / next / this / every":

We'll see you next Friday
I went on holiday last summer
b) In / at & on (place)
We use:
In
A country
Geographic region
A city, town or village
A road or street
Inside a room, building, place

At
A specific place
An exact address
Public places
Shops or workplaces
Social events
Building

Examples:
In Spain the people speak Castilian (country)
We took these photos in the mountains (geographical region)
I used to live in London (city)
Selfridges is in Oxford Street (street)
It is very hot in the living room (room)
I was at my friend's house (specific place)
I live at 32 Bradgate, Cuffley, Herts (address)
We'll meet at the station (public place)
James is at the supermarket (shops)
They were at the theatre yesterday (social event)
Does this train stop at Paddington? (place)
Last night I ate at a restaurant (building)
I am lying on an island (surface)

On
Surfaces
Buildings

The fly is on the ceiling (surface)

I am sitting on the floor (surface)
Expressions with "in":
In a line / in a queue / in a street / In a picture / In the world / in the sky / In a book / In
a letter / In a car (taxi)
I was waiting in the queue for two hours
I read it in a book
I got in the car
Expressions with "on":
On the right (left) / On the first (second, etc.) floor / On the menu / On the coast / On a
bus (train, plane, ship, bicycle, horse)
My house is the first on the left and I live on the third floor
I got on the bus
Expressions with "at":
At home (work, school, university, college) / At somebody's house / At the station
(airport) / At sea
We were at sea for 3 months

Leccin 14: Exercises

Exercises
A) Elige entre estas preposiciones para completar las siguientes oraciones: at / on / in

1.

School starts at 08:30am and finishes

________ 15:30.

2.

I'll see you ________ Friday

3.

The party will be held ________ 13th

August

4.

Normally, I go horse riding ________

spring

5.

My mum is waiting to have her hair

done. She will be ready ________ two
hours

6.

She goes swimming ________ the

afternoon

7.

We both did our clarinet exams

________ the same time

8.

They usually go out for dinner

________ at the weekend

9.

I might not be home on Monday

morning but I'll be there ________ the
afternoon

10.

________ Christmas Eve everybody

usually goes out to parties

B) Elige entre estas preposiciones para completar las siguientes oraciones: at / on / in

1.

Silvia was wearing a ring ________

her middle finger

2.

My brother lives in a small town

________ the South - East of England

3.

Write your name ________ the dotted

line

4.

London is ________ the river Thames

5.

His apartment is on the first floor

________ the right

6.

My bed is ________ the corner of my

room

7.

In England we drive ________ the lefthand side

8.

When I go to the theatre, I love sitting

________ the last row

9.

The bus was very slow. It stopped

________ every stop

10.

We live in an old house ________ the

end of a quiet street in Manchester

11.

Louise works in a shop ________ High

street Kensington

12.

Are there any fish ________ this river?

13.

There is a small room ________ the

back of the house

14.

I'm a student ________ King's College

University in London

15.

We stayed ________ a very nice hotel

in York

16.

She got ________ her horse and rode

away

17.

The film started at eight o'clock

________ the Odeon Cinema

18.

She was waiting for me ________ home

19.

I got ________ bed and turned off the

light

20.

I was in a rush and so I jumped

________ a tax

Leccin 14 (cont.): Vocabulary

War & Peace

To attack: Atacar
To be at war: Estar en Guerra
To beat: Vencer
To declare war: Declarar la Guerra
To defeat: Derrotar
To defend: Defender
To fire: Disparar
To go to war: Emprender la Guerra
To invade: Invadir
To provoke a crisis: Provocar una crisis
To win: Ganar
To wound: Lesionar
Ally: El aliado
Attack: Atacar
Chemical weapons: Las armas qumicas

Chemical warfare: La Guerra qumica

Invasion: La invasion
Ministry of Defence: El Ministerio de Defensa
Red Cross: La Cruz Roja
Trench warfare: La Guerra de trinchera
Air force: Las fuerzas areas
Army: El ejrcito
Navy: La armada
Admiral: El almirante
Bomb: La bomba
Military service: El servicio militar
Warship: El buque de Guerra
Recruit: El recluta
Tank: El tanque
Troops: Las tropas
Volunteer: El voluntario
To deter: Disuadir
To keep the peace: Mantener la paz
To make peace: Hacer las paces
To sign a treaty: Firmar un tratado
Ceasefire: El alto de fuego
In peacetime: En tiempo de paz
Peace demonstration: Una manifestacin pacifista

Peacekeeper: El pacificador

Leccin 15 : Reading

Morocco
Morocco is one of the African countries with the greatest range of landscapes and natural
beauties. A traveller can get lost between the thin and labyrinth type streets, have a tea
whilst contemplating the way, visit its ancient roman remains, and enjoy excursions to
remote mountain areas and small towns around a hundred years old.

Useful Information:
1.- In the North East of Africa, its coasts expand to more than 3.400km, surrounded by the
Atlantic Ocean in the East and the Mediterranean Sea in the North.
2.- In autumn and winter, the time is exactly the same as BMT. In spring and Summer 1
hour less than BMT.
3.- The official language is Arabic. French is also widely used throughout the country.
4.- The official currency is the Moroccan Dirham which is divided into 100 cents. Money
can be converted in Hotels, banks, bureau de change, airports and travel agents. Durham's
cannot be taken out of the country.
5.- Moderate temperatures throughout the year. From July until September, high
temperatures in the inside zone and during the day. In the evening the temperatures
decrease considerably. In winter, snowfalls can be from 1.600 metres.
6.- The art of "haggling" is a costume in the markets. Arts and Crafts are typical and
extremely popular. Rugs, leather goods, copper gold, silver, etc.

Leccin 15 (cont.): Grammar

Compound prepositions
A compound preposition is a word followed by a preposition. This preposition never
changes. It is advisable to learn these words. Here is a list:
According to
Apart from
As for
As regards of
By means of
Due to
Except for
Instead of
On behalf of
Owing to A
In English, there are many verbs that are followed by determined prepositions. It is
essential to learn these prepositions. Here is a list:
To admire somebody for something
To agree with somebody
To apologise for doing something
To argue with somebody
To believe in something / somebody
To blame somebody for something

To borrow something from somebody

To be capable of doing something
To congratulate somebody for doing something
To convince somebody to do something
To deal with something
To depend on something/somebody
To be engaged to somebody
To be married to somebody
To forgive somebody for something
To exchange something for something
To insist on doing something
To interfere with something
To introduce somebody to somebody
To be involved in something
To be interested in something
To have confidence in somebody
To be longing for something
To quarrel with somebody
To remind somebody of somebody
To rely on somebody
To provide somebody with something
To succeed in doing something
To revise for something

To share something with somebody

To be stolen from somewhere
To pay for something
To be suffering from something
To thank somebody for something
To be tired of something
To work for somebody / company
To resign from something

Leccin 15: Exercises

Exercises
A) Elige una de las siguientes preposiciones compuestas para completar estas oraciones:
according to / as for / as regards of / by means of / due to / except for / instead of / on
behalf of / owing to

1.

I love all animals ________ dogs

2.

________ Nigel, 'money doesn't grow

on trees'

3.

I think I am going to go to the

swimming pool ________ going to the
shops

4.

________ Louise, everybody liked the

museum

5.

I am raising money ________ The

Cancer Research Charity

B) Elige una de las siguientes preposiciones para completar estas oraciones:

about / for / from / in / of / on / with

1.

Anna doesn't believe ________ ghosts

2.

Maria forgave Susana ________

putting sugar in her tea

3.

They went to the shop to exchange the

jumper ________ a larger size

4.

On the first day of university, Agnes

was introduced ________ a lot of
people

5.

Last night somebody stole my purse

________ the bar on the High Street

6.

The man tried to convince me

________ the advantages of buying a
lorry

7.

I agree ________ you that I need to cut

my hair

8.

I blamed the man in the shop ________

losing my washing

9.

Lee is not very well, he is suffering

________ a very bad cold

10.

I can't believe it, Sarah is married

________ Paul

11.

The teacher didn't think that the boys

were capable ________ doing their
maths homework

12.

My grandparents rely heavily

________ my Mum

13.

In the middle of the party, Jo quarrelled

________ his girlfriend

14.

Mrs Mendez interferes ________

everything

15.

Last week, the president of Real Madrid

resigned ________ his job

Leccin 15 (cont.): Vocabulary

Adjectives
Curly: Rizado
Fit/healthy: Sano
Red-haired: Pelirrojo
Sporty: Deportivo
Straight: Lacio
Sturdy: Robusto
Affectionate: Carioso
Confident: Seguro de uno mismo
Dependable: Serio, formal
Glamerous: Glamoroso

Generous: Generoso
Honest: Honrado
Inconsiderate: Poco considerado
Jealous: Celoso
Kind: Amable
Lazy: Perezoso
Naughty: Travieso
Narrow-minded: Estrecho de mente, cerrado
Nice: Simptico
Odd/strange: Raro
Pleasant: Agradable
Selfish: Egoista
Sophisticated: Sofisticado
Stubborn: Terco
Trustworthy: Fiable
Unbearable: Insorportable
Amazing: Asombroso
Impressive: Impresionante
Ancient: Ancestral, antiguo
Modern: Moderno
Disgusting: Asqueroso
Terrible: Terrible
Square: Cuadrado

Oval: Ovalado
Round: Redondo
Wooden: De madera
Plastic: De plstico

Leccin 16 : Reading

How to prepare for an Interview

An interview can be a nerve-racking experience if you are not prepared. Therefore, before
you go to an interview, take the time to think about what questions might arise and how you
would answer them.
These types of questions are bound to come up and so be prepared!
1. Why are you leaving your current job? Try not to criticize your present job or employer.
If you feel bored or unhappy in your job, simply say that you don't think that you are
making full use of your true abilities and that you need a job that demands more from you.
2. Why do you want to work for our company? This is your chance to show the
interviewer that you know something about her/his company. Emphasize how your past
experience can be useful in this job.
3. What can you offer our company? Point out your strengths and how using them would
benefit the company.
An interview gives you the opportunity to show off your past experience and your abilities;
to show the interviewer the type of person you are and why you are interested in working in
her/his company.
What NOT to do in an interview:
- Never chew gum.
- Never interrupt the interviewer in the middle of a sentence.
- Never ask the interviewer personal questions.

- Never answer your mobile phone.

- Make sure it is switched off BEFORE you enter!
- Don't give "yes" or "no" answers.
- Try not to lie.
What to do:
- Sit up straight.
- Look the interviewer in the eyes.
- Give straight but detailed answers.
- Be honest.
- Be positive.
- At the end, ask 2 or 3 questions concerning the job.
- Relax and be yourself

Leccin 16 (cont.): Grammar

Still, yet & already

a) Still
We use "still" for something going on longer than expected. The situation has not stopped.
It is five o'clock in the morning and Paul is still working
Do you still want to go on holiday?
1.- If the verb has one part (e.g. says, does, fell, etc.), the adverb "still" usually goes
before the verb.
I still watch 'Neighbours'

They still go to school

2.- If the verb has two or more parts (e.g. am running, were watching, etc.) the adverb
"still" goes after the first verb.
I am still eating my dinner
We are still going to the cinema tonight
3.-If the sentence is negative, "still" goes before the negative.
I gave up smoking, but my friends still haven't given up
4.- If you want to express surprise, "still" can go after the negative.
You don't still like him, do you?
b) Yet
We use "yet" to express "until now".
We use "yet" for something that is expected.
Have you replied to the letter yet?
1.- We normally use "yet" with the present perfect.
I haven't eaten my breakfast yet
Have you been to London yet?
2.- "Yet" goes at the end of a question or a negative statement.
I haven't washed my car yet
Have you seen your Mum yet?
3.- We can use "yet" in the middle of a sentence, this is a little formal.
We have not yet reached a decision on the subject
c) Already
We use "already" for something happening sooner than expected.
I already know how to speak French

1.- If the verb has one part, "already" goes before the verb.
She already knows how to cook
2.- If the verb has two parts, "already" goes after the first verb.
I have already received my exam results
3.- "Already" at the end of a sentence has more emphasis.
Have you typed the letter already? (I am surprised that you have done it so quickly)
4.- You cannot use "already" with a negative sentence.

Leccin 16: Exercises

Exercises
Grammar
Elige uno de los siguientes adverbios para completar estas oraciones:
still / yet / already

1.

They haven't decided which car to rent ________

2.

Last night when I got home my Mum was ________ awake

3.

The children ________ know where they are going on holiday

4.

When I arrived he had ________ left the building

5.

He has ________ .asked his uncle if he will lend him some money

6.

David lost his job last year and he is ________ unemployed

7.

I'm hungry. Is dinner ready ________ ?

8.

We used to live in Hollywood and we ________ have a lot of friends there

9.

I haven't finished reading the paper, I am ________ reading it

10.

Have you seen the new Harry Potter film ________ ?

Use of English

Elige una de las siguientes preposiciones para completar esta narracin acerca de Hyde
Park:

lived / concerts / famous / place / park / river / place / famous / since / along

1.

Open to the public ________ 1637.

2.
Hyde Park's size, not to mention its prettiness, makes it London's most ________
park.

3.

Rowing on the ________ ...

4.

... and rollerblading ________ its many paths are fun.

5.

Kensington Palace (where Princess Di ________) ...

6.

... is housed inside the ________ and has magnificent gardens.

7.

The park has also been a popular ________ for large gatherings...

8.

... and ________.

9.

The Rolling Stones played there in 69 and it's ________ Party in The Park...

10.

... takes ________ every summer.

Leccin 16 (cont.): Vocabulary

Work
A job: Un puesto de trabajo
Advertisement: Un anuncio
Employment agency: Una agencia de colocaciones
Government job centre: Centro oficial de empleo (El INEM)
Interview: La entrevista

Training: La formacin
To aim high: Apuntar alto
To be ambitious: Ser ambicioso
To be suitable for the job: Ser apto para el trabajo
To interview well: Entrevistarse bien
To negotiate: Negociar
To plan one's future: Planificar su futuro
To reply to an advert: Responder a un anuncio
Civil servant: El funcionario
Employee: El empleado
Firm/company: La empresa
Manager/boss: El empresario
Worker: El trabajador
Flexi-time: El trabajo a tiempo flexible
Full-time work: El trabajo a tiempo completo
Part-time: El trabajo a tiempo parcial
Shift work: El trabajo por turnos
To be self-employed: Ser trabajador autnomo
To go on strike: Ir a la huelga
To earn: Ganar
To work overtime: Trabajar horas extras
Competition: La competencia
Minimum wage: El salario mnimo

Profitability: La rentabilidad
Productivity: La productividad
Safety regulations: Las normas de seguridad
Salary: El sueldo
Trade Union: El sindicato
Trade unionist: El sindicalista
Dole: El subsidio de paro
Unemployment: El paro
To be unemployed: Estar desempleado
To lay off: Despedir temporalmente
To retire: Jubilarse
To sack/fire/dismiss: Despedir

Leccin 17 : Reading

A problem sharedis a problem halved

So why not write to me? Send your letters to Mary @ Hot tips magazine, PO BOX 2398,
London.
I am so bored of exercising
I go running everyday for an hour after work. I like to keep fit as I am a little overweight
and would like to loose a few extra pounds before summer, to get into my swimsuit! At first,
I loved running, but now I find it terribly monotonous. I dread it everyday. How can I liven
it up?
(Susana, 30 years old, Brighton)

If you really want to enjoy yourself, try doing a team sport instead of going running.
Netball, tennis and hockey are interactive. However, if you really want to carry on running,
then try doing different routes. Try to go running in the park, in the woods, around the
roads. After all, "variety is the spice of life"!
Nightmares keep me from sleeping
For the last four months I have been having terrible dreams. I go to sleep at 11 o'clock and
then around 2 o'clock in the morning I start dreaming absolutely terrible things. I dreamt
that my mum was kidnapped, that I was shot in the leg, that I was trapped in a fire and
many other nasty things. I always wake up in the middle of my nightmare, boiling hot and
covered in sweat. After that I cannot go back to sleep for fear of dreaming something
similar. What should I do? My sleepless nights are beginning to affect my work and also my
social life. Help me, please.
(Sarah-26 years old, London)
There could be two possible causes for your lack of sleep, either there is something that has
been upsetting you emotionally for the last four-six months, e.g. that you are not content
with your job or your private life or that you are eating too late or watching the wrong type
of T.V programmes before you go to bed. What I suggest is that you take some time to work
out the things that you are not happy with in your life at the moment. Then, decide if any of
these reasons are serious enough to make you not sleep. Try to avoid eating late and watch
light-hearted programmes before going to bed. If the problem continues I suggest you go
and see your local G.P.
School or modelling?
I am 17 years old and am studying French, German and Spanish at school. For the past
two years I have been working at the weekends for a modelling agency. Last week they told
me that the perfect opportunity had come up for me to do modelling as a career, as "ElleParis" were looking for new young models to start their careers with them. My agency told
me that I would have to leave school immediately to go to modelling school. What do I do?
Please advice me.
(Lauren - 17 years old - Edinburgh)

Leccin 17 (cont.): Grammar

Phrasal Verbs
In English, there are hundreds of verbs that consist of more than one word. These verbs
are:

verb + preposition (on / in / off / etc.)

These are called phrasal verbs.
A phrasal verb does not have the same meaning as a normal verb.
Here is a list of the most common phrasal verbs. It is very important that you learn these
verbs as they are the key to a good First Certificate grade:
To answer back: Reponder
To apply for: Solicitar
To apologise for: Disculparse por algo
To apologise to: Disculparse a alguien
To ask in: Invitar
To believe in: Creer en
To bump into: Chocar con / encontrarse con alguien
To break down: Romperse / averiarse
To break into: Entrar a robar
To break up: Partir / romper
To call back: Volver a llamar
To call for: Pedir / venir a recoger
To care about: Preocuparse por
To catch out: Pillar alguien cuando miente
To close down: Cerrar definitivamente
To come back: Volver
To come off: Desprenderse de / Tener xito
To concentrate on: Concentrarse en
To count on: Contar con

To count out (money): Contar dinero

To cross out: Tachar
To depend on: Depender de
To die of: Morir de
To divide into: Dividir entre
To drop out: Derramar
To fill in: Rellenar
To fill up: Llenar (deposito)
To find out: Averiguar
To get across: Lograr comunicar
To get by: Defenderse
To get off: Bajar / se
To get on: Llevarse bien con alguien / subirse a
To get out: Salir / Bajar de algo
To get up: Levantarse
To give away: Regalar / dar
To give back: Devolver algo a su dueo u origen
To give out: Distribuir / repartir
To give up: Dejar de hacer algo
To glance at: Echar una mirada
To go off: Caducar / pasarse
To go on: Continuar
To go away: Marcharse / irse alguna parte

To go with: Acompaar a / ir con

To grow up: Crecer
To hand in: Entregar en un sitio algo
To hand over: Dar personalmente algo a alguien
To hang on: Esperar
To hang up: Colgar
To hold on: Esperar / mantener en espera
To insist on: Insistir en
To invite in: Invitar a
To keep on: Mantener / seguir haciendo algo
To keep up: Llevar el ritmo de alguien
To knock over: Volcar / atropellar
To listen to: Escuchar
To look after: Cuidar de
To look for: Buscar algo
To look into: Investigar
To look out: Tener cuidado / prestar atencin
To look up: Buscar (diccionario)
To make for: Dirigirse a / Encaminarse a
To make up: Hacer las paces
To meet up: Quedar / reunirse con
To pass away: Pasar a mejor vida
To play around: Dar rodeos / tontear

To point out: Sealar / destacar

To put away: Ordenar
To put down: Soltar algo / ponerlo en el suelo
To rub out: Borrar
To run into: Chocar con / tropezar con
To run over: Atropellar
To see off: Despedirse de
To show round: Ensear algo
To show off: Hacer gala de / presumir de algo
To sort out: Arreglar / solucionar un problema
To specialise in: Especializarse en
To stand by: Contar con
To stand for: Representar / dar la cara por alguien
To stay up: No acostarse
To succeed in: Triunfar
To suffer from: Padecer de / sufrir
To talk about: Hablar sobre algo
To talk to: Hablar con alguien
To take after: Parecerse a
To take in: Recoger
To take off: Quitarse
To take on: Aceptar
To take out: Llevar fuera / extraer

To take over: Encargarse de / apoderarse de / adelantar

To take up: Empezar con una actividad
To tear up: Romper
To tell apart: Distinguir
To throw away: Tirar (basura)
To try on: Probar
To try out: Intentar / dar una oportunidad
To turn down: Rechazar
To turn off: Apagar
To turn on: Encender
To turn out: Resultarse
To turn up: Aparecer
To turn round: Darse la vuelta
To wait for: Esperar
To wake up: Despertarse
To watch out: Tener cuidado
To write out: Escribir
Sometimes a phrasal verb is followed by a preposition:
To come round (faint): Volver en si
To come up against: Encontrarse con (problemas / situaciones)
To cut down on: Hacer recortes
To do away with: Acabar con / eliminar
To get on with: Llevarse bien con alguien

To get out of: Salir de un coche / lugar / problema

To get round to: Encontrar tiempo para hacer algo
To go out with: Salir con alguien
To keep up with: Seguir el ritmo de alguien
To look forward to: Tener ganas de hacer algo
To look up to: Admirar
To put up with: Aguantar
To run away from: Huir de algo
To run out of: Quedarse sin algo / salir corriendo
To stand up for: Dar la cara por alguien

Leccin 17: Exercises

Exercises
Use of English
Ordena las palabras entre parntesis para formar una oracin con el mismo significado
que el de las siguientes:

0.

I haven't enjoyed myself so much for

years (much / it's / I / enjoyed / since /
years / myself / so)

1.

The trains couldn't run because of the

snow (stopped / the / running / the /

from / snow / trains)

2.

I didn't arrive in time to see her

(enough / I / wasn't / to / her / early /
see)

3.

The photocopier was so expensive that

I didn't buy it (was / expensive / the /
too / to / photocopier / buy)

4.

She didn't hurry so she missed the train

(she / didn't / as / hurry / the / train /
she / missed)

5.

The child will die if nobody sends for a

doctor (she / send / for / a / doctor /
will / die / unless / today / you)

6.

We would prefer you to pay us today

(pay / today / we'd / us / rather / you)

7.

You must see the manager tomorrow

morning (see / morning / got / you've /
the / tomorrow / to / manager)

8.

Nobody can deny that she has a

beautiful voice (denied / voice / can't /
be / that / has / a / it / she /beautiful)

9.

A bus leaves at ten o'clock every

morning (ten / that / leaves / morning /
a / o'clock / every / is / there / at /bus)

Leccin 17 (cont.): Vocabulary

People
Happiness: La felicidad
Mood/frame of mind: El estado de nimo
Tolerance: La tolerancia

Virtue: La virtud
Quality: La cualidad
To act instinctively: Actuar por instinto
To be a perfectionist: Ser perfeccionista
To be clever: Ser listo/a
To be demanding: Ser exigente
To be happy: Ser alegre
To be honest: Ser honrado/a
To be friendly: Ser amistoso/a
To be funny: Ser chistoso/a
To be imaginative: Ser imaginativo/a
To be kind/generous: Ser bondadoso/a
To be persistent: Ser persistente
To be ready: Estar listo/a
To be sensitive: Ser sensible
To be sincere: Ser sincero/a
To keep calm: Conservar la calma
To have a sense of humour: Tener el sentido del humor
To have the gift of: Tener el don de...
To get on with people: Relacionarse con la gente
To take life as it comes: Tomarse la vida como viene
To think before acting: Reflexionar antes de actuar
Defect: El defecto

Hate: El odio
Phobia: La foba
To be a gossip: Ser chismoso/a
To be argumentative: Ser conflictivo/a
To be bad tempered: Tener mal genio
To be dishonest: No ser honrado/a
To be envious: Ser envidioso/a
To be obsessed with: Obsesionarse por
To be selfish: Ser egosta
To get irritable: Volverse irritable
To have a dim view of: Ver con malos ojos
To have a tendency to: Tener una tendencia a
To hate: Odiar

Leccin 18 : Reading
Soap Guide for week beginning 7th January
Brookside(Channel 4) A double episode of the Liverpool-based soap. Nikki is devastated
by Jimmy's decision and Jerome suffers the consequences of his actions. Is Jimmy about to
have a nervous breakdown?
Coronation Street (ITV1) Richard sets a trap for Audrey. Peter holds a surprise party for
Viv. Kevin asks Sally to marry him. Will she accept? Roy turns down the chance of a trip to
Greece with the historical society.
Eastenders (BBC 1) A perfect day turns into a nightmare as Sonia is forced to give up her
baby. There are no shocks for Sharon as the week's events reach a tragic and explosive end.
Ian grieves for the death of Cindy.

Emmerdale (ITV1) The press threaten to reveal Gloria's past. Pollard regrets
experimenting with politics and Edna is shocked to discover the new identity of her new
neighbour.
Friends (Channel 4) Phoebe gets her pregnancy test results. Joey finds it difficult to hide a
secret. Rachel and Ross have a big argument, that causes chaos in the house.
Holby City (BBC1) Ed receives the news that his father has collapsed in prison. Kath is
devastated to discover Terry has just a few months to live, but refuses to abandon their
plans.
Hollyoaks (Channel 4) Anna must make a difficult decision about her and Charlie's future.
Debbie tries to help improve Dan's love life. Matt fears his relationship with Chloe is
moving too fast.
Home and Away (Channel 5) In Summer Bay love is in the air. Sally and her new
boyfriend are organizing a romantic trip to Paris, but can they afford it? Wil has bought a
surprise present for Danny and is thinking about how to give it to her. The year nine boys
organize an end of year dance party.
Neighbours (BBC1) Michelle applies for a job working as a hairdresser. Conor composes
a rock song for Nina. Harold tries to cope with living alone without the boys. Stuart reveals
his feelings for Abby, how will she react?

Leccin 18 (cont.): Grammar

Position of the phrasal verb

1. Usually the phrasal verbs is not separated.
The car broke down on the motorway
In September I took up French
We grew up on a farm
2. If the phrasal verb has an object. There are two possible positions for the object:
I turned on the light

I turned the light on

If the object is a pronoun (him/her/me/it/etc) only one position is possible:
in between the verb + preposition.
I turned it on
More examples
Don't throw away the jumper / Don't throw the jumper away
Can you fill in this sheet? / Can you fill this sheet in?

Leccin 18: Exercises

Exercises
Grammar
A) Escribe en el recuadro una de las siguientes phrasal verbs (en infinitivo) con la que
completar estas oraciones:
break down / take off / apply for / take after

1.

I look like my father but my brother

________ ________ my mother

2.

When Jan entered the room she

________ her cardigan ________

3.

The police got into the bank by

________ the door ________

4.

Yesterday I ________ ________ a

secretarial job

B) Escribe una preposicin con la que completar las siguientes oraciones.

1.

The music isn't loud enough. Will you

turn it ________ , please?

2.

I want to make sure that these shoes fit.

Can I try them ________ ,please?

3.

My car has broken ________ and I

can't use it until Monday

4.

My grandfather died ________ a heart

attack

5.

At school, I am concentrating
________ my English grammar

6.

Yesterday I was walking down the street

and I bumped ________ my old friend,
Sarah

7.

If you don't understand the word look it

________ in the dictionary

8.

When you finish with the computer, can

you please turn it ________

9.

10.

Paul and Peter are twins. It is

extremely difficult to tell them
________
Tomorrow I am going to give ________
smoking

C) Escribe en el recuadro una de las siguientes phrasal verbs (en el tiempo verbal
correspondiente) con la que completar estas oraciones:
give back / cross out / turn round / run away from / look forward to / grow up / find out /
keep on / hand over / knock over

1.

Yesterday a man driving a BMW

________ a 5 year old boy

2.

Paul is really ________ going to the

Madonna concert

3.

The teacher ________ everything I had

written incorrectly

4.

I'm trying to ________ whose mobile

telephone this is

5.

When I was a child one day I ________

home because I had had an argument
with my mum

6.

Finally, after two months Claire

________ me ________ my favourite
jumper

7.

It's hard to succeed but we must

________ trying

8.

Peter's parents ________ in Greece,

but they moved to London when they
were teenagers

9.

The man demanded that the cashier

________ the money

10.

When I shouted her name, she

________

Use of English
Escribe las siguientes oraciones conmpletndolas con las palabras entre parntesis.

1.

I ________ very pleased to receive the

________ ________ you ________ me
(parcel / sent / that / was)

2.

What a good ________ to send me a

________ of different kinds of sweets
________ your ________ (from / idea /
selection / country)
I enjoyed ________ ________
________ much, so ________ my
family! (did / very / eating / them)

3.

4.

5.

6.

It is not ________ to buy ________

things in England, ________ perhaps
________ London (possible / in /
except / these)
You said in ________ letter that you
________ like me to send you a
________ with English ________ (food
/ parcel / your / would)
I ________ just ________ one to
________ (posted / you / have)

7.

8.

Leccin 18 (cont.): Vocabulary

Visual Arts
Design: El diseo
Drawing: El dibujo
Exhibition: La exposicin
Fine arts museum: El museo de bellas artes
Gallery: La galera
Masterwork: La obra maestra
Painting: La pintura
Picture: El cuadro
Portrait: El retrato
Sculpture: La escultura
Still life: El bodegn
Auction: La subasta
To bid: Pujar
To design: Disear

It ________ arrive the ________ time

as this letter as I have ________ it
________ sea-mail (same / won't / by
/sent)
In the ________ there is some
information ________ ________ to
prepare and ________ the food (about /
eat / how / parcel)

To draw: Dibujar
To paint: Pintar
To sculpt: Esculpir
To symbolize: Simbolizar
To represent: Representar
Actor/actress: El actor / la actriz
Comedy: La comedia
Director: El director/la directora
Failure/flop: El fracaso
Interpretation/performance: La interpretacin
Make-up: El maquillaje
Opening night/first production: El estreno
Role: El rol / el papel
Season: Temporada
Serial/series: La serie
Spotlight: El foco
Subtitles: Los subttulos
Tragedy: La tragedia
To criticise: Criticar
To dub: Doblar
To enjoy the cinema: Gozar del cine
To fail/flop: Fracasar
To make people laugh: Hacer rer

To play a role: Desempear un papel

To put on for the first time: Estrenar
To shoot a film: Rodar una pelcula
To subtitle: Subtitular

Leccin 19 : Listening

China: The War at Home

Hardly had the war in Iraq finished when China found themselves swept up by a far less
controversial and more immediate war at home: the battle against a new and lethal virus
that has quickly reached epidemic size around the world.
In China it is called atypical pneumonia, the disease, defined by the World Health
Organization in March 2003 as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
Until early April, the epidemic, which originated in South China's Guangdong Province in
February had hardly been mentioned in the Chinese media.
When the media silence on SARS broke, the overwhelming tone was the official line that
"the disease was already brought under effective control" and "Beijing remained as normal
and safe as ever."
The media's apparent light-heartedness began to withdraw around April 9 when Wen
Jiabao, China's new prime minister, told the nation that the situation regarding the SARS
outbreak "is grave." Even in the week following this admission, the amount of SARS
infections and deaths released by the Ministry of Health and the Beijing municipal
government were widely believed to be low.
The real turning point in Chinese media coverage came on April 20, following a press
conference given by a new official from the Ministry of Health, Vice Minister Gao Qiang.
The figures he released at the press conference showed that Beijing had 346 confirmed
SARS cases with 18 deaths, instead of 37 cases with 4 deaths, as previously reported. From
that day on, the Ministry of Health has released the national SARS statistics daily to the
public.
Now the country's media have devoted much more time to the battle against the new killer,
which as of April 22 had claimed 102 lives in China and had infected 2,317 people. For
instance, the April 21 edition of Beijing Daily (government-owned) devoted an entire page

to methods for disinfecting the home, the importance of wearing a surgical mask, and
suggested prescriptions for preventing SARS.
On April 23, Beijing Evening News, a popular tabloid-size newspaper in China's capital
with a circulation of nearly 2 million, devoted six of the 16 pages in its first section to the
war against SARS. One of the stories featured the experience of a nurse from a local
hospital who has just recovered from the disease. The same day's Wen Hui Bao, a
Shanghai-based newspaper popular among intellectuals, gave five of its 12 pages over to
coverage of SARS.

Leccin 19 (cont.): Grammar

Prepositional phrases
a) With "by"
We use "by" in a number of different ways:
1.- To say how we do something.
To send something by post
To do something by hand
To pay by credit card (N.B. in cash)
2.- To say how somebody travels.
by car / by train / by bus, etc. (N.B. on foot)
3. With the use of the passive.
The painting was painted by Goya
A Mid Summer Night's dream was written by Shakespeare
4.- Expressions with "by":
By accident / By all means / By chance / By hand / By mistake / By sight / By surprise /
By yourself

b) With "in"
Here is a list of prepositional phrases with "in". Please learn them.
In all / In common / In danger / In debt / In difficulties / In general / In a hurry / In
other words / In particular / In private / In public / In secret / In tears
c) With "on" and "out of"
Here is a list of prepositional phrases with "on" and "out of". Learn them!
On business / On duty / On the one handon the other hand / On purpose / On the
telephone / On time / On the whole / Out of date / Out of order / Out of reach / Out of
time / Out of work

Leccin 19: Exercises

Exercises
Grammar
A) Selecciona una de las siguientes preposiciones para completar estas oraciones:

in / on / by

1.

I usually go to work ________ train

2.

He was shocked as I had caught him ________ surprise

3.

These photographs were taken ________ a friend of mine

4.
for

There was a bottle ________ the table and by chance it was the one I was looking

5.

I was ________ the train when I realised that I had forgotten my mobile phone

6.

The last book I read was written ________ Agatha Christie

7.

The last time they went out for dinner they paid ________ credit card

8.

Julia hates going by car to the office, she prefers going ________ bus

9.

There's no need to send the letter ________ post, I can deliver it myself by hand

10.

It's very hard to put sun tan cream on your back if you're ________ yourself

B) Elige cual de las siguientes expresiones permitira completar estas oraciones:

in all / in common / in danger / in debt / in difficulties / in general / in a hurry / in other

words / in particular / in private / in public / in secret / in tears

1.

They ran to school because the children were ________

2.

One of their biggest problems is that they are ________ with the bank

3.

She left the building ________ because somebody had insulted her

4.

Amy and Ben have lots of things ________

5.

Enza knew that she was ________ and so tried desperately to escape

6.

Claire didn't want anybody to know, so she told me ________

7.

There are 56 people coming to the party ________

8.

James talks ________ that nobody really understands him

C) Elige cual de las siguientes expresiones permitira completar estas oraciones:

on business / on duty / on the one handon the other hand / on purpose / on the
telephone / on time / on the whole / out of date / out of order / out of reach / out of time /
out of work

1.

It is very important to arrive ________ the very first day of your job

2.

________ I like the clothes they sell in Top Shop

3.

All medicines should be kept ________ for children

4.

Charlie is a nasty boy. I think he kicked you ________

5.

My father has been away for two weeks ________

6.

They didn't eat the meat last night because it was ________

7.
On the one hand, I think the party will be good; ________ , if your parents are going
to be there it might not be

8.

My Mum is a nurse and tonight she is ________

Use of English

Entre las expresiones enre parntesis elige una que permita completar estas oraciones:

1. The children better arrive ________ if not they will miss the bus (on time / in times /
at time / for a time)

2. The plane arrived so late that I ________ missed the meeting (almost / already / soon
/ entirely)

3.

You'll ________ yourself a lot of time if you walk (spend / make / save / spare)

4.
My next door neighbour's music prevented me from ________ to sleep (falling /
starting / beginning / going)

5. After a lot of difficulty, Maria ________ to open the bottle (managed / succeeded /
obtained / realised)

Leccin 19 (cont.): Vocabulary

Health
Health education: La educacin sanitaria
Hygiene: La higiene
A healthy diet: Una dieta sana

Health care: Cuidado sanitario

Check-up: El chequeo
Medicine: El medicamento
Vaccine: La Vacuna
Epidemic: La epidemia
Allergy: La alergia
Allergic: Alrgico/a
Exhaustion: El agotamiento
Stress: El estrs
Physical and mental tiredness: El cansancio fsico y mental
Disabled person: El minusvlido/a
Disability: La minusvala
Diabetes: La diabetes
Pneumonia: La pulmona
AIDS: El SIDA
Lung cancer: El cncer de pulmn
Heart attack: El infarto
Kidney transplant: El trasplante de rin
Depression: La depresin
Mental illness: La enfermedad mental
Nervous breakdown: El colapso nervioso
Sleeping tablets: El somnfero
Side-effects: Las contraindicaciones

Therapy: La terapia
Hormone: La hormona
Life expectancy: La longevidad
Birth rate: La natalidad
Death rate: La mortalidad
To be in good physical shape: Estar en buena forma
To keep fit: Mantenerse en forma fsica
To worry about one's health: Preocuparse por la salud
To be unable to sleep: Desvelarse
To fall ill: Caer enfermo/a
To have an operation: Operarse
To detect in time: Detectar a tiempo
To diagnose: Diagnosticar
To be allergic to: Tener alergia a
To catch / To become infected: Contagiarse
To suffer from an illness: Padecer una dolencia
To be HIV positive: Ser seropositivo
To become depressed: Deprimirse
To have a serious injury: Tener una lesin grave
To age: Envejecer

Leccin 20 : Listening

Karma
People live their lives according to their own beliefs. Whereas some people believe in God,
others believe in fate or a modern way of thinking - karma. But what is karma and how
does it work?
Karma is a Buddhist and Hindu way of thinking. It explains daily events. In Buddhist
teaching, the law of Karma says, "for every event that occurs, there will follow another
event whose existence was caused by the first, and this second event will be pleasant or
unpleasant according to whether its cause was skilful or unskilful". To put it another way,
the law explains that if a human being acts in a good manner, his life will receive good
events.
Let's take an example of a sequence of events. One day a man gets up, leaves his house and
goes to catch the bus. When the bus arrives he does not wait his turn in the queue but
jumps it. The people are angry but he does not really care. As he is getting off the bus he
trips and hurts his knee (this is a direct result of his unskilful action i.e. jumping the queue).
Later that day the man goes to the supermarket and buys some fresh strawberries. He has
to weigh them and so he weights them, puts the sticker with the price on the bag but
continues to fill up the bag. Two hours later, the man goes to buy a coke from a vending
machine, he puts the money in, presses the button, but nothing comes out. He has lost his
money. These are examples of unskilful actions. The result is that the person carrying out
the action is 'punished'.

Leccin 20 (cont.): Grammar

Make & Do
Many English learners find it hard to differentiate between make and do. However, if you
learn the following rule it will be a lot clearer:
1.- You use "make" with nouns referring to:
Arrangements
Appointment
Choice

Food & Drink

Breakfast
A cup of tea

Speaking & Sounds

Travel

Comment
Noise

Journey
Tour

Decision
Plan

Some coffee
A meal
A sandwich

Point
Promise
Speech
Suggestion

Trip
Visit

I made the decision to go on holiday in July

This morning I made myself a sandwich to eat at lunchtime
My boss made a comment about the way I dress
We'll make a short trip to the beech if we have time
Some common expressions with "make":
To make friends (with) / To make a mistake / To make a difference / To make some money /
To be made of / Two and two make four / To make a contract / To make a good footballer /
To make happy (angry, sad, etc.)
2.- You use "do" with "-ing forms" and with words in relation to work.
I do the ironing every Wednesday
He does all the shopping and I do the washing
I have a lot of work to do
You often use "do" with a noun instead of another verb if the meaning is clear:
You must do your hair = You must brush your hair
Have you done the dishes yet? = Have you washed the dishes yet?
Some common expressions with "do":
To do well (badly, better, worse) / To do your homework / To do an exercise
Tell & Say
Remember the following rule:
To tell somebody something
To say something to somebody
"Tell": If you say who you are talking to

I told him that I couldn't go to the concert

She told me she wanted to cut her hair
Otherwise we use "say":
Karren said that she liked cats
We said goodbye to the postman

Leccin 20: Exercises

Exercises
Grammar
A) Escribe en el recuadro cual de estos dos verbos, en su tiempo verbal adecuado,
completara estas oraciones:
make / do

1.

Have you ever ________ a speech?

2.

If I ________ well in my exams I'd like

to be a dentist

3.

I have to do the dishes first and then

________ a pot of tea

4.

Madonna ________ a lot of money

5.

Don't forget to ________ your

homework

6.

James has ________ an appointment to

see the doctor on Friday

7.

It won't ________ a difference if we

have the barbeque today or tomorrow

8.

Girls find it hard to ________ friends

9.

If you ________ a promise, do you

always keep it?

10.

Everyday the boys had to ________ a

long journey to get to school

B) Escribe en el recuadro cual de estos dos verbos, en su tiempo verbal adecuado,

completara estas oraciones:
say / tell

1.

Mark ________ that he went to

America for a holiday

2.

Why did you ________ that?

3.

What did you ________ Sarah?

4.

Don't ________ anyone what I said.

It's a secret

5.

Don't just stand there! ________

something!

6.

The nurse ________ me to stay in bed

for a week

7.

He hasn't ________ us when his

birthday is

8.

What did she ________ ?

Use of English
Escribe completa las siguientes oraciones colocando correctamente las palabras entre
parntesis.

1.

2.

3.

I was ________ to get the letter

________ me a ________ ________
your company (with / job / happy /
offering)
You didn't ________ me when you want
________ to ________ working
________ you (tell / me / start / for)
My ________ ________ is expecting
me to stay ________ him until the
________ of the month (end / employer
/ present / with)

4.

We ________ thinking about ________

a ________ ________ the office (house
/ near / are / buying)

5.

My ________ is anxious about

________ a good school for ________
children to ________ (finding / our /
attend / wife)
She is ________ that ________ won't
be ________ to continue studying
________ subjects (able / some /
worried / they)
Let's ________ that ________
________ don't take long ________
solve (problems / to / hope / the)

6.

7.

8.

Leccin 20 (cont.): Vocabulary

Politics
To elect: Elegir
To govern: Gobernar
To support: Apoyar
Leader: El lder
Leadership: El liderazgo
Party: El partido
Politics: La poltica
Politician: El politico

I look ________ to starting ________

with ________ (work / forward / you)

A right/left wing government: Un gobierno de izquierdas / derechas

Right wing: Derechista
Left wing: Izquierdista
Centre party: El partido centrista
Communism: El comunismo
Communist: Comunista
Conservatism: El conservadurismo
Conservative: Conservador
Socialism: El socialismo
Socialist: Socialista
The Congress of Deputies: El Congreso de los Diputados
Parliament (House of Commons): El Parlamento
Debate: El debate
Discussion: La polmica
The opposition: La oposicin
Prime minister: El primer ministro
Speech: El discurso
General election: Las elecciones generales
Election campaign: La campaa electoral
Vote: El voto

Leccin 21 : Pronunciation

1.- Vowels
a) far; start; large; father
b) have; fat; bad
c) egg; bed; head
d) sit; give; sing
e) me; eat; agreed; piece
f) hot; lost; long
g) saw; more; four
h) could; good; would; should
i) but; cut; blood
j) you; use; fool; do
k) learn; third; word
l) mother; about; forget
m) city; very; jockey

2.- Consonants
a) bed; big; brother
b) did; dog; bed
c) five; if; coffee
d) good; leg; pig
e) hat; have; who
f) you; yellow; young

g) can; kicking; lucky

h) leg; yellow; old
i) me; money; summer
j) no; money; can
k) put; happy; up
l) run; hurry
m) see; hits; mass
n) time; put; winter
o) van; have; lovely
p) with; white; woman
q) zoo; nose; runs; easy
r) ship; sugar; wish
s) pleasure; measure
t) sing; running; singer
u) cheap; watch; reaching
v) thin; thick; bath
w) then; weather
x) joy; judge; general

3.- Diphthongs
a) five; nine; alive; why
b) fire; higher
c) out; down; sound

d) flower; sour
e) say; eight; paint; again
f) there; hair; where; bear
g) hear; nearly
h) going; so; slowly
i) boy; toilet; coin
j) poor; sure

Tongue twisters
She sells sea-shells on the sea shore
Six slimy snails sailed silently
Red lorry, yellow lorry, red lorry, yellow lorry, red lorry, yellow lorry
In Hertford, Hereford and Hampshire, hurricanes hardly ever happen (My Fair Lady)