1504

IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 8, No. 4, November 1993

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF A COOLING ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM

C.S. CHEN, MemberJEEE
J.N. SHEEN
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Sun Yat-Sen University
Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.

-Since
the air conditioner(A/C) load contributes 30% of the
peak demand of Taiwan Power Company(Taip0wer)system during
the summer season, load management by clipping A/C load has
become one of the most important topics in Taipower system. Since
the eutectic salt is a complete inorganic compound with freezing point
at 470F and latent heat 41 Btu/lb, it is a good medium for the energy
storage system. In this paper, an A/C system with 1800 RT-HR
eutectic salt energy storage tank was built on the campus of National
Sun Yat-Sen University (NSYSU) for the demonstration of the
cooling energy storage(CES) system. Six operation modes of the
CES-system are designed to meet different cooling load requirements.
By computer simulation, it is found that 41.1% of the electric peak
demand has been reduced and 56% of the energy consumption has
been shifted from peak hours to off-peak hours by the CES-system.
In this paper, the mathematical model of an eutectic salt CESsystem has been developed for the computer simulation of the energy
storage system. It is found that the optimal capacity of the storage
tank is determinedby the off-peak time period and the largest annual
electricity charge saving could be obtained by applying the smallest
nominal chiller size under the optimal operating conditions.
According to the results of the computer simulation and the field test,
the payback period of the test system is estimated to be 3.6 years by
considering the additional investment cost and the electricity charge
saving of the CES-system.

Kev Words: energy storage system, eutectic salt, peak demand

reducnon, avoided cost, payback period, tank-priority .

system peak demand. Direct A/C load control strategy requires high
operation cost for utilities because of the hardware and software
facilities involved and only the avoided operation cost can be
achieved. On the other hand, A/C system with energy storage, such
as hot water storage and cooling energy storage have been
implemented by utilities to provide both energy saving and demand
reduction[3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. The CES-system is a technique that
produces and stores cooling energy during off-peak period and uses
the energy stored during peak period. By this method, both the
avoided operation cost and avoided cupacity cosr of the power system
can be obtained by improving the system load factor effectively
without any investment. For example, if 100 refrigerant tons (RT,
1RT=12 OOO BTU/Hour) cooling load for 8 hours is required for a
space during the daytime, the total cooling energy is 800 RT-HR. By
operating the chiller of the A/C system 16 hours a day with a 400
RT-HR energy storage system, only 50 RT cooling capacity is
required for the same cooling load. The system peak demand is
reduced by 50% because the A/C load has been shifted from peak
period to off-peak period.
In this paper, a mathematical model of the energy storage
system has been developed to determine the proper component size of
an eutectic salt CES-system. The computer simulation of the CESsystem is executed to find the energy consumption and the
cost/benefit analysis is performed to estimate the payback years of the
system. Further, the best operation strategiesof an eutectic salts CESsystem is determined according to the weather conditions and the
electricity rate in Taiwan.

COOLING -E
INTRODUCTION
Since the oil embargo in 1973, various strategies of load
management have been implemented by utilities to reduce the system
peak demand and increase the system efficiency. Fig.1 shows the
peak demand, average load and installation capacity of Taipower
system. It is found that the system peak demand has increased
dramatically and the load factor becomes worse as more and more
A/C loads are used in the commercial and residential area. For
instance, the annual average load is increased by 849 MW while the
peak demand is increased by 2180 MW during the past three years,
and system available spinning reserve has been reduced to be only 5%
in 1991. Fig.2 shows the A/C load in Taipower system. It is
increased by more than 10 % annually and contributes more than 30%
of the system peak demand. Fig.3 shows the temperature sensitivity
of peak demand for Taipower system. It is found that the system peak
demand is increased by 326 MW for each 1C when the ambient
temperature is above 28oC in 1990. Therefore, load management by
controlling the A/C loading is a very effective strategy to reduce the
peak demand for the Taipower system[1,2].
Direct A/C load control and A/C system with cooling energy
storage are the most effective load management strategies to clip the
93 WM 196-6 PWRS A paper recommended and approved
by the IEEE Power System Engineering Committee of
the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation
at the IEEE/PES 1993 Winter Meeting, Columbus, OH,
January 31 - February 5, 1993. Manuscript submitted
April 13, 1992; made available for printing
November 23, 1992.

SYSTEM

Fig.4 shows the block diagram of the CES-system[lo]. Three

different coolant paths are illustrated in the figure. Path A shows the
charging process. Path B indicates the conventional air conditioner
operation mode in which the coolant bypasses through the storage
tank. Path C shows the discharging process in which the low
temperature coolant flows through the cooling space to reach a
comfortable room temperature. For a CES-system, various
combinations of the coolant paths can be achieved by changing the
control mode according to the desired operation criterion.
FigS(a) shows the electric demand of an office building with a
conventional A/C system during the summer season. It is found that a
very high percentage of the total demand is consumed by the A/C
during the system peak period. Fig.S(b) shows the electric demand of
the building with full energy storage air conditioner system. All the
compression load of A/C is shifted from peak to off-peak period and
the efficiency of the chiller is very high because it is operated during
the night time while the ambient temperature is low. Besides, the
electricitycharge is reduced significantly because most of the load is
shifted from peak to off-peak. However, a large storage tank and-a
large chiller are required, which means that the initial investment will
be larger than the other systems. It is more suitable for the
concentrated cooling load such as churches. FigS(c) shows the
electric demand of the building with partial energy storage air
conditioner system. The key advantage of the system is the less
investment required because the capacity of the storage tank and the
chiller are smaller. Besides, during the light load seasons, the storage
tank may supply the cooling load completely as does a full storage
system.
Fig.6 shows the feasibility study procedure of a CES-system.
The proper type and component size of the CES-system are
determined according to the electricity charge by TOU rate structure
and the cooling load profile of the study building. After deciding on
the operation mode, the electricity load pattern and the electricity
charge saving are then solved and the operation and maintenance cost
saving can be obtained. The Payback Years is applied to evaluate the

0885-8950/93/$03.000 1993 IEEE

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.
1505
MW/'C

15000:
1oooO:
5000:

1980

1982

1984

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990

1986 1988 1990

Year
Fig2 Air conditioning load of Taipower

VI%U

Fig.1 Peak demand, ave&geload and installation

capacity of Tapower

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

Year
Fig.3 Temperature sensitivity of Taipower
peak demand

kW

1000

500

0
0

(a) ConventionalA/C system

7:30

15

2230

(b). Full energy storage A/C system

(C) partial energy Storage A/c System

Fig3 Daily elecmc load demand of a typical building

n
Coo1ing

Tower

Storage tank

A .B
I -

NCS =

Space

C h i l l e d w a t e r pump

A d 1

+
B,C

STH
rli*H, +rld*Hd

,where NCS is nominal chiller size; Q i and 'qd are the operation
efficiency of the chiller during charging and discharging period
respectively. The tank size(X*STH,X is the storage capacity ratio to
STH) is determined by the product of the cooling capacity and
operation efficiency of the chiller during the charging hours, i.e.

X*STH = NCS*qi*Hi

Fig.4 Block diagram of the CES-system

effectivenessof the CES-system in this paper.
By Eq.(l) and (2), the charging hours of the storage tank is
solved as a function of X, i.e.

For a CES-system, the storage tank and the chiller must be

properly designed to meet the system peak cooling load and the
maximum daily cooling energy requirement. The chiller must be large
enough to charge the storage tank completely during the off-peak
period and total output of the chiller must be equal to the summation
of the system cooling load and losses [11,12]. According to these
criteria, the mathematical model of the CES-system is developed to
determine the nominal chiller size and storage tank size as ufunction
of the off-peak time period.

For a CES-system, the maximum charging hours Hi should be

equal to the off-peak time period H,therefore,

IHo

Hi I H ,

(3)

A).Charging hours, Hi
The maximum daily cooling energy requirement STH of a
building is equal to the cooling energy produced by the chiller during
the charging hour Hi and discharging hours Id,i.e.

B).Optimal storage tank capacity ratio, Xo

For the CES-system operated at the optimal condition, the
charging hours Hi is equal to the off-peak period &.Therefore, the
o~timalstorage tank caDacitv ratio M is solved bv Ea.(3):

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.
1506
positive slope indicates the over optimal situation(X>Xo) and the
straight line with negative slope indicates the under optimal
situation(XcX0). The comer point in the figure is the optimal nominal
chiller size NCSOand the corresponding storage tank capacity ratio

Basic design conditions of air

condotioning of the selected building

+
+

xo.

Climatic information (Average

Weather Yearly of the study area)

D).Annual electricity charge saving, ES

Cooling load profile simulation

The electric peak demand reduction PDR by the CES-system is

calculated as the difference between the electric demand of the
conventional A/C system and the CES-system at system peak cooling
load, i.e.

ApplyingTOU-rate

.
I c
I

PDRZEPL-ECSd

DecidetypeofCES-system

,where EPL and ECSd are the electric peak demand of the
conventional A/C and the CES-system respectively. The annual
elecmcity charge ECC of a conventionalA/C system is calculated as
the summation of electricity demand charge and energy charge:

Decide the components size of

CES-system

ECC=(EPL*Dp*12)+(EPL*Ep*Hd*L*OD)

Operation mode decided

9
Investment

Electricity ioad pattern

simulation

(7)

,where Dp and Ep are the demand and peak energy charge rate of the
electricity tariff, and ICis the annual load factor of the conventional
A/C, OD is the annual operation day of this system.
The annual electricity charge ECS of a CES-system is solved
as:

Electricity charge

E a

=(ECSd*Dp*12)+(ECSd*Ep*Hd*lld+ECSi*Eo*Ho*hi)*OD
= c3*c4*xo

,where C4=RESd*Dp*12+(RESd*Hd*hd*Ep+RESi*Ho*hi*Eo),
ECSi is the elecmc demand of the CES-system during discharging
period and Eo is the off-peak energy charge rate of the elecmcity
taxiff. hd and hi are the annual load factor of the CES-system during
charging and discharging period respectively, E S d and RESi are the
electric energy consumption rate of the CES-system during
discharging and charging period respectively.
Therefore, the annual electricity charge saving of the CESsystem is represented as a function of the optimal storage tank
capacity ratio Xo:

Fig.6 Feasibility study procedure of a CES-system

xo=--HO
C,+Ho

1
l+C2

(8)

(9)

(4)

qd*Hd - 1
C2=-rli*Hi
Ho
.
.
Fig.7 shows the optimal storage tank capacity ratio to the
maximum daily cooling energy requirement of the system as a
function of the off-peaktime period &,.
where

Fig9(a) illustrates the relationship of annual electricity charge

saving ES and storage tank capacity ratio X at various HOwith
Taipower energy charge ratio R=&/Ep=O.4681. It is found that the
elecmcity charge saving is increased with the off-peak time period.
Fig9(b) illustrates the relationship of ES and X for off-peak period
HOequals to nine hours. The electricity charge saving is increased as
the difference of the energy charge between off-peak and peak time
period becomes larger.

C).Nominal chiller size, NCS

SubstitutingEq.(4)into Eq.(2), the optimal nominal chiller size
NCSOis,solved as a function of XO:

C =3

For the CES-system, additional investment such as the storage

tank,control system and tank circulating pump must be made. The
additional investment cost is very country-dependentand diffcult to
be represented by a gereral model.

NCS, = C3*X,
where

E).Additional investment cost, AIC

STH

*H0

The relationship of the nominal chiller size NCS and the storage
tank capacity ratio X is illustrated in Fig.8. The straight line with

F).Payback years of a CES-system

The annual total cost saving TS of a CES-system is solved as
the summation of the electricity charge saving and the maintenance

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1507

R-0.1

Hoc12

R-0.4681

- 0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Off-peak period hours, HO

Tank storage capacity ratio, X

Fig.8 Relationshipof NCS and X

-2

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

--

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

0.8 I 0
...

Tank storage capacity ratio, X

Tank storage capacity ratio, X
(a) R=0.468 1
(b) H o S hours
(The base value is $29055, it is determined at Ho=9 and R4.4681)
Fig9 Electricity charge saving of CES-system

cost saving Ms.

TS = ES + Ms
If the interest rate is r% and the inflation rate is IC%;
then
Present value factor PVF(n,r) =

10
+
(1 + r)

performance of the CES-system can be evaluated. A kwh recorder is

also installed in the power panel to record the electricityconsumption
of this system. The software program for the automatic-operationof
the CES-system is setup in a personnel computer to execute system
model control. The remote processor unit(RPU) is a microprocessor
based device which accepts commands from personnal computer to
perform the control of the chiller, pump and valves so that the optimal
operation of the CES-system can be achieved.
RT (refrigeranttons)

Futurevalue factor FVF(n,x) = Q +

The summation of the net present value over N years is solved

as:
N

PVF(n,r)

* FVF(n,n) * TS

- AIC

The payback period is determined as the years N when NPV is

equal to zero, i.e.

Daily time
Fig. 10 Typical daily cooling load of the study building in June

r-------EUTECTIC SALT CES-SYSTEM IN NsYSY

To solve the dynamic cooling load profile of the building so that
proper energy storage system can be designed, an accurate yearly
cooling load simulation program HASP (Heating, Air-condition and
Sanitary Engineering Program)is executed with the Average Weather
Yearly(AWY) infomation in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Fig.10 shows the
typical daily cooling load of the study building during June.
According to the cooling load profile and the off-peak time period of
Taipower, the tank storage capacity ratio and the nominal chiller size
are determined from Eq.(4) and (5). The maximum daily cooling
energy requirement STH of the study building is 3915 RT-HR.
Therefore, a storage tank with 1800 RT-HR stoage capacity and two
chiller with total cooling capacity 24ORT are installed. Fig.11 shows
the diagram of the CES-system in NSYSU campus. Six operation
modes have been designed for the CES-system as shown in Table 1
according to the cooling load requirement.
A digital control system is installed to perform functions of
auto-operation,data acquisition and analysis as shown by Fig.12.
Many sensors are installed in the pipes and tank to detect the
temperature, humidity and flow rate of the coolant so that the

RPU

(Remote
processor

computer
(AT)

,r)
I 'I
I

Equipments
*chiller

0
Printer

*cooling

Power panel
*chiller

kwh-Recorder

*cooling

Fig. 12 Auto-control and data-monitoringsystem

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1508

From c o o L i n 4 space

Abbreviation:
CXchiller
CHP:chilled water pump
mcooling tower
CV:conml valve
CWP:cooling water pump
m f l o w meter
FS:flow switch
LS:level switch
PS:pressure switch
PSV:pressure safety valve
STFWorage tank pump
Ttemperature sensor
zP:mne pump
Fig.11 Configuration diagram of the CES-system
Table 1 Operation modes of the CES-system

I Function

Mod$ Process
1
charging

I storage

discharging
(chillerpriority)
discharging
(chillerbypass)
discharging
(tankparallel)
discharging
(tankpriority)
conventiona

AfC

I Time

to apply
hours

I off-peak

tank charging

tank discharging in series peak hours

during summer
after chiller to supply
load simultaneously
tank discharging to
peak hours
during fall
supply load
tank
with
load
tank

discharging parallel
chiller to supply
simultaneously
discharging in series
before chiller to supply
load simultaneously
chiller operating to
supply load

peak hours
during summer
peak hours
during summer

conventional A/C
system operation

In order to execute the energy consumption analysis of the

CES-system, the energy consumption pattern of the test system
should be derived from the performance equation of each component.
The least square regression method is applied to solve the coefficients
of the performance equation of the components with system data
acquired by the monitoring system[131.

A monthly computer simulation of the cooling load of the study

building is performed for June, 1991. Fig.13 shows the cooling load
solved by the typical Average Weather Yearly (AWY-HASP) and the
actual daily temperature cwe(0A-HASP). It is found that the average
mismatch of cooling load by AWY-HASP and OA-HASP is about
3.7%, which implies that the typical weather pattern can be used to
simulate the cooling load of the building for the design and analysis of
the CES-system.
To perform the cost/benefit analysis of the CES-system, the
monthly cooling load from April to November are calculated by
HASP program with typical weather data in Taiwan. Four cases of
computer simulation, which represent different operation modes of
the A/C system are described as follows:
Case 1: ConventionalA/C system, i.e. mode 6 only.
Case 2: CES-systemwith tank-priority,i.e.
combination of mods 1 and mode 5.
Case 3: CES-system with chiller-priority. i.e. combination of
mode 1 and mode 2.
Case 4: CES-system with chiller-parallel,i.e. combination of
mode 1 and mode 4.
The parameters of the mathematical model in the previous
section for the CES-system in NSYSU campus are listed as follow:

PL=420 RT
OD=200 days/year
Ep=$0.06836/kWh
H o = 9 hours
r= 10%
h c=O. 83
Xi=0.95
RESd=l.35 kW/RT

STHz3915 RT-HR
6/k W
Eo=$O.O32/kWh
H d = 9 hours
R= 4%
h1~0.65
RESi=1.07 kW/RT
Dp=$6.43

OA-HASP
4000

3000

1000
A

"

1' 3

7 8'

10 1 1 12 13 14 IS' 17 18 19 2 0 21 2 2 ' 2 4 25 2 6 2 7 2 8 29'

June, 1991 (date with * are weekend)

Fig. 13 Monthly cooling load solved by AWY-HASP and OA-HASP

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1509
Fig. 14 and Fig. 15 are the typical daily load pattern in June and
load duration curve for both the conventional A/C and the CESsystem during the cooling months in 1991. The electric peak demand
of the conventional A/C and the CES-system are calculated as 504kW
and 297kW respectively while the system peak cooling demand is
420RT and the storage capacity of the tank is 1800 RT-HR. It is
found that 41.1% of the electric peak demand has been reduced.
Besides, 56% of the electricity energy consumption has been shifted
from peak to off-peakperiod and the annual electricity charge saving
is then solved by Eq.(7) as $29055. For this study case, the annual
maintenancecost saving of the CES-systemis estimated to be $4OOO
and the additional investment cost is $101200. Therefore, the
required payback period of this system is solved to be 3.6 by
Eq.( 10).
A computer simulation is performed from the system data
acquired by the monitoring system to verify the mathematicalmodel.
Fig.16 and Fig.17 show the electricity energy consumption and
electricity energy charge for each operation case. It is found that all
three operation cases of the CES-system introduce the electricity
charge saving by shifting the cooling load and energy usage from
peak to off-peak period. The electricity charge is the smallest if the
CES-system is operated with the tank-priority method. By this
method, 54% or 385.2 MWh of the energy consumption has been
shifte+.from peak to off-peak period, and 35% or $30450 of the
elecmcity charge can be saved annually by the CES-system

The CES-system has been proved to be one of the most

effective strategies of load management to reduce the system peak
demand for the utilities with high percentage of air conditioner loads
during summer season. For the eutectic salt CES-system installed in
the NSYSU campus. it is found that 41.1% of the electric peak
demand has beenreduced and 56% of the energy consumption has
been shifted from peak to off-peak hours by the tank-priority
operation method of the CES-system

500

400

300
200

100

0
0

15

7:30

Fig.14 Typical daily load pattern of conventionalA/C and

CES-system of the study building in June.
kW

0
20
40
60
80
100
Time percentage (during cooling months, 100%-4800hours)

Fig.15 Load duration curve of the conventionalA/C and CES-system

800
case 2 . mode 1

case 3 , mode 1
case 4, mode 1

ea

case 2 . mode 5
case 3, mode 2

600

case 4. mode 4
400

200

ANNUAL
JUN.
JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV.
1991, cooling month
Fig.16 annual electricity energy consumption of conventional A/C and CES-system
APR.

MAY

50000

c
0

40000
8000
30000

3 6000
x

20000

.r(
I

$A 4000
w

10000

2000

APR.

2230

Daily time

MAY

JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV.

ANNUAL
1991, cooling month
Fig.17 Annual electricity energy charge of conventionalA/C and CES-system

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1510

In this paper, the mathematical model of the eutectic salt CESsystem has been derived. The optimal ratio of the storage tank
capacity to the maximum daily cooling energy requirement of the
building is solved as a function of the off-peak hours. According to
the typical daily temperature profile in Taiwan, an optimal storage
tank with the capacity to store 47.36% of the maximum daily cooling
energy requirement should be designed if the off-peak time period is
9 hours. Different operation modes of the CES-system have been
designed and implementedaccording to the variations of the cooling
load conditions. Jt is found that the largest electricity charge saving
can be obtained by operatingthe CES-system with the combination of
different operation mode such as tank-priority.The monthly cooling
load, energy consumption and the electricity charge of the study
building have been solved by computer simulation. The payback
period is then determined according to the annual electricity charge
saving and the actual additional investment of the CES-system. It is
recommended that the electricity rate structure of Taipower company
should be revised by increasingthe energy charge differencebetween
peak period and off-peak period so that more incentive could be
provided to all the customers with cooling energy storage air
conditionersystem.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the help from Mr. H. S.
Chen at the Energy Committee of MOEA, ROC in the success of this
work. Financial supports from the Energy Committee are also
appreciated.

[ 121 L.K. Rawlings, "Ice storage system optimization and control

strategies", ASHRAE Technical Data Bulletin: Thermal Storage,

pp.7-17, January 1985.
[13] W.F. Stoecker, "Procedures for simulating the performance of
components and system for energy calculations", 3rd. Edition,
pp.30-65, ASHRAE, Atlanta,GA. 1975.

BIOGRAPHIES
Ches was born in Pint-Tung, Taiwan on 1954. He
received the B.S. degree from National Taiwan University in 1976
and received the M.S. and Ph.D degree in electrical engineeringfrom
the University of Texas at Arlington in 1981 and 1984 respectively.
Since 1984, he has been at National Sun Yat-Sen University, where
he is a professor of electrical engineering. From 1989 to 1990, he is
on sabbatical at Empros System International, where he works as a
consultant. His research interests are in the field of power system
analysis, distributionautomation and load management. Dr.Chen is a
member of IEEE.

Jen-Nan

was born in Hu-Wei, Taiwan, on January 4,1956.

He received the B.S. and M.S. degree in electrical engineering from
National Taipei Inst. of Tech. and National Sun Yat-Sen University
in 1976 and 1989 respectively. He worked as a director of electrical
and instrumental depamnent of Taiwan Synthetic Rubber Corporation
from 1980 to 1988. He is working for his Ph.D degree in National
Sun Yat-Sen University.

[ 11 "The impact of load management to Taipower system" Report

from MOEA,ROC. pp.28-92, June 1989.

[2] "A case study of the CES-system in Taiwan", Energy Committee
of MOEA, ROC pp.3, September 1986.
[3] C.W. Gellings and J.R. Redmon, "Electric system impacts of
storage heating and storage water heating, Part I and U", IEEE
TIWIS. PAS, V01.101, pp.2068-2085, July 1982.
[4] C.W. Gellings and J.P. Stovall, "Generation system impacts of
storage heating and storage water heating", IEEE Trans. PAS,
Vo1.103, pp.1439-1446, June 1984.
[5] M.D. Adams,"American electric power system electric thermal
storage program: A evaluation of the impact of the generation
system", IEEE Trans. PAS, Vol.101, pp.886-894, April 1982.
[6] D.R. Laybourn and V.A. Baclawski, "The benefits of thermal
energy storage for cooling commercial building", IEEE Trans.
PAS. Vo1.104, pp.2356-2360, September 1985.
[7] W.G. Bentley and John C. Evelyn, "Customer thermal energy
storage: A marketing opportunity for cooling off electric peak
demand", IEEE Trans. on power svstemg, Vol.1, N0.4,pp.5761, November 1986.
[8] Y.Y. Hsu, C.J. Wu, K.L. Liou and P.S. Sung,"Design and
implementation of an air-conditioning system with storage tank
for load shifting", M E Trans. on Power svstem, V01.2, N0.4,
pp.973-979, November 1987.
[9] G.A. Comnes, Edward Kahn, Chris Pignone and Mashuri
Warren, "An integrated economic analysis of commercial thermal
energy storage", IEEE Trans. on Power Svstems, Vo1.3, N0.4,
pp.1717-1722, November 1988.
[lo] E.I. Mackie,"Influenceof discharge characteristics on design of
chilled water storage", Symposium on stratified chilled water
storage: Design and Operating experience, pp.708-721, NY 8702.
[l 1) J.M. Ayres, H. Lau and J.R. Scott, "Sizing of thermal storage
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