Seismic Design

Denis Mitchell
and
Patrick Paultre

Presented By: Denis Mitchell

C O N C R E T E D E SI G N H A N D B O O K T H I R D E D I T I O N

Seismic Design
in Concrete Design
Handbook
NBCC 2005 - CANCEE
CSA A23.3 Clause 21- Special Provisions
for Seismic Design
Explanatory Notes on Clause 21
by Jim Mutrie and Perry Adebar

Handbook Chapter 11 Seismic Design

by Denis Mitchell and Patrick Paultre

General Requirements
N BCC 2005
Design for clearly defined load paths
Must have a clearly defined Seismic Force
Resisting System (SFRS)
Stiff elements not part of SFRS to be separated
from structural components or made part of
SFRSand accounted for in analysis

Uniform H azard Spectrum

More uniform margin of collapse (NHERP, 1997
and BSSC, 1997)
Seismic hazard at a lower probability of
exceedance, nearer probability of failure
Maximum considered earthquake ground motion
2% in 50 year probability of exceedance (2500
year return period)
New seismic hazard maps
4

Site Classification for Seismic

Site Response

A = hard rock
B = rock
C = dense soil or soft rock
D = stiff soil
E = > 3 m of soft soil
F = others (liquefiable, peat, etc.)
5

Seismic Site Coefficients

Depend on site classification

Depend on spectral response acceleration, Sa
Fa is acceleration based site coefficient
Fv is velocity based site coefficient

Site Class C:
Fa = Fv = 1.0 for all values of Sa
6

S(a)

Design Spectral Response

Acceleration, Site Class C
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

Vancouver
Montreal
Ottawa
Toronto
London

T
7

Base Shear, V
Spectral
response
acceleration

V =

Higher mode
effect factor

N BCC 2005
Importance
factor

S(Ta) Mv IE

Ductilityrelated force
modification
factor

Rd Ro
Overstrengthrelated force
modification
factor
8

Factor for Higher Mode Effects, M v

Equivalent static lateral force based on
assumed single mode response
Depends on type of SFRS
Depends on ratio Sa(0.2)/Sa(2.0)
Depends on fundamental period of
structure, Ta

Seismic Importance Factor

Importance Category

IE

Low

0.8

Normal

1.0

High

1.3

Post Disaster

1.5

10

Design and Detailing Provisions for Moment

Resisting Frames
Design and Detailing Provisions Required for Different Reinforced Concrete
Structural Systems and Corresponding Rd and R0 Factors
Type of SFRS

Rd

Ro

Ductile
moment
resisting
frames

4.0

1.7

Moderately
ductile
moment
resisting
frames

2.5

1.4

Summary of design and detailing requirements in CSA

A23.3-04
Beams capable of flexural hinging with shear failure and
bar buckling avoided. Beams and columns must satisfy
ductile detailing requirements. Columns properly
confined and stronger than beams. Joints properly
confined and stronger than beams.
Beams and columns must satisfy detailing requirements
for moderate ductility. Beams and columns to have
minimum shear strengths. Joints must satisfy moderate
ductility detailing requirements and must be capable of
transmitting shears from beam hinging.

11

Concrete Frames
(a)

= 1.5

(b)

= 2.5

(c)

> /6
>
> 450 mm

/2

/2

/2

8
24
/2
300 mm

16
48

= 4.0
> /6
>
> 450 mm

8
24
/4
300 mm
2

/2

6
100 mm
/4
confinement
steel

SECTION 1 - 1

SECTION 2 - 2

SECTION 1 - 1

SECTION 2 - 2

SECTION 1 - 1

8
24
/4
300 mm
2

SECTION 2 - 2

12

Design and Detailing Provisions for shearwalls

Design and Detailing Provisions Required for Different Reinforced Concrete
Structural Systems and Corresponding Rd and R0 Factors
Type of SFRS

Rd

Ro

Ductile
coupled walls

4.0

1.7

Ductile
partially
coupled walls

3.5

1.7

3.5

1.6

2.0

1.4

Ductile
shearwalls
Moderately
ductile
shearwalls

Summary of design and detailing requirements in CSA

A23.3-04
At least 66% of base overturning moment resisted by
wall system must be carried by axial tension and
compression in coupled walls. Coupling beams to have
ductile detailing and be capable of flexural hinging or
resist loads with diagonal reinforcement (shear failure
and bar buckling avoided). Walls must have minimum
resistance to permit attainment of nominal strength in
coupling beams and minimum ductility level.
Coupling beams to have ductile detailing and be capable
of flexural hinging or resist loads with diagonal
reinforcement (shear failure and bar buckling avoided).
Walls must have minimum resistance to permit
attainment of nominal strength in coupling beams and
minimum ductility level.
Walls must be capable of flexural yielding without local
instability, shear failure or bar buckling. Walls must
satisfy ductile detailing and ductility requirements.
Walls must satisfy detailing and ductility requirements for
moderate ductility. Walls must have minimum shear
strength.

13

Shearwalls
(a )

= 1 .5

(b )

= 2 .0

(c)

16
48

0 .0 0 2 5
0 .0 0 2 5

T ie s @

0 .0 0 2 0
0 .0 0 1 5
500 m m
3

= 3 .5

H oops @

0 .0 0 2 5
0 .0 0 2 5

500 m m
3

6
24
/2

450 m m
3 0 0 m m ( p l a s t i c h in g e )

14

Coupled W alls
(a)

= 1 .5

(b )

Beam s
s t ir r u p s
@
/2

= 2 .0

(c)

Beam s
s t ir r u p s
@
8
24
/4
300 m m

= 3 .5 , 4 .0

D ia g o n a l
b ars h o o p s
@
6
24
100 m m

15

Types of structural irregularities

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Vertical stiffness irregularity

Weight (mass) irregularity
Vertical geometric irregularity
In-plane discontinuity
Out-of-plane offsets
Discontinuity in capacity (weak storey)
Torsional sensitivity
Non-orthogonal systems

16

Conditions for Irregularity

SFRS is irregular when:
IEFaSa(0.2) > 0.35, and
any one of the 8 irregularity types.
Irregularity type 6 (weak storey) not
permitted except if IEFaSa(0.2) < 0.2 and V x
1.5.
Post-disaster buildings some irregularities
not permitted
17

Conventional Construction
Rd = 1.5 - FRAMES
Columns ties shall comply with MD details
unless:
Sum of Mr of columns at a joint is greater
than Mr of beams framing into joint
Mr of column greater than elastic Mf
(RdRo = 1.0)
IEFaSa(0.2) is less than 0.2

18

Conventional Construction
Rd = 1.5 - W ALLS
Walls designed according to Clause 14
Cannot apply reduction factor to lap splice
lengths
Vr shall be greater than Vf but not less than
the smaller of:
V corresponding to Mr at base of wall
V corresponding to elastic shear (RdRo = 1.0)

19

Conventional Construction
Rd = 1.5 - W all Reinforcement
Distributed reinforcement:
2 layers if thickness greater than 210 mm
Min. area of horizontal steel = 0.0015Ag
Min. area of vertical steel = 0.002Ag
No ties required in compression zone if
total area of vertical steel less than
0.005Ag and bar size less than 20M

20

Conventional Construction
Rd = 1.5 - W all Reinforcement
Concentrated vertical reinforcement:
Not less than 2 15M at each end
Less than 0.04 Ag in boundary region
If concentrated steel in excess of 2
20M then vertical bars to be tied
(column ties)

21

Shear Failure of Poorly Detailed

Shear W all Kobe 1995

22

Precast Concrete Frames

Two types of connections:
Ductile connection:
Experiences yielding
Frame members designed for extra
strength
Strong connection:
Remains elastic
Factored resistances greater than
probable strength demand
23

Failure of Connections in Precast

Parking Structure Mexico 1985

24

Ductile Precast Column with

Strong Connection - Turkey 1999
Diaphragm
failed

25

Precast Concrete Shear W alls

Two types of walls:
Ductile Shear Walls:
Must satisfy cast-in-place ductile wall
requirements
Strong connections

Shear Walls with Moderate Ductility:

Must satisfy cast-in-place MD wall
requirements
Panel connections yielding restricted to steel
elements
Adequate anchorage of wall panels to
foundation
26

Diaphragm Systems
Provide complete load path
Design chord forces
Design collectors for transfer to SFRS
members
Design as shear panels or use strut-and-tie
models
Minimum slab reinforcement
Reinforcement detailing requirements
Limiting shear stresses in shear panels
27

Diaphragm Failure in Precast

Structure N orthridge 1994

28

Members not Considered Part

of SFRS Flat Plate Systems

29

Progressive Collapse of Flat Plate

Structure Mexico City 1985

30

10

Severe Drifts of Flat Plate Hospital

Structure Mexico City 1985

31

Reduced Shear Stresses As a

Function of Drift
Slab-column
connections:
Calculate gravity load
two-way shear stress
(without seismic
unbalanced moment)
Shear stress must be
less than RE times the
two-way shear
strength

0.005

R E =
i

0.85

1.0

Interstorey drift cannot

exceed 0.025

32

Frame Members not Considered

Part of SFRS (Rd = 2 or greater)
Frame members not considered part of the SFRS
must be analyzed to determine forces induced
due to the design displacement
If factored moments exceed nominal resistances
then elements shall be designed to accommodate
plastic hinging (detailing requirements provided)
Resistance must be sufficient to carry gravity load
effects as well as axial and shear forces induced
due to the design displacement

33

11

Brittle Interior
Columns
Designed for
Gravity Loads
Only

Northridge
1994
34

Limit on Concrete
Compressive Strength
Clause 21 of 1994 Standard limited
concrete compressive strength to 55 MPa
2004 Standard increased the limit to 80
MPa based on testing carried out at McGill
and Sherbrooke on columns, walls, coupling
beams, beam-column-slab sub-assemblages
and a two-storey frame structure

35

Column Axial Load Tests

-Sherbrooke and McGill

36

12

Influence of Confinement

37

Flexural and Axial Load

Tests - Sherbrooke

38

Flexure and Axial Load

39

13

Flexure and Axial Load

40

Two-Storey Frame Test Sherbrooke

41

BeamBeam-ColumnColumn-Slab SubSub-Assemblages
- McGill

Normal-strength concrete

High-strength concrete
42

14

Effects of Configuration and

Spacing of Hoops on Confinement

Good small s and nl = 8

Poor large s and nl = 4

43

Column Confinement, Rd = 4.0

Gross area

spacing

Ag fc'
Ash = 0.2 kn k p
s hc
Ach f yh

But not less than

Ash = 0.09

f c'
shc
f yh

Core dimension
Area confined

k n = nl /(nl 2)

k p = Pf / Po
44

Ductility Demands Ductile W alls

Individual wall:
Wall overstrength factor
Top deflection

id =

Ro R d f w )
l

hw w
2

0.004
id

Wall height
Segment of coupled wall:

id =

f Ro Rd
hw

0.004
Adebar,
Adebar, Mutrie and DeVall
45

15

Ductility Capacities Ductile W alls

Inelastic rotational capacity:

Max. concrete comp. strain

cu l w

0.002 0.025
2c

ic =

Depth of compression

ic max =

lw s max

= 0.025
2 lw

ic = (u y ) l p
y = 0.004 / lw

l p = lw 2

ic =

cu lw
2c

0, 002
46

Ductility of Coupling Beams

wall

Inelastic rotational
demand:

Ln

cb

Distance between wall

centroids

f R0 Rd
hw

id =

l cg

lu

Clear span of
coupling beam

White and Adebar, 2004

floor

Inelastic rotational
capacity:
0.04 for ductile diagonally
reinforced coupling beams
0.02 for ductile
conventionally reinforced
coupling beams
47

FullFull-Scale Testing of Coupling

Beams - McGill

48

16

Influence of Concrete Strength

- McGill
Normal Strength Coupling Beam

High Strength Coupling Beam

49

Reversed Cyclic Loading

Responses of Coupling Beams
400

Beam Shear (kN)

Beam Shear (kN)

400

Specimen NR4

Specimen MR4

- general yielding

- general yielding

- cover spalling

- cover spalling

-400

-400
-80

80

-80

Deflection (mm)

Normal-Strength Concrete

80

Deflection (mm)

High-Strength Concrete

50

Factored, N ominal and

Probable Moment Resistance
Factored, Nominal and Probable Moment Resistances
Type of flexural
Calculated
Where used
resistance
using

M r = factored
resistance
M n = nominal
resistance

c = 0.65
s = 0.85

All members must

satisfy M r M f

c = 1.0
s = 1.0

To ensure columns
stronger than beams

M p = probable

c = 1 .0
s = 1 .0
fs = 1.25f y

resistance

Approximate
relationships for
flexure

M n 1.2M r

M p 1.47M r

Note: the relationship between M n and M r for the case of flexure and axial load
depends on the level of axial load

51

17

Factored Loading Cases

Principal loads:
1.0D + 1.0E
And either of the following:
1) For storage occupancies, equipment areas and
service rooms:
1.0D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.25S
2) For other occupancies:
1.0D + 1.0E + 0.5L + 0.25S
52

Design Examples
Six-Storey Ductile
Moment Resisting
Frame in
Vancouver
Ductile Core-Wall
Structure in
Montreal
53

Six-Storey Ductile
Moment Resisting Frame
in Vancouver
Rd = 4.0 and Ro = 1.7
Site Classification C
(Fa & Fv = 1.0)
Interior columns: 500 x 500 mm
Exterior columns: 450 x 450 mm
Slab: 110 mm thick
Beams (1-3rd floors): 400 x 600 mm
Beams (4-6th floors): 400 x 550 mm
54

18

Material Properties
Concrete: normal density concrete with 30 MPa
Reinforcement: 400 MPa
Live loads
Floor live loads:
2.4 kN/m2 on typical office floors
4.8 kN/m2 on 6 m wide corridor bay
Roof load
2.2 kN/m2 snow load, accounting for parapets and
equipment projections
1.6 kN/m2 mechanical services loading in 6 m wide
strip over corridor bay
Dead loads
self-weight of reinforced concrete members
calculated as 24 kN/m3
1.0 kN/m2 partition loading on all floors
0.5 kN/m2 mechanical services loading on all floors
0.5 kN/m2 roofing
Wind loading
1.84 kN/m2 net lateral pressure for top 4 storeys
1.75 kN/m2 net lateral pressure for bottom 2 storeys
The fire-resistance rating of the building is assumed
to be 1 hour.
55

Gravity Loading

56

Design spectral response

acceleration E-W Direction
Empirical: Ta = 0.075 (hn)3/4 = 0.76 s
Dynamic: T = 1.35 s but not greater than 1.5Ta = 1.14s

57

19

Design of Ductile Beam

58

Design of Ductile Beam

59

Design of Ductile Beam

60

20

Design of Ductile Beam

61

Design of Ductile Beam

62

Details of Ductile Beam

63

21

Design of Interior Ductile Column

64

Design of Interior Ductile Column

65

Design of Interior Ductile Column

66

22

Design of Interior Ductile Column

67

Design of Interior Ductile Column

68

Design of Interior Ductile Column

69

23

Design of Interior Beam-Column Joint

70

Design of Interior Beam-Column Joint

71

Design of Interior Beam-Column Joint

72

24

Twelve-Storey Ductile
Core Wall Structure in
Montreal
E-W: Rd = 4.0 and Ro = 1.7
N-S: Rd = 3.5 and Ro = 1.6
Site Classification D
(Fa = 1.124 & Fv = 1.360)

73

Design spectral response

acceleration N -S Direction
Empirical: Ta = 0.05 (hn)3/4 = 0.87 s
Dynamic: T = 1.83 s but not greater than 2Ta = 1.74s

74

Torsion of Core W all

Torsional Sensitivity

B x = max / ave
Max BNS = 1.80
Max BEW = 1.66
Max B > 1.7
irregularity
type 7

75

25

Seismic and W ind Loading

76

Diagonally Reinforced Coupling Beam

77

W all Reinforcement Details

78

26

Factored Moment Resistance E-W

79

Factored Moment Resistance N -S

80

27