Report on Thermal and Volume Change Effects on Cracking of Mass Concrete Reported by ACI Committee 207 CG American Concrete Institute®iz First Printing 1 ‘September 2007 ‘American Concrete Institute Adsarcing conerse knowledge Report on Thermal and Volume Change Effects ‘on Cracking of Mass Concrete Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Ml. Allrights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied. in whole or part. in any printed, mechanical, electronic, flm, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI. ‘The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reperts and standards strive to avoid arrbiquites, missions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these effors, the users of ACI documents ozcasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. 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Phone: 248-848-3700 Fax: 248-348-3701 www.concrete.orgACI 207.2R-07 Report on Thermal and Volume Change Effects on Cracking of Mass Concrete Reported by ACI Committee 207 ‘This presen dian othe fect of hese and Sotan shen degen erate corte ‘race Eps pen he et of esting cari and ‘ech of oil pris tanertres cone eters egman: asic cement coercing: omer: dyn inka plan: prlandcenen point es terpese eile CONTENTS Chapter 1—Introduction, p. 207.2R-2 Tscope 2 Miss conerete versus 13_Approaches for rack contol 1 concrete Chapter 2—Thermal behavior, p. 207.283 There grains Chapter 3—Properties, p. 207.2R-4 31-General 3.2 Svength requirements tal oth eae in contact ‘dunncnraredessed by Oe eves in mandy language for incorporation by rSuicevEagincs, 3.5-Thermal properties of concrete 346—Mhduius of elasicity 37—Suaincapacyy Chapter 4—Heat transfer and volume change, p. 267 ane nee “41 —Heat generation 4.2—Moisture contents and drying shrinkage 4.6 Heat dissipation 47 Summary and examples Chapter 5—Restraint, p, 207.2R-22 St -General 5.2 Continuous external restraint 5.3 Inver restraint Chapter 6—Crack widths, p. 207.2R-25 Gl —General {62—Crack comet joints 63-—Linitations Chapter 7—References, p. 207.2R-26 TI—Referenced stanards and reports 712Ciedreferences ‘Appendix A. p. 207.2R-27 Bre Nvation A2—Metsic conversions Tap aR wert 122 nd aan ede SS nie sori mmrCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION, 1.1—Scope This reports primarily concerved with evaluating the thermal behavior of mass conerete structures to coral the ‘racking in members that cccurs principally from the ‘contrction with esraint. This report presents 2 detailed «discussion of the effects of heat generation and volume ‘changes nthe design and behavier of mass concrete elements and structures variety of method to compute heat dissipation ‘an Volume changes. a an approch detennine nassaind suface gradient stress. Is writen primarily to provide ‘guidance forthe selection of enerote matrials, mixture Fequirments, and consicion procedures aecesary to ‘contr the sire and spacing of cracks. The quality of eonerete for esistance to weathering is wot emphasized in recom: mending educed cement contents: however it stould be undertocd dat te concrete should be suiiently durable 10 resist expecta servise conditions. This por. caa be applied loomost concrete structures with a potential Fr unacceptable ‘racking. ts general application hs bren to massive concrete ‘members 18 in. (460 ram) or mere ia thickness: ic ial relevant fr less massive ccnerete members, 1.2_Mass concrete versus structural concrete ‘Mass concrete is defined in ACT I16R as: “aay volume of ‘concrete with dimensions large enough to require that ‘measures be Laken to cape with generation of heat ona ‘nydraion oF dhe cemen and endian! veluene change, 10 minimize cracking.” The most import characteristic of ‘acs concrete that differentiates is behavior from that of structural conerte isis thermal behavior. The generally Targe sizeof mass coneretestuctures create the potential for lage emperature changes in the tructute abd Significant temperature differentials between the intric and the outside surface ofthe stucture. The accompeaying volume-change “dilferenals andres result in erie Sean a Stesses that may cause cracking detrimental t the structural design, othe appearance. Ti moat strctralconsrete ccmstncton, met ofthe heat generated by the hycating cements pid ssp. and ‘nly Sin temperature differences develop. Foreample. a ‘concrete wall 6. (150 may hick canbecome thermally stable Jn approximaly 1-12 bouts. 45 16(15 m) thick wall would require a week toreach 2 comparable condition. A SOft(15 m) hick wall, whicheould wpresent te dickaess of an ach dam, would sequire2 years. 500 (152m) thick dan, such as Hoover, Shasta, of Gran Coule, would take apgroninusaly 200 yearsto achieve the same degree of thermal stability ‘Temperature differentials never become large in typical structural building elements and, therefore, ypical structural ‘building elemens are relatively fre from therwal cracking. Incontrat as thickuess increases, the uncontolled interice temperature rse im massconcret beconesalmostadiahasc, ‘and his ceats the pote for large temperaure difleretils that, if nce accommodated, ca inpaiestrcturaliaezsity. Thare are many concrete placements considered i be stnictucalconcrte that could be sgnificanty impeaved iF some of the mass concrete measures presented in this reper Aci CommmrTEe REPORT \were implemented. Measures include coasideration of issues such as required concrete strengths, age when sength is requlted, cement contents, supplemental cementitious materials temperature conols, and joating. 1.3_Appreaches for crack control I eementiious materials did not generate ect asthe ‘concrete hardens, ithe concrete did ot undergo Volume ‘changes with changes in temperatre, and ifthe concrete did rot develop stifness (high modulus of etstcity) there ‘Would be Hie need For verperature congo. la dhe majoriy ‘of insances, this heat generation and accompanying temperature rise will occur rapidly before the developmnent ‘elastic properties and, consequently tle or no snessdevel- ‘opmest dine this pase. A coatinuins tse in enperatre foe ‘many more days is concurten with the increase in elastic ‘modulus (rigidity). Even these circumstances would be of litle concern she entre mass of the placertent could 1 Be limited m maxinuon temperature toa Value elese 0 {ts im, cooled, sable emperaute: 2. Be maintained atthe same temperature throughou its volume, including exposed surfaces: 3. Be sipprtel without restnt or supported a founations ‘expanling and contacting in the same manner 25 the ceonerete} 4. Relieveits stress through creeps and 5. Have no stesso rigidity. None of these conditions, of course, can be achieved ‘completely. The first and second conditions (sich as temperature coms) can be realized some extent in most ‘constuction, The tied condition (such as Timited restrain) is the mwstdicut to ebtcin, buthas been accomplished on ‘limited scale for extremely critical structures by preheating the previously placed concrete to limit the differential ‘eween older concrete andthe maximum temperature ‘expected in te covering concrete, The Tour aad fit ‘onnlons canbe somevbat influenced if Were st open touselover-strength concieteand agerezates with lower ‘coefficients of thermal expunsion and lower modus. This report provides discussion and explanation show these issues and olter issues relted to consoling thermal Volume ‘changes und subsequent crackin. All concrete elements and structures are subject volume ‘change in varying degrees dependent upon the makeup, ‘configuration, and envionment oF the Concrete. Unitonm, ‘elumie change will ot pduce cracking the element or stiucture is elaively fre io change vohumein all directions. “This ic ely the case for massive concrete members Decause size alone usully causes nonuniform charge. and there i oflen sufficient restraint citer intemaly oe exteraaly to produce eracki The measures used to control cracking depend, to a large ‘exent, onthe economics of the situation and the seriousness ‘of eracking ifn controlled. Cracks are objectionse where this Szeand spacing compromise the suength,stbiiy, serviceability, function, or appearance of the structure, ‘While cracks should te contr tothe inno patie wid in all structures. the economics of achieving this goalshouldbe comiderad, The change in volume can be snninized ‘or conrolld by such measures as reducing eemest content, replacing partof he cement with pozzolans,preceoling, post ‘couling, sulting to contol the rate of heat absexbedor ost ‘and by ther temperature contr measures outing in ACL 207 4K, Resta s moi by instaling ots perma ‘comtlled contraction ar expatsion and alsoby coneroling the tate atwtich volume changs takes place. Construction ois may also he tsed to edice the numberof uncooled cracks that muy otherwise be expected. By appropriate comsideraion ‘of the preceding measures, its ussaly possible io enna ‘racking ort least minimize the erack widths. In the design of reinforced conerete structures, cracking is ‘presumed mitigated trough the effective placement of Felaforcement For dhs reason the designer does not nonnlly distinguish between tension cracks due to volume ‘change and those deta flexuve. Instead af employing many ‘of he previously recommended measures contol volume ‘change, the designer may choo tad suificent reinforcement to disvibute the cracking so that one large erack isreplaced ‘by many smaller cracks of acceptably sealer wis, The selection ofthe necessary amount snd spacing of eiafowsenent to accomplish this depends onthe extent ofthe expected Volume change, thespacins or numbor of cracks dat would ‘occu nithouttbe reinforcement and the ait of reinforcement to disvibute such eras, The degree to which the designer willeither duce volume changes or use reinforcement For contol of cracks in ‘given seucure depends largely on the massiveness of the Stractue self aad onthe magnitude of forces retaining volume change. Noclear-cut line can be drawn to establish the extent to which measures should be taken to contol the ‘change in volume. Design strength eequiremenss, placing restrictions. andthe environment itself az sometines so severe thi itis impractical to mitigate cracking solely by ‘measures to minimize volume ching. Oa the her hard, fortunately, the designer normally has wide rane of choices \when selecting design srengths and seuctual dimensions. In many cases, the cost oF increase structural dimensions equiv by the slesticn of lonerstength concrete (within the limits of durability requirements) is mone than cepaid by the savings in reinforcing steel euced placing cots. and the savings in material cos of the concrete se. Recom- ‘mendations for einforcementof miss concrete elements are ‘no part this report. CHAPTER 2—THERMAL BEHAVIOR 2.1—General Tn mass concrete. thermal strains and stresses develop by ‘a.change in the mass concrete volume. The two primary ‘causes of such a volume change ee frown the generation snd ‘dissipation ofthe heat of cement hydration and trom periodic ‘cycles of ambient temperature. Consequently, tne measures to reduce mass concrete volume changes include reduc the heat generated bythe hydration of the cement and reducing the nial placing temperature of the mixure cements, they hydrate, cause conerete fo heat up 10 some degre. This temperature rise can be minimized by the eof minimal coment conten’ inthe mix, portal substan tion of pozzotaas for cement. and use of special types of ‘cement with lover or delayedinee of hydration. To minimize the heat generated by the minture, mass concrete mintures ‘are designed to minimize the cemeot content. Typically. the ‘cement requirements for mass concrete mistures are usually ich less han those for general Concrete work Fence, temperanice rise ial less. The tensile stessand cracking ‘canbe reduced o 2er0 the initial temperature othe ‘concrete is st helow te final stable temperature of be structure by the amount of te potential temperate rie. Theoretically, tis is possible: however, its net practical except in hot ‘limites, Economy in construction can be gained tthe iia, lemperature is se slightly above this zero stress iii temperanice so that light temperature drop i allowed such Hat the tensile stresses built up during this temperature drop. ‘are Tess than the tensile strength of the concrete at that time: (cr suc that the tensile Stains are ess than the tesie stain ‘capacity of the concrete a that time), "ACI 207.4R descriles methods for reducing the initial temperature of concrete and the benefits of pling cold ‘concrete. I the maxivuen internal temperature ofa large mass concrete structure is above that ofthe final stable temperature of the mass, volume chaages in musivestactanae will ake plce continuously for decides, Sractues tht ‘equite more rapid volume change so construction cperations ‘canbe concluded as soonas possible may require thatthe internal heat be removed arically. The usual method is by ‘culating «cooling medium in embeded pipes. 22—Thermal gradients ‘Volume changes area direct result of temperature changes inthe strctre. The temperature changes slong a particular path or trough section of a stucture are called thesmal ‘gradients, Toernal gradients are determined by establishing Ue time isiory of temperate fora specific path through a seuctue. Thermal gradients are categorized as eier miss _graens orsurficegralien, Mass grado he differs temperature between that ofa concrete mass and a restraining foundation. The longterm maxinnun internal temperanire change of large concrete massa it cools fom ‘an imerval peal temperature to stable temperature equal to ‘approximately the annual average temperature is amass ‘gradisnt. Te properties of the mass concrete, the foundation ck, and the contact between the concrete and the 1ek ‘long with he geometry ofthe sructure determine how a sass grudent and its consequent volume change result ia ‘trains and stresses that can cause cracking. ‘Surface gradients are the result of coning oF the surface ‘concrete relative to the more stable internal temperature. As {his surface “Skin” contracts with ccoling, tension is crested inthe skin conerete that results in cracking. In this ease, the interior becomes the restraining surface against which the Surface concrete reacts. Surfuce sralien caching i fle Timited wo shallow dept however, condition can develop ‘whore surface cracking penetrates deeply into the stractere ‘and, when combined with mass sadient volume changes or ‘her Toa conditions, may compound eracking conitions.The behavior of exposed surfaces of emcee is greatly affected by daily and annual cycles of ambient temperate (ACT 3058). Atthe concrete sirice the temperature of the ‘concrete almost identical othe ai temperature Cense- ‘quently, he temperature vaviaton ofthe emeveteat te surice iste same asthe daly cir temperature variation. Ata deh of 2f:(06 1m fromthe suriace the variationin eonerete temper ‘ue ismuch ssthan the a emperature variation, possibly ‘only 10%oF he daly surTe temperaure Variation. imerior ‘concrete willexlbiteven Tes temperature variation fom ae temperate variations that occur over a longer period of in, (ice example. secsonal variations intemperate). Likewise, stresses vary inthe same manner. In aoeation where the surface temperature varies annually by 100 °F (69°C) and the conerete has a medals of elasicity of 40% 10" psi 8x 10 MPa) before cracking, the surface could be subjected stresses approximately 1000 psi (7 MPa) above ‘an Yelow the aretage, While concrete a quite ea Sustain 1000 psi? MPa) ia compression, tensile stength FS auch lowe, and cracking would be Hey. Recaise of the rapid deterioration of the temperature differential with stance fromthe surfave, however, the aration in stessis Tikewise dissipaed rapidly. withthe result that surface ‘racking due to ambient temperature changes exiginates in ‘and isuseally confined toa relatively sallow region st and near the surface. tna assive SuCUHE, sue as Jam. where ‘uniform constuction schedule is fllowed thet ninimizes the exposure of conerete monaih surfaces andi sufaces, the surface cmcrete although superficially cracked by anient temperature eyees.can protect the souctraliterity ‘ofthe concrete below it. Where there i an intemuption tothe ‘construction schedule and ime intervals between its become overly extended, I surface cracking tay become ‘deep and requte ueatment to preven’ propazation imo subsequent placements. ‘The previeus statements out the effect of variations surface temperanreomeracking explain why form stripping attimes of exteme corrast between internal and smbient temperatures wil ineviablyresul in surface cracking. This ‘phenomenon has been termed ‘thermal shoek” and occurs ‘when forms that act inslators are removed on an ‘extremely cold day. Medem see! forth allow the suuface temperature of the emnzete to more chy emtespra torthat ofthe airmay reduos ths differential temperature. ‘The themal shock, however, maybe fel Flom Tow temperatures ‘tan early age though the form into the concrete Either a ‘dead srspace or insulation shouldbe provided wo protect ‘eonerete surfaces Where steel forms ae used in cold weather Insulation requirements and te age for form Stipping, to avoid racking te surface, depend on thea temperature an he stent ofthe eet, Reyuitements fo poteon in froceng weaterane given in ACT 06R. CHAPTER 3PROPERTIES 3.1—General This chapter discusses the principal properties of massive ‘concrete that affect the coutol of racking and provides “sudarce io evaluate ene properties, Thetables of Chapter 3 ACICOMMTTEE REPORT ‘of ACI 207 1 list propenies affecting volume change fr a number of dams. Table 3.5 ofthat sepor notes that vals foe daying shrinkage, satogennus volume change, and perme- bility ae results of tests on quite small specimens and. ‘excep for the permeahility specimens, none contained mass ‘concrete. Te values given, however can be used 2s abas’s for ‘estimating the actual behavior of mas concrete in service. '32—Swrength requirements “The geometry of macive inforced concrete sation ae ‘en set eit totaly unrelated the strength of ‘cnerete. Sich sriteriaare often based on: ‘Sully requiements where sef-weight rather than Strength i oF prinaxy impostance: 4+ Adis requirement fe var ightaes pe sit of water pressure + Stine reguicments fr the spent of age picces of ‘ibang machinery where the slf-cigh ils of prienanyinpotance: 0 + Shicing equirements as fn in melee power plats. (Once these dimensions areestablish, they are then iexigaedusing nv asunedconerée senath to determine the reinforcement requirements o sustain the imposed eadings thts, te design's iost always cote by four. In walls, he reinorcientrexpicmneat af usualy ‘contolladby flexure or by nlnion ruiemnents a oad bearing partitions. Shear rately contol except inthe case cantilevered reuining wall rseuctrl Fane involving ‘beans and column. “The geowete ae enforcement of rutural concrete is usualy determined hy sutra reguerens using 8-day Svength concrete of 30K) ps (21 MPa) ora. Whe the _gsometry and enforce af ion mori cede ess iutions for concet, the spacing of crack wl pric in luenced by ese an the reutnt tee! sree induced by \elume charge will camnoniy be sal in compasson ‘ih Menural sueses. Unde hese conditions volun ‘antl measures donot have the significance tat they have fer more massive sections wit ite oe no reinforcement They age owever me migiican The goal ofthe desizner ofa mass concrete and trate once inet isto alae the pecmmance esurements ‘of the structure andl the material performance ofthe ‘constituents. Moe tena i not always eter Excessive strength results in hisher bea generation and increases the potetial for adverse caching. Sina) higher sre tnixtares exhibit anne shnkage and increase the potential fer advese cracking Cannon eta. 1991) documented several eps designers ca Lake mininize the averse coca of eacesive stength eeirements andencesive ‘cement Strength seated ccrmnendations include Uting ‘ovendesienstereth epirements ore evels optimizing ‘emerte mixture proptons.mininizing design stuenaths ‘sagopa an sig esse vatertenetiny ‘One ease Tor consideration ofthe effets of lower ‘ere stengis sonseras te ea) leading oF assiveTHERNAL AND VOLUME CHANGE EFFECTS ON CRACKING OF MASS CONCRETE sections and he precninent nein massive concrete ‘contol the heat of bydiation ofthe sonore. I the supe imposed loading is not placed ail the coneret i 90 or 18) days ol then there isno difficulty using pozzolans ia designing low-heat-zenerating concrete. Such concrete may. ‘however, have Significantly lower early stengths for sustaining ‘consractionInadngs and could preset a practic scheduling problem, cequting more time before form sriping and it jit surface reparation, Commonly, dhe designer investigates iy those construction loads that exceed operational Hive Toads and usually apes alower load factor for these los ‘bocae of their iermporary naire 3.3—Tensile strength Ta coventinal enforced concrete design itis assumed that ‘concrte has no ene srenth, When comsdeing ease Suess ‘ye toimtral era volume canoe te aca este suengah sone ofthe st npr considerations al shoud ‘be deter to comes in ane the real vane change: Racaase sonnprsive srergth ic aoealy specie, is desiabl to relate encle and conpresie rena and ake ressorble credit forthe em contrat othe concrete. Temilesreng ofthe concet wil he affected hy the ype and properties of agaregates used. A restanel concrete tmade rom chushed coarse aggregate wil wahstand larger ‘rep a tenperatire widwut cracking thn compare sconce made fom rounded coane aggregate. Fora given conposivesuength, however, the poof ageegate doe tov aporesialy afer tensile strenath, Te ae at which ‘concrete tains is compeesie stent does afet th temile- compressive strength relaionip such thatthe older the concrete te larger te eile tens fo a given ‘compressive eng. “Thess conmmoy used est deterine the ensile strength of coneiets the pling tee text. Tis tes th to force the failure o ocr within anatrow bend ofthe scien ater than occuring inthe weakest section. the failure does wot occur vay fromthe eter section the cabultons willindcaeashercha-seal srength ‘Without specific acu tes strength data. the tensile strengh for soralweight concrete can be conservatively assumed Be 67 Jf psi( Jf’ /8 MPa) Drying has ite ffct on the elaionsip, Divet onde testa by atch tc hase pies with poxytevnn inate approninately 25% ver seg. Sach tex ae senican aft y divine Raphael 1984) I the camcete suave hasbeen subj drying asome- \wlatlower tele suength han 67." psi 7.8 MP) Should he use to predict cracks iaiatng ate sue ‘Where drying srinhage hes relatively lie influence on sedi cracking, a tenis suength off” pa 3” ME) pean reasonable Inthe preceding expssions itis more apprepiate w se the probable compeestive strength at erkical cracking rather than the design stent. Teteloe for cal eoneree i is recommended that dhe appropriate ational strength (ACT 2148 and ASTMIC S4/C 94M) be adie to he desian Strength inthe design of concrete mites © account foe “Uryingsbrinkage. The sie of eenerete dha comtels the ‘ftcal volume change may occu iter during the est7 days following phicement oe after a period of 3 6 months, “depending primarily upon peak tempertures. the cracking potential occurting upon inital noting exceeds the cracking potential occurring during the seasonal emperature drop, the ‘critical volume change will oscur during the frst week. ‘When ih eizal volume change is seasonal, some allowance ‘tol be mide for the suength gain beyond 25 days at he time of cracking, particularly where fy ashis wed. Te stiongth gan fron 28 days to90 and 180 days of apes & percentage ofthe 28-day sirength varies with the 28-day Svength, depending on the cemeat and the proportions of fly anh or othe pozzolans used. Forcoreree mixtures properly proportioned for maximum strength gain, Fig. 3.1 gives a ‘ypieal comparison foe mistures with and without My ash thst se Type cement “The Tay stent of concrete nornly ranges frm 60 to 706% of 2-day strengths for standard cwed spocinens of ‘Types Hand coment respoutively. Slightly lower stengths my be enecuntered wien fy ash or ether pozzans are ‘wed. In-place stensths wil vary depending onthe massiveness ‘ofthe crss section and the resulting curing temperatures, ‘Creeps elated anumnber of factors, including elastic podulusat the me of loading, age, and Torgth of ine under Tend. Although cep plays large prin eelieving thermally inluced stresses in massive coerete.itplays lesser roe in inner concrete sections where temperature changes occur ‘over areatively short ime period. Is primary eect as noted in Section 3.2, isthe rele of drying shrinkage stresses insinal elements. Generally, when maximum temperature ‘changes over over atelatvely shor time period, creep can only slightly modify temperature stresses. “The tes ele provided by the cesp property i used in thermal analysis in several ways. Modulus of elasticity relates the stess-train relationship during the elastic phase ‘of performance. A modification of this propery isthe sistained modulus of elascty. This pranteter i the ‘npalulus of elasticity reduced by several creep parameters 0 ‘effecively account forthe stress relict prosided by creep ‘Similarly, « property was developed called the tensile strain capucity. This parameter also medi the property of teasile stain, developed for te elas phase of loading. and includes the added strcin provided by cieep. Each ofthese parameters i discussed inthis document. 3.5—Thermal properties of concrete “The thermal properties of concrete are ccefTiceat of ‘expansion, conductivity, space heat, and ditfas ‘The relationship of diffusivity. conductivity. and specific Ina is defined by (ASTM 2006) een enaoraR6 Aci COMMITTEE REPORT ‘Table 3.1—Thermal properties of concrete™ itiauer anita Vthermd conacivirs| Spite he. Sracure | geraicine | FSC) |is7S mma [ides | dima | ange) awit agi a S010) Tos 68" 02190916) ono) fet | on oma] ace | sos) Towers [025199651] 18K: css4 a0 oT Soo Tazeao faire IE S010) PETES OEY 05 21 amgouirs | Linewne [Fiona] 4002) Tax 9-20-0257 99921] 1812,205 oon om) Soc Trzqoa | 027 9s) ane ao Momnena] Selione, Tongs | s200) 15s. oT] 025709951 | 1513 15a] 003 a) Tegan 037 9a) ames we Ziss.5 [037 9mm, mS S010 1sse6n [anes 0521 Beoint | Gomie pec [100 38 ooo Tsai [oa eoan [aan] on aa) ‘in Sen] SHHEHEAME 96 9) seas | imaas | axoen | isasn| enous imigan faze assy [ono 12> ditsvity. 20 ty, properties shouldbe determine i the laboratory using job K = conductivity, Bustthe’F Adi °C); tnaerals in advance of design, if posible. Table 3.1 Gy, = specie nea Bun" GUIKg "Cand presets urea range of ternal properties. Po = deniy ofthe concrete, vA g/m. 8 Linear coffin of espnuion —Where laboratory ‘This expeesion provides mod for bow heat is tes amit aval, the coefficient of thermal expansion conducted though asoid specifically concrete These (CTE) should he assumed as $310 © infin JPR (Do 10 © ‘ermal properties Have a Szniticsnt effet en emperaure_mvna/C) for calcareous aggregate. 8% 10° nin ‘tha, in turn, esultsin achange inconerste volume. Such (11 10 ® mm/my°C) fr silicious ageregate concrete, andTable 3.2—Typical ranges for common portland cement concrete (PCC) components ‘Qurvie SretzaTe 3 1 Table 3.3—Typical thermal conductivity values for concrete selected by type of aggregate (U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 1 ° v 2 3 + 8 rc ‘240AY STRENGTH IN 1000 Arerepueiype uuine IREC “PROFORTONED FOR MAKIN STRENGTH GAN ‘Quriie Fig. 3.1—Comparisen of 28. 90 and 180-day compressive sirens. 7x10 SingiasF 13% 10 © mavim"C) tor quaraite aggregate or refer to Table 3.1 0F 3.2 forthe coetTiciea of {henmal expansion of concrete or aggregates. 3S Spec hel —The heat capaci per unit of emp. ‘ure. orspeitic beat of nomalweight caerete varies nly sligly wid agoresate characteristics, temperature and ober parameters. Values fom 0.20 t0 0.25 Bu/lb°F (KUkg"C) are representaive over a wide range of conditions and materi. ‘35.3 Thermal conductivity —Thermal conductivey i casi of the capability of conerte to conduct heat ane say be defined as the rate of heat flo per uni temperseure saline casing hat heat movement Mineralogical chsraseris- Lies ofthe aggregate and the mcisture coment, density. and ‘temperature ofthe concrete all influence the conductivity. Within the noanal concrete temperatures experienced in ‘mass concrete construction, and forte high moisture content existing in concrete at cay aes heel condactivity vahies should resemble thos shown in Table 3.3. AS.4 Thermal dffesivty Thermal diffasivity is an inde of the ease o difficulty with which concrete undergoes temperature change and, numerically is the thermal comluctivity divided by he product of density and specific heat. The value of diffusivity is Tarzely affected by he sock (ype used inthe comerete, Table 3.4 sts dilusivites for comorete made wth diffrent rock types. The higher the Value of diffusivity, dhe more readily haat will move ough, thecorerete. For nonnalweight concrete, where density nd specific heat values vary within relatively narow ranges, «hesmal diffusivity reflects the conductivity value. High comluctivity indicates greater ease in gaining or lsing heal ‘Values fr concrete containing quartzite aggregate hive een reported up to (4065 £7 (0.0060 a 2.6 Modulus of elasticity Before achieving a measurable modalus of elasticity, volume changes occur with no accompanying development Table 3.4—Diffusivity and rock type oe geese | idar idan) | 1 nt) Case #0129) Ta of res. After placement he conte will begin to behave lasielly. Unless moe acca detrninaons are made the ‘laste modulus in tension and compression for hardened onerete may he assumed ea 1833 StF in pot S043 Jf in MPa), which for normalweisht eoncete reduces 10 57.000 fin psi (4700_ff? ia MP), itabo shouldbe based en probable stength discussed inSection 3.4. The mnduluso elasicity ia mass conctee ean depart Significant fom dese vatues and shouldbe based on att tonteeslts whenever possible. ‘Typical instantaneous and sustained (ong tr) elastic ‘modus values for four conventional mass concretes (diferent coaisesgategtes|aresivenin Table 33. The Tower modulus of elasticity values after I year of sustained loading eflect the inereasesin strain resulting frm te ime- ‘dependent characteristic (creep) of the concrete. At inter mediate dates, dhe unit sain increane i direlly proportional to the logarithm ofthe duration of aing For example, ‘th intial loading at 90 days and hast segregate concrete, ‘he inal unit strains 0.24 milionths per si 357 nilonts pet MP2). After a I-year Toad daration the unit sain value 150040 mulliceahs per psi GB. millionth per MPa). AtanTable 3.5_Example instantaneous and sustained ‘modulus of elasticity for conventional mass concrete (Harboe 1858)" Ti aT ‘age of 100 diys.or 10 days strain value in millicatts per psi is given by Eg. 3-2) jit aig, the unit (0.244 + 0.400 0.244) log 10tog 365=0304 3-2) “The resuling madulis of elasticity is 1.3 « Uf pai 22 GP, jie properties given in Table 3.5 were influenced by ‘conditions oer than agsrezate type, and for major Work, Taborstory-derived creep data Fused on aggrezates and ‘concrete mixtures to be used is probably waranted, ‘3.7—Strain capacity ‘Designs basedoon tenile stein capacity ear than tensile ssremath are mone convenient and simple where evteria are ‘expresedin ems ofTiner or volumettc changes. Examples, include temperanure and drying Svinkage phenomena. Teall tensile sain capacity s determined for each ‘concrete with fests ef large mass beams or prsins containing Internal Swain gauges, and ested in Mexure or divecttersion. “The tensile suain measured by embedded gauges in large ‘beams will approximate the diecttensile stain capacity. Surface gnges cn te tensile ace of lexial beams ‘however, will overestinate the strain capscity a should not be used. Because ofits convenience, it iscommen to use the indirect oe splitting ene strength tet to obiai tensile sttength properties of concrete and then convert this to terse strain capacity by dividing by the modulus oF est. ‘The indtect tensile strength, however, should fst he ‘converted to the probable dec tensile strength. The nownal tensile sraintest eam are 12. 12 x64 (300 » 300 x 1600 rm) nonreinforced, and tested to failure Under third-point loading (U.S. Anny Corps of Engineers 1980), Suains of theexteme fiber in ension are messured ively oa te test specimen. At the 7-day intial loading ‘age, one specimen is loaded to faire over a period oF a Tew minutes (apid es). Concurrenil, loading of a compan test beams tated, with weekly loading abtioas, 25 pi! week (0.17 MPa/ueet),of'a magnitude that will suit eam flue at approximately 99 days (Sow es. Upon falure ofthe slow tes bess. a third specimen is sometimes leaded 10 Failure under the pid test procedure to frovide a measure othe change in dase properties ove the duration ofthe st peri. ‘Tensile rain capacity results aid establishing conerete rack cant procedures. For 2xzenp, assume tata cenerete thas a coefficient of therial expansion of 5 millionthsP (0.9 millioaths"C) 7- and 90-day rapid load tensile svain of ‘en 88 milnntis, spectively, ana 7- ad cay dow Joad tesile stain of 118 millionths. Suicient insulation “hould be tsed to avoid sudden surface temperature drops seater an 645.5= 16°F 64°C) atearly ages, and 8855 16°F (89 °C) al3 months or later ages. Inthe event that ‘embedded pipe cooling is used, dhe otal temperature drop ould woe exceed TIWS.5= 21°F (12 °C) over the {month pio’. CHAPTER 4—HEAT TRANSFER ‘AND VOLUME CHANGE, ‘The purpne of this chagters w offer some practical guidance in determining the magnkude of volume change tht can be ‘expecta in cneretesiustures or elements. These effects ‘pply to mass consret structures and reinforced eonerste Structures. Reinfonced concrete structures use coment with higher beat geseraion, smaller gegate, more water, ad less temperature contol than nomnally used oF reco mended for mass concrete. In ccncrete elements, the primary concerns yolume changes resulting ftom thermal and moisture changes. Other volume changes, which are not comsigered i this document are alalr-aggregate expansion, aueygenous Ahviakage, and changes duc to expansive cement. Auogencs Shrinkage is the volume change due tothe chemical process thatoccurs during hydration. ‘The volume change that leads to thermal ercking is from the iemperature difference between the peck temperature of the concrete tained during early hydrtion (norally within the First week following placement) and the nininsum lemperstue to whic the element will te subjected under service conditions. The initial hydration temperature tse produces Title if any stress in the concrete. AC this erly ge, the modulus of elasticity af concrete ico sal that compressive stresses induced by the rise in temperature re insignificant even in zones of fll estrsint and, in addition, sare elacedy ahh rate of euly erp. A slighly conservative and realistic analysis results by sssuming a condition of n0 ini Ses. “The following sets discuss the thera factors oF a somirete placement tha esult in volume change, They are the initial placement temperature of theconcrete, the heat generation phexe. and the confing or heat dissipation phase Practices for cooling materials andthe caleulation of initial ‘smcrete temperatures are presentedin ACI 207.48. Methods to estimate orcalculate values forthe hest generation snd thermal analysis of a structure, The computation o thermal volume change canbe suntmerzad inthe following expressionTHERMAL AND VOLUME CHANGE EFFECTS ON CRACKING OF MASS CONCRETE AVE [U4 Tag) * TX CTE ap ‘volume change ofthe concrete final stable temperature ofthe concrete: inital pling temperature of the concrete: adiabatic temperature rise of the concrete: temperature change from th heat added or subtracted from the concrete due to envitoamental conditions: and {coetTisient of thermal expansion, 4.4—Heat generation The ate and magnitule of heat generation of the concrete (Tg in Ea. (4-1) depends on the amount per unit volume of ‘cement and pozzolan (i any), the compound composition ‘an fineness of cement, and he temperature during hydration ‘ofthe cement, Design rergth requirements, durability, and the characteristics of available aggregates largely dictate the ‘cement content of the evixtare to he used fora particule jb, ‘Options epen tothe engineer seeking o limit heat generation include: 1. Use of lower-heatporiand cement (ASTM 1157 ‘Types LH or MH of ASTM C 150 Types TV, Vo I with ninderate heat option 2. Use of Mendel hydraulic cement (ASTM C 595 ‘Types ISOMED, IAM, PYLE, UPND(AIED, USMYMH), MI, ce LH) that exit Favorable heat of hydration charter istics that may be even more firmly acieved by imposing heat ‘of hydration mit ofGons forthe portland cement claker: axl 53, Reduction ef the cement content by asing astag ot pevzoianic material ether fy ashor a natural pazzelan, 10 ‘provide a ewicton in maximum temperatures produced ‘Without sacrificing dhe hng-tim strength developmen. In some instances, advantage ean be en of the coment eduction Dene ofa water-seducing abmiture. ACI207.1R. Chapter 2 provides more detailed discussion of cementitious materials, ‘commonly used in mass concrete structures ALL Adiabatic temperature rise. —Figure 4.1 shows ‘ewes for adihstic temperature rie versus Gime or mass ‘concrete placed at 73 °F (22.8 "Cyan containing 376 Inyyd (223 haf) of various types ef cement. These curves ae typical of cemere produced before 1960, The same cement types toy may vary widely fiom thse hecause of increased fineness and strengths. Current ASTM specifications limit the ‘heat of hydration for cement in wo ways: I) by controlling ‘chemical composition, specifically by plicing limits onthe CS and CyA components and 2)by physically testing the ‘nea of hydration, These controls should wot be specified toetber. Hect-of- hydration tas present a fily accurate pictne of the toal heat generating characteristics of cement at 28 days Decause ofthe relative inseasiuvity with age of the total heat ‘generating capacity of cement at temperatures above 70°F (LUC). Atzarly ages, however, cement is highly sensitive ‘temperature: theetore, beat of solution ests, which are ‘pefoned under relatively constant temperatures, donot feflect the early age adiabatic empersture rise, The use of an 100 90 20 ea 10 +o] —| ' 20) “| a ze ‘TIME W OAYS Fig. 4.1—Temperature rise of mass concrete containing 376 Inhal (223 hyn’) of various types of cement. isothermal calorimeter for measuring beat of hydration can frovide daca ca the rate oF eat output at eat ages (Mile- ‘Mone a Rogers 1981). Mere accurate results for specific cemont, mixture proportions, agarezat initial placing ‘emperature, sad set of environmental somitions can be determined by adiabatic temperature-rise ests carefully performed in the laboratory under conditions that represent hose that will occur in the Field AL2Conent fineness—The fineness of cement affects the rae o heat generation sore than iaects the total ea _geseration. in much the same Fashion as placig temperature. ‘The ate of heat generation os affeced by cement fineness ‘and plecing temperatures shown inFig. 2 and 3, respec tively. These two figures are based on extrapelation of data from a study of the heat of hydration of cement by Verbeck and Foster (1950), “There are no maximurn limitations cn cement fineness in ASTM specications. By varying bush Gneressand chemical compositica ofthe various types of cemeut, itis possible 1 ‘ary widely te rte and total aia temperate ise of the typical tyfes shown in Fig 4.1. Therefore. itis essential «ha both the fineness and chemical composition of the cement in question be corsidered in estimating the temperature fiseof massive concrete members. ALS Other cemeritious materials —For mass concrete applications and pavement slabs, pozzolans and sags are ‘often weds supplemental emeatitiows material. InHEAT GenenaTion mPEtcenT oF 2347 7% > sens Fis. 42—Rate afheat generation as effected by Wagner fineness of coment (ASTM C 115) for cement paste cured at DSF 28 Ch 100) Fig. 43—Efct of placing temperature an tine on adiabatic temperate rise of mass cancrete containing 37 Iifvd (225 gn) of Type cement ‘general, the relative contritution of the pozzolan to heat ‘gerertioninaeaes with age of concree, fineness of pow ‘compured with cement, and with lower heat generating ‘cement. The eurly-age heat contribution of fy ath may ‘conservatively be esimated to range between 1S nl 35% of the heat conibusion from the same weight of cement. ‘Generally, the low percentages correspond to combined finenesses of ly ash and cemeat as low as 26 to 3/4 that of the cement alone, whereas the higher percentages corespond to fines equal to or greater than the cement alone. Ateurly azes (up w 3days) the temperature rise of tues containing ASTM C 618 Class F pozzctan rests principally from hydration ofthe cement, with Title i ny heat contnbuted by the pozzolan, At Iter ages (aller 7 days), the pozzolan Joes participate inthe hydration proces, and may contibute as much as 50% of the amoust of at that ‘wonldhave ben generted by the cement it eplaced, ASTM (C618 Class C fly ash generally produces more heat than ‘Classes For N pozzolans, particularly at early age. “The benefit of using pozzolan fr a portion of the cement js that it will cause adefinite reduction in the aroun of eat ‘severed by the cemeniticus materials and will delay the time of peak teamperauues by 30 G0 days. I its ae place raidly in cool environment, 2s isa Fequent case with rolle-conpacted concrete, the use of pozzolan ray real n ‘mere beat being rapped inside the mass. This isecause the nest lift i placed betone any significant heat develops that Would otherwise escape to dhe mosphere. This may be further ‘exiggarata if an effective retarding adminureis wed. Pocsolan can Signticanly alfes the elastic and creep ‘properties of concrete and uldinately the cracking behavior ‘of the consrete stricture, The optinal propoctions of pozzolan ‘depend on many facions that are often best determined by theroush investzation and material testing. Pozzolin use in roller compacted concrete is discussed in ACI 207.5R. 4.1 Euimating adiabatic temperaure rise—Fora given fineness, the chemical composition of cement has a relatively ‘constant elTect ca the generation of heat beyond the fest 2Ahous. Absent specific performance data, the 28-day ‘nfahatie tempers rise CF) forthe fur cement pes omy Deapproximaed by a Shaw a > T2150) where 0122 = specific heat of concrete incalie°C 150 = dessty of concrete ia Tv; ‘coaversion factor from Celsius wo Fahrenbeit ‘conversion factor ftom yd" to 1°: = weight of cement in pound: per cubic yard of Fora concrete mixture containing 376 Ih of cement per ‘cubic yard of concrete: 1), =0.76 f (F)-For low and ‘medium cement contents, the total quantity of eat generated ‘at any age is directly proportional tothe quasi of cement inthe concrete wiature. Tor high-cemeat- content concrie mixtures, howeves, the samunt of cement may be sufficiently high to increase the very early age heat toa point where the elevated temperature Jn tum causes a more rapid rate ofheat generation. When fly ash orother pozzolans are used, the ttal uantty of heat _generstedis directly prepontional 1 a equivalent cement content C.,, which s the total quantity of cement plus a [petcemage of total pozarlan coment. The contribution ofpovzolan to eat zeneraion varies with ae ofthe concrete, thetype of pezzelan, and the fineness of the pozzolan compared wih the cement. tis best determined by tesing the combined portions ot pozzolan and cement fr fineness and beat of hydration ‘Asillusrated in Tig. 4 adihaie enperatute ie Type IV, 1-het cement, notonly th dowestheat generate. bt sives the Teest tal temperature ris, Because the cement isthe active heat producer in coneree mixture the temperature ise of oncete with cement contents dieing fom 376 Thy > (225 kam) cane esumateotosey by muti ‘ales shown on he curves by a factor epee propodion of cement. ‘When aponion of the cement ic eplaed by» pazolan, thetemperatre ive curvesare greatly mde. pricalsty in he erly ages. Wile the fc ofpouzolans fer seal, depending onthe exposition and Fineness ofthe povzolan andcemen wed in combination, aru of thumb that has work fly wellon preiminary computations has ben to ass that pozzolan produces ely at SOF as ch heat as the cetiea that ireplaces. ta genet chen aaixtrsafet heat generation of concrete cy during the fs few hours tr mixing and cn he reget in peli computations In hema analyses involving thousands of euie yards of concrete. as in dams. lage foundation mas. and bridge piers, te aforementioned remarls shuld be applied only toprelininary computations, tnd the acahatic temperate nse should be determined cr the exact mixure the wed in he miss comet ating a the proposed placing temperatre, ALS Efecs of member vl aed sefecesreirWhese tha eat dimension of concrete units lrg or the suface area to mass ato lage eat of hydration can escape really um ihe boundary surfces forms not tse) andthe maximum temperature rise will nt be seat. al inane, howeser soe inertness ecesary to crete sternal gradient or conducting the heat the surface, Te rl of eat generate as acted by Compost, member is, andenvinaments Stzul access hocaie ofthe complex variable invelva For lrg onorete members, bawever, tis aisle compute thie temperature histry takninto account the measuted values of eat generation, conse placement temperatures, a fmbieat temperature. The problem may be simplified Somewhat by assuming thal the placing emperstre and bien ai temperature are decal. correction san then bo made fb the seta dfeence comeing th sw oe olimeteexpmed sufacerato (VS) ofthe member ia auestion. The VIS actually represents the average distence Ubroush which heat dssiate fom the concrete, ‘ally, peak consetetur for mos com etna concrete Srutures tay occur any ie during the ist ‘week after placement Figure 4 shows the effet of placing temperate and member” V/S onthe age at which peak concrete temperatures occur fr concite containing Type . rst 1200 ty r 7 [4 E ‘ Thon TENPERTORE LSP E, et i oes s (bet : Beer | Fig. 44—Efect of placing temperature and surface eysure ‘nage a peak temperature for Type Tcementin concrete. Air lemperatare = placing temperature me would be shortened or lengthened forcement her of lower heal-generating characteristics, Thate canbe aotble dlferences between the properties of| ditferent cements meeting the ndusty Sandard criteria, For ‘general comparative purposes the early age heat generation ‘ofa Type Ill coment is approximately equivalent toa Type T ‘coment ata 20°F (11°C) higher placing temperature Ta Similar Feshion, dhe hect-generatiag characterise of Types It and IV cement correspond closely to that of Type I cemeat aa 10 and 20°F and 11 °C) lower placing temperatures respectively. Figure 4-4 shows tht for VS less than 3 1t(L m), elk temperature will be reacted within | day under normal placing temperauue (80 °F [27 °C] er higher). 5 gives the approximate maximum empersture ‘ise for concrete members containing 376 Ih/yd (223 kgf) of Type Ieement for placing emperstues rang to 100°F (10 038°C, asuming ambient air emperatures ‘equal to placing temperatures. Corestions ae regited for “ilferent types sand quaauites of cementitious materials. ‘extecton forthe difference in air and placing emperatutes ‘ean be madeusing Fig. 45 by estimating the tne of peck temperatures fem Fig. 44. The effet of waterreict set- retarding agents onthe temperature rise of conerete is Usually enfined tothe frst 1210 16 hours after mx ‘during which time these agens have the greatest effect or the chemical reaction. Ther presence dees not appreciably aller the total heat generated in the concrete afer the Fist 2A hours, and no corrections are applied herein forthe use of these agents, A ciffusiviy of 12 “day (0.11 m day) has been assumed inthe preparation of Fi 44 through 4.6. ‘concrete of Higher or lower difusivity will decrease or Increase, respectively, ibe VIS, and can be accounted for by nultipying the actual VS by 120.11) divided by the actual ‘concrete diffusivityaoran-t2 CFFUSeeTY «1249.00 woowren|—] To] [J ACICOMMITTEE REPORT ‘Table 4.1—Example temperature rise in Jabs ca-ground 109) [1:5] 60 anf ir] crn J [4 a Eeporaia.. Table 4.2—Example temperature rise in TourenaTonerise n \ ra ) Fig. 45—Temperature rise of concrete members containing [570 liv? (225 kel *) of coment fordifferent placing ‘emperahure DerusnTY= 1240 87 oe 0 Fig. £6—Heat low betscen air and eomcrete for diffrence ‘between placing temperature and ambient cir temperature. LLG Other examples —A lage foundation or footing is ‘esentally a wall of Tage dimensions cst on it side, such ‘that heat is lst principally trom single exposed surface. For iis case, Table 41 shows the wpica maiinum weanperatues ‘expected. hich ate net substantially higher than hose Fe a ae Stee Seances, ‘ertcaly cast wall Table 4.2), The maximum temperatures, Inever, occur at ter ages and ove large portions othe concrete muss, Because asalicenson compression force Dulatce should exis, Be compressive unit tes crs the eer portion fsa an erally unr, wheres ery bh emesis exis atthe exponed iden "Anexample of amassive comcfete stuctne ha Wis erck fice with des thera conto, idl by favorable climate condition, sarge Totng placed in Great Britain ‘Gizibten 1973), sas $200 0 nin ean 82 1 {25 in depsh, with acement content of 705 Ind? Giakgin} acl a asingle uit A maximum concrete temperate of 150° (65°C) was easured, with sie tarde protected by 3/4in (19mm) plywood fos top Strface by a plstic sheet under 1 in, 25 nn Tero san. Piywood and sand were exved atthe age of7 days exposing surfaces othe saben January a temperature and Danity condor. 42—Moisture contents ang drying shrin Forte sec conorsions Be ham che resin fiom drying shrinkage Snir volume change from teraperature excep tht Ge bs of mistre fom Iirdened concrete extemaly dow compued with ie loss ‘fhe. Therefore drying sinkage depends onthe Tenth of smal, drying shrinkage adds tothe stresses induced by ‘etentalresaint and shouldbe considered in the design of te reinforcement. When the VIS is laze, the restraint 19 dying shrinkage is enirely internal and the result is tension ‘onthe surface or a extemive pater of surface cracks ‘extending only a short distance into the concrete. When surface cracks of this ature do occur, Ue are stall and feinforcement isnot particularly effective n altering the size‘THERNAL AND VOLUNE CHANGE EFFECTS ON CRACKING OF MASS CONCRETE ‘or sacing ofthese cracks. Reinforcing bars ao nts solution for surface cracks rsh concrete thts eened osx plasic cracking (ACI HR Carlson (1957) sow ti 24 in. (610 st hick la would love approximately 30% of its evsporable water a 24 monthsof eonsinunus exposire wit bth Faces expsed wo 0% relative humility. one assumes atl drying Shvnkave potential atthe expored faces of 300 millionth, then the average dying shrinkage fora 24, (610 tm) sis under this exposure would be 9) nsllontts in 28 months. ‘ber than in no aid cimats concrete no ly ‘exposed to drying condoms this severe. Drying shrinkage ic affect bythe sine and type of aggregate usd “In general concrete ow in shvinkage en contin quar limestone, dove, renite. 0 Felspar whereas those high in shrinkage fen contain sandstone, slat, basal, wap sock, er het agatezates Which shrink considerably ihensenes orhave lw agility tothe compressive reses deycloped by the shrinkage of pst" (Troxell and Davis 1956)-In this discussion an ageregateTow insbinkage qualities isacaimed. Dring shinkags may vary widely fromthe values wedheten, depending on many factors that se diseased in more dealin NCL. In determining volume change its convenient towxgeess Arying sik in erm of equivalent change in concrete temperaue py-Cieepcan be expected sinticaty rece the srcac iad by drying singe ecaune of the long parod eyuited for fll drying sbrnkage to develop. Fquatin (4-3) provides an inital approimaton foray Shrinkage expesed as an equvalet temperature dop The appooination assumes an eialent drying srnkeze of |S) miions andan exgansion coelficento $10 ° pe °F (910) porChas basis in etalisning the Terma oe ‘suivant emperature drop. While the ces of yng sd ‘oat disipation ier, heir average path longs) are impact on wtal velume change. This Timithas been assumed. 4s 15 in. G80 mm) maximum in determining equivalen, Temperature change ay equivalent temperature change due o drying shwinkage, i ‘wate eontcntofiesh concrete, hyd * butnot Tessthan 25 yy: ‘ofl volume. in and area ofthe exposed surface, in? 4.3—Ambient temperatures Th many structures the most mnportantlemperture ‘omsderations ae the average si temperatures Qurng send immediately following he placement of concrete, andthe ‘minimum average temperature in the concrete that ean he expected during the lifeof the sructue. The temperature se due to hydration may be stall, particulary in thin exposed members, regaress ofthe type or antount of cement used in the mistut, i placing and cooling conditions re eight. On theosher hand the same member could have high temperate rive if placed at igh temperature in insulted forms. ‘As ageneral rule, when 10 special precautions are taken, the temperature a the conerete when placed in the forms will be slightly ove the ambient st temperature. The fina Stable emperature in the inror of a massive concrete saat ‘will approsimate he average anal si emperature atts gecgrtphical location. Except for wopical climates, deep resew oi impoundaeats will maintain the concrete in the vicinity ofthe heel oF the dam atthe temperature of water atts maximum density 0 abcut 39 °F (°C). Thus, the ecreme temperature excursion experienced by interior concrete is determined from the ‘nal lacing temperature plus the adbabatic temperature rise ins he heat fost the rand mins the fn stable temperature. Lifts of SR (1.6 m8) may lose as uch as 25% of te heat generated iT expoved for enough ime (ont $y) before placing the subsequent lit if he ambient ermperature is reasonably (about 20 °F [11 °C) ess than the internal concrete temperature, Lifts greater than $10 (1.6 mand placements wit ite or ao diference between thea tenspera- lure an ater ancrete temperate wl owe ite rn ea. ‘Atleast of equal importance isthe temperature gradient between the interior temperature and the exposed surface temperatufe. This ean ceate a seris condition when the surface and near-suriace temperatures decline at nsht, with the falling auturm and winter cir temperatures, or from coll \water filling the reservoir, while the interior concrete emperaturesremaia high. The decreasing daily ait temperatures, augmented Dy alvupt cold petiods oF several days" durttion that is characteristic of changing seasons, ‘may eeate tensile tains approaching, if aot exceeding, the strain capacity ofthe concrete. Coatrlling this problem is usually accomplished with surface insulation, 4.4—Placement temperature ‘Concrete placancat temperatures can be eximate to be approximately equal to os few degrees higher than the sean monthly ambient temperature. Specifications usully Tinit the maximum ad minimum placing temperatures of coreree for normal and exteme placement conditions. Forhot weather condiions, ACI305R recemmends limiting he intial concrete plaxement temperature 0 a ‘maximumot 75 1 100 °F 24 and 38 °C), depending on the placeiment conditions. The etmperature of cencrete placed ‘using hot weather may exceed the mean daly ambient a temperature Fy Sto 10 FG to6 C) unless messurs sre taken cool the conerae ce the coarse azareaae. Comec- tions should be made forthe diference in ai temperature and placing temperaiure using Fig. 4.6. For example, if during the Fist 24 Hours the ambien temperature is 80°F (27°C) and We temperature of te concrete, when placed is 60°F (16°C), a conctet section having a¥75 of 2 11(06 1) would abso 60Fe 6 the difference, o¢ 12°F (7 °C). Theevens (nowmaty £ £ t [-puwevar AY TTT Py ig. 47—Temperatare variation with depth ‘maxionun placing temperature in summer should be the Ihighes average summer temperature fora given local ft nove than 100 °F (38 °C). ‘Minimum coneretstemperauire recommendations at ‘establish the lowes placing temperature to be considered. Pacing temperatures for spring a fll can easonsbly be ‘considered tobe about halfay between he suramer and elements ae as varied as thir prolunged ecposurecomlitons. ‘The primary concern is for the final or operating exposure ‘conditions because eracks that my form.or open dure ‘coder consirction conditions may be expected 0 close ‘during operating conditions provided that stcl aresses remais inthe sti range during constriction conditions. Minimum concrete temperatures can be conservatively taken ‘asthe average minimum exposute temperature occurting ‘ducing a penod of approximately | week. The miss temperature of earth of rock against concrete walls slabs oma heat source, which afects the average tempersure of conete members depending upon be cooling path or VS ‘of the concrete. This hent source can be cxsumed toaffect a ‘constant emperature at some point $to 10 124 10 3.0m) frm the exposed cenerete face, The minimum temperature of concrete agains. eath or rock mass, Tyas be approximated by =r, 2tu=To (WS Taw = Tat So ay T, = average minimum anbientairtemperature vera prolonged exposure period of | week: and ‘temperature of earth or rock mass; approxinately 4010 60 “F, depending on clint, Ty = 4.6—Heat dissipation ‘Studies of the deipation ofheat from hoes of mass ‘concrete can be aecomplishedby the use of chants znd ‘graphs, by hand computation, or with nite-element ‘computer programs. The characteristic that determines the relative ability of heat w flow through a particular concrete | ts thermal dittusivity, which Was defined in. Eg, (31 4.6.1 Heat lssipution from concrete mus ‘concrete can bo affected by heat dissipated to or absorbed five, sinoundings (Rusk 1017). Ihe external ermpocte variation can be considered tobe expressed as asine wave, ‘an if asin adam, the body of eancrete is sufficiently thik ‘ota’ the internal temperature variation is vegliible ‘compared with that ofthe exposed face, the range of temperature varialen a any dstance from the surface can be ‘computed fre ferity as temperate range at diane «fen snkce, temperature range athe surface (x =D) base ef natural logavthns (= 2.718): sistance foe surface (0: iui. (a7) dein in Scton 3S ad pod of he yel of tenperatre variation in day “The vahe of diTusvky is lagely alec by te rock pe used the concrete Table 3.4 shows isis for concrete shad wih ciferent ek types The higher he vac of ifax Sythe mone way hea will me aah the mcr Forcengete with a difiity of Hf? (0093 mA) of (0042 17/49 x 10° mM), he penetration of he daily and the anal temperature eyeles i 8 shonin Fig. 47, 446.2 Fea dspetion frm specific shapes —When the boy bbe analy canbe eal approimated by a kaon geometrical shape, cars ae avalale forthe dec deter ‘sionof heat lacs For intance, Fig. 8 can housed to ‘eter the loss of heat in helo aa sd eye, labs with on oto faces expose, o soidspheres. The zppieation ‘ofthe values found on tse graphs an easily be male wo a Wile variety of probes sich the cooling of dams oe thick slabs of eat, the cooling of concrete agsregates atic ‘onling ofmass concrete by ue of erie pipes and the of bge pers. The following five examples are ‘ypical concn cong probe that can he soledby us of i 4. For simplicity of presentation the exams ae in inch-pound unitsonly:Appelix presents the examples ‘work in I (mitre) units, the following examples and Fig 48 the following tations olla 1 = time, days 1 = ailasiviy. 6 por day on per daTHERNAL AND VOLUME CHANGE EFFECTS ON CRACKING OF MASS CONCRETE So tot net nig Fig. 488—Heut loss fom slid bodies D_— = thickness of concrete section, ft (m); inal tempest diference between concrete ain able material, FCC) an nl temperate ference between concn and anbient aerial °F CC). apie TAL acetain levaton,anarch dams 70. thick andhasa mea temperature of 00°F expose to aie ‘ono ages a 5. how Ton wilt tke col t070°F? Assume = 1.208 Tita temperaurediferene 0, = 100-65 = 35° Final tenperatueaierence 0 = "003 “The pion ofthc orignal tea et ‘From Fi 4.8, using the slab curve. locate 0.14 nthe x= ‘axis and read the y-axis value, ow D Thea Example 2—N mass concrete bridge pit has a horizontal ‘mas section of 253 SOK an sata tea temperature of SDF Determine the mean temperature at various ines up 200 days if the pie is expose to water at 40 °F aad if the ‘diffusivity 60.90 f2/day, Fr a prismatic body such as tis pir, where hea is moving toward each of four pier faces, the ppt of oviginal heat remaining may be computed by finding the part remaining in two infinite abs of espocivethickness ‘equal to the two horizontal dimensions of th pier. and ‘multiplying the wo quantities so olzained to get the total bheat remaining inthe pie. For tis two-dimensional use, bettcrt Fi or various times the heat lansesassaciated with ‘ech direction cad then combine thn to find the total heat Tons of the pier. Inia temperature diference 0, Forth 25 fl dimension 80-40 =40°F Ber _ 090 Do asy o.oo 14s and for the 50 f dimension “Then calculate numerical values of 000144 and 0.060 foe times frm 019 200 days (refer to Table 44). These values can be used with Fis. 48 0 cbtain the) /0, ratios for bth 25 and 50 slabs. The product ofthese ritios indicates the (), heat maining ia de pier, andcan beused to calculate the final temperature ditfeence 0, The values 108 Oy, are ‘added tothe lerperatue ofthe Surrounding water to obtain neal pr temperatures at vaious ines up to 200 days, a5 shown in Table 4 “Ecample 3—Granite aggreyste at an initial tempers of ‘90 "Fis w be precoole in circulating 35 °F water For use in ‘mass concrete. The largest particles canbe appeosimated as ‘in, diameter spheres. How long must the aggregate be immersed to bring its mean temperature t040F? For granite, (2 = 108 day Inia emperaure direrence 0, Final temperature diference Oy 90-35 =55°F 40-35-5° (0.050012) ‘ Te ‘oraprosimately 17 minutes,a72R-16 ‘acl couIrTEe REPORT ‘Table 4.4—Calculations for Example 2 ane anaes |S] TR) | Parents F Example 4—A 0 diameter citcula tunel is 10 be Referring to Fig. 4.8 and using the curve for the hollow plugged with mass cxncrete wih a diffeivity of 120 “day. cylinder (because cooling is from within cross section), for ‘The maximum mean temperature in the concreteis 110°F, _thecalculated value of (yt, ‘andthe surrounding tock is 65°F. ‘Withou' artical cooling, how long will ittake forthe ‘eonperauure ine plug each 70 °F assuoning the 102k remains 65 °F? ital tempereure difference 0, ~ 1068 =45 Final temperature difference 0,,= 10 ~65=5°F 1.0128) 1s 27 days Approximately the same results can be achieved with ‘greater economy if the natural cold water the river isused Tor pat of the cooling. Control of the rate of cooling should ‘be exercised prevent thermal shock and, in many cases, pestcooling is conducted in wo stages. Assume river water is available af 68 °F, coo! te 60°F an thea suiteh to refigerated Wator at 38°F. How much tine wil ‘be taken in each operation and what isthe tol cooing ime? (0.03050) ROMEO = 170 days Forinial cooing 0, = 105 -60=45 “Fant, = 68 -50=8°F Example SA clsure block of sone initially at 105 °F isthe cooled w 45 Fw provide join opexing of 1.025 in ‘lore ereuting contraction joiats. How long will itake ro cool te ass by circulating Water at 38 F through ooking pipes spaced 4106 in howzomaly nd’ ia. verily? ‘Assume concrete to be mage with granite aggregate having a {ifusivty of L03 day. Crowe section handled hy each pipes 55.0) =22 8 2 “The diameter ofan equivalent eyfnde ean be calculate fiom 2 = ADFT Therefore 075 1 = (OTS2D « 20a “Total time is 20 + 18=38 days, but ofthis, the ime for using reliigeation has been cut by 13 Initial temperature difference Q, (0.35)28) _ 9 6s T03 For inal cooling. 0, = 68 —38= 30 °F an =2 fe | EF i 3 oe § oy re 0 sean ue at es oenct Bae + Some emetenat ramps eres spacingo ines Sn ‘SaPLE suo 2 tien Nove: 1.00 m= 328 it; 10min = 264 U.S. gai gai 1.00 mt = 10.8 tr: 1.00 may = 1038 ay Fig. 49—Rato offal mean temperasure diference 1 intial temperate diference Oy/Oye TPE (°C7O. Oe 27 0, ~ 30 281 = o67 (097128) = pays 46.3 Graphical solutions or heat dissipation thous ‘mans concrete For sraphical solitons, Fi. 4.9 through 4.11 canbe used forte determination of ll Ue characterises of sn atfcial cooling system for mass concrete, Figure 49 can be used forthe determination of te actual cooling ‘accomplished ina given number ef days witha given pipe deter temperature st various points dong the length ofthe cooling cil. Faure 4.1 can be used to detemnine the temperacure rise ofthe cooaot inthe pipe. As lluvrated in Fig.49,one can determine 0,/0, fora given systemot | ia, 25.4 mm) outsie diameter Cooling ues embeded in concrete of known diffusivity. Figare 4.9 ‘can ako be used to determine how many days of cooling ‘ow willbe reyairad wo achieve a deste Oy /,. Using the wetw solve Example Sof Sextion 4.52 er whic 5 gal ivinute: 1.03 #P/day: 45 tan (45 —38) + (105-38) = 0108 that tube length is 2001 and cooling water ‘Mw in each ube is5 galAninute, 34 days willbe required to accomplish the required temperature reduction, IF tube leagth ic 60, 40 days wil he equiv, according 1 Fig. 9. Thedlference in eats hetween the meted aking Fe. 48 and that using Fig. 49s due othe fact thatthe later takes ito agcount the variation in temperature ofthe cooling Water ‘along the pipe as itextacts heat fom the concrete, 464. Schniat’s method for determining temperature gradients —A the fnegovg, methods ane only approsimation: Jn thotypical eas, hydration ard cooling 20 ca simutanzousl Fer this general casein which it i necessary to determine actual temperature gradients, Schmidt’s metbod (Rawhouser 1945) has proved tobe of immense value. The concept and application i so simple that it canbe performed quite easlyaoraR-18 Aci CommITTEE REPORT Noe: 1.00 mm los ttiday Fig, 410_ Ratio of inl mean temperature diffrence et a given length from the inlet inital temperature difference g/Oe ECO O. ih adesk caleulator, and yet for complicated cases can ‘easily be programmed for computer application, Without ‘going inv ts desvaton, itcanbe said that Schmidt's metho is ase om the donee that i the aay incr question is ‘considered to he disided ino e umber of equal elements, and ifa numberof physical Timitations ae satisfied simul neously. the temperature for agivem increment atthe end of ‘an interval of ime is the average of the temperature of the ‘wo neighboring elemeats a the beginning of that time interval. Te necessary physical relationships a= at wo 2 where Aric th time interval, Acicthe length of element, and I? is the diffesion constant. Units of Ar and Ac must be ‘consistent with unis in which fs expressed, Stated ‘mathematically, 0, 0, and O, are the temperatures of three suscessive elements atime f, then atime fy oye.an, = Wed + an ‘The universal applicability ef Schmidt's method is such, ‘that canbe extended to esses oF two-dimensional and tdyce-dimensional heat ow. Tor the two-dimensional ase, ‘the aumetical constant ? i replaced by 4,and the averaging should take ito account temperatures on fou sides of the ‘given clement. For the thee-dimeasional cae the constant 2 is replaced by the number 6, and the averaging should be ‘asried on for six elements surrounding the cubic element ia ‘question, Example 6 demonstrates the use of Sehmid's ‘method ina pracial problem. ‘Normally where there ae severl Statens considered in ‘cach Tift the temperature dsuibution within dhe it at any ‘given time can be obtained with sufficient sceuricy by ‘calculating ony hal of the points at any one time. a shows in the iabulated soluion. With the use of computers the ‘alzulations of heat-and induced thermal stiesses can be ‘easily determined using the Finite elemene method. Thermal ‘eradients may also be determined as part of « wider scepe (oo Uee-ensonal nonlinear, incremental sctural ‘analysis. Ondinaily used ony for very complex mass conerete stractres this method of analysis can evaluate comglex ‘goomatry of sstnctire, noalineaehehavior of concrete, stractue interaction with the foundation, ill ther elements such asa reservoir, the effects of sequentialroar ryan oe oh Note: 100 mm =3.28 1.00 ni 1038 (Pr; 1.00 may = 108 fay Fie 4.11 Ratio of temperaiure rise of woterin cooling pipes i intel temperature diference QJ, “FPF CO: constuston, thermal gradients, added insulation, and suface snd gravity foxes (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1994) Example 6 refer wrpendi A Sor this example worked in SH ani) —Determine temperature rise throushout (0 6 f¢ Tift of mass concrete placed at 2-day intervals, The conereie contains 376 yd" of Type Il cement and hes adifusvity Of LOO /day. Take te space interval as L011. The time werval need forth temperature athe cemer ofthe space to each atemperaure which isthe everageof the temperatures of the woadcent element, using Bg. (1.6), i8 a= 2 05 day Bir) In Table 4.5 the atiahati temperature rise (above the temperature of cnerete when it was placed) in half-day wervals fra 3-day investigation taken from Fig 4.1 (except that the temperature ise at hlday age i estimated). “The change in temperature A, is determined by subirating the temperature at ay time interval fom tha of the preseding time inerval. he hula scluion (Table 46) dhe space interval of LO Alivides each lift into six clemeats ov satons. Boundaries such as rock surface, construction joints, and exposed sariaces should he clearly defined. Nete thatthe adabasie Table 4.5—Adiabatic temperature elements for Example 6 Tecan nen pS tempered Fi) & emperatute rises the ck surface is taken a just one: hall lf the concrete rise tecase the rock is no generating hea Ata constuction joiat, the tise is the avenge ofthe two His, ‘which are generating heat at different rates at any given te, tthe expose surface. the adshatc rise is zero because the heat is dissipated as quickly as itis genetsted frm the concrete below. Note that in he aforementioned computation, ‘ovo steps are required to produce the temperature at theend ‘of the Ball-day period: the Fist step averages the adjacent ‘emperatures, an the second step adds the adiabatic temporsturs rise ofthe concrete 46.5 Heat dsipation through reinforced comercie — Reinforced elements or structures do not generally require the same degree of accuracy in determining peak tempera-‘272R-20 Aci ComumrTee REPORT ‘Table 4.6—Calcuiated temperature rise in concrete above placing temperature using Schmict’s method, °F, for Example 6 ‘SEA SPS a a ‘ures ss uareinforced mass concrete. In uneinfercel mass ‘concrete, peak temperatures are detemnined for te purpose ‘of preventing cracking. In einforeed conere, cracking is ‘resumed to occur, ad the consequences of overestimating ‘or underestimating the net temperature cise usually minor ‘compared wit the cverul volume change consilrstion. Suiticient accuracy is normally obtained by useof charts or srophs, such as Fit. 45, toguicKly estimate the nt temper ‘ature rise for conereie metubers cooling in aconstant ‘temperature environment equal tothe plocing temperaure, ‘and use of Fig. 46 to account fr the difference inthe ‘acwal and assumed cocting environment ‘concrete containing 376 Ibof Type I poland cement per cubic yard of concrete 223 kein 3) in terms of vis ofthe ‘member. The ViS actually represents the average distance ‘through which heats dissipated from the concrete. This distance will always be less than the minimum distance Detween faces In determining the V/S, only the surface area ‘exposed to aor cast agaist Toes sould be considered. ‘The insulating effec of Formwork should be considered the calculation of volume ofthe member. Stel forms are ‘poor insulators without insulatin, they offer Title resistance ‘eat dissiputicn fiom the concrete. Te thickness of wond forms or insulation inthe Grection of principal hea Flow should be considered in temns of ter affecting the rate of ‘heat dissipation (ACT 306R). Each inh of wood has aa ‘equivalent insaaing value of approximately 20 in. (510mm) ‘of concrete but can, for convenience, be assumed equivalent 102 £1(06 m) of adltional concrete. Any Faces Father apart than 20 times the tickaes ofthe member canbe ignored as ‘conteDuting to bea low. Therefore fora long retaining Wal, he end surfaces are normally ignored. The Vis can be dtewnined by summiag the volume of ‘concrete and including the additional concrete volume assumed mode the effects of insulation. The next sep is ‘sun the area of the surfaces fro which heats assumed. toflow. The Vis s the rao ofthe two summations. For slabs, Is should not exceed 34 ofthe sab thickness. While ‘multiple it slabs ave mot generally classed as reinforced Slabs, VI should not exceed th Height of It ample ume is provided for cooling lit. The temperature rive for other types of cement and for ‘mixtures containing differing quantities of cement or cement plus pozzolan from S76 hd? 225 kein?) can be proportioned sper Seaton 4 Figure 6 accounts for te difeences ia pacing tempera ‘ures andambient air temperaures. The ViStor Fig. 46 should be identical tose used wig. 45. In al previous temperature determinations, the placing emperature has ‘boon asuined equal to ambient ir temperate. This my not be the casei evoling measures have been taken dating the het-neather period or heating measureshave been taken ‘during cold weather. When the placing temperature of ‘concrete is lower than the average ambient air emperature, ‘hea vill be absorbed by the concrete, and enly a proportion ‘ofthe origina emperalure diference will be effecive im Towering the peak temperature ofthe concrete, When theplacing temperature is higher, the oppenite elect is obtained. AS anexanple foran ambien aif emperatue ef 75°F 24°C), the placing temperature ofa 44 (2b dick wall 2 1.7 1) bigh is 60°F (16 °C) instead of 75 “F 4 °C). THOS would ‘bed 8 (1.3 m, assuming Hin, 25-4 mn) wooden for. ‘Theage forpeak temperature would he 23 days frm Fig 44 From Fig. 46 50% of the heat difference will be absorbed or “F (4.2 ‘C): therefore, de base temperature or the effective placing erpperature for determining temperature rise will be {68 F (20°C). In contrast ino cooling metheds are used, the ‘seta placing emperaurecof the concrete willbe 85°F (29°C), fe age of peak temperature would be I day, and the base temperaure or effective placing temperature for deter temperature rie will be 81 °F(27 °C) ing 4.7—Summary and examples "The maximum effective temperatre change constites the summation of four basic temperature determinations. They ae: 1 The effective placing emperauure: 2. The Final o operating temperate oF the concrete: 23. The tenperaure rise of he concrete due o hydratin: and 4. The equivalent temperaure changs tocompensite for ying shrinkage, if an. “Measures for muking these determinations have heen ‘resiously discussed: therefore. the following example problens we mostof the calculations required ia determining the maximum effective temperature change. Ecairple 7—Assutve: 2 it wide retaining wall with rock ‘hase and backfill on one sid: 20 high by 100 fLlong placed in two 10 1 is, wood forms: summer placing wah concrete ‘cooked w 60 °F; concrete mixture designed for a specficd Strength of 3000 pei ov average strength of 3700 pat 0 days ‘contine 215 tha Type I cement adishatc carve came as Fig. 4.1), 225 Ihof fly ash. and 235b of water per yd. The insulating effect of Vin. thick wood forms on eat face ‘would he to effectively increase the thiskness by 220/12: 43411 assuming Vin. thick wood form facing is equivalent 1© 20 in concrete) Determine te temperature change ofthe ‘mere thal resus fa thera contraction. “The basic approach i wo detente values fr cach of the «ach ofthe variables inthe following expression T= Tys + Tere) Tae 1 Decermine the VS fora unit widdh (1) of one 10 11 Remember thatthe wood forms provide an aditional 20in, ‘of equivalent concrete on each vertical face that should be ‘onsideredin the volume caleulation, Volume = 10 x(2-+ 20/12 + 20/12) = 53.33 A (per foot) Surf area =(10-+ 10-52) ws =53.30220= 2. Determine the effective plang temperatare Ty: a. Establish ambient si temperature for summer place- ‘ment based om locality. Use of the average monthly temper ‘ure is goud inthe absence of more specific iafonmaion. ‘Assume 75°F average temperatures 1, From Fig .t,concrote temperature peaks at 2 days. Tener the fet that Type T may peak slightly Tater hat Type T «Using. Fig. 46, the heat absorbed for V/ spprosimaely 60%: and 1d The net effective placing emperature (46073 — 60) = 69 45. Detrnine the inal exposure lemperire Thy | WK ld 1. Establish minimune exposure temperature for week, ‘duration. Ambient temperature datas needed for area. For this example, assume that minimum ambient temperatures we 20%: b. For final exposure conditions, assume thatthe retaining wall has been backfilled and forss removed. Note a only one 101 2s T= 60% ViS= (0x2) 7/1042) =20in, an Wo backfill, vis= 10 x 2) 3110.4 10.42) 9K = 1 in Using Fy. 4-4) © compute beat dissipation, select an ‘arth temperature approprias forthe region. Assume 60 °F Tran = tinimum ambient temperature + 28 (earth ‘emperstuge minimum seen! temperature) (visi96 Fin = 20°F + 21560 — 20) x (20/96) =32 °F. “E Determine the temperature rise ofthe concrete, Tes: a. From Fig. 45, ie temperature rise for Type I cement for dy surface expose und eee plang lemperaure ef 9 °T and VAS of 24 = 20°F 1. From Fig 4.1 corost for acm Type H coment peaking at? days hy catia of 2-day adihatie tempers foe ‘ach cement type. T= (40/50)30) = 24°F: «. Correct for actual cement and fly ash content of actual smixtire based on ratio of cement contents assuming tha ly ssh is equivalent toa weight oF cement equal Li of the Weight of fy ash C.,=215 + 2254= 2721 2F 7201376 Teer (74°F, say 18°F Temperature ofthe concrete atthe end of 2 days = 69 + 18=a7 F, 5. Deteroine the equivalent temperate for drying Shrinkage. Because VS fr final exposure conditions is {reaier tha 15 in, no aditonal temperate considerations ‘ae required for external etait consierations. 6. Compute the maximum effective temperature chanseT) T= Typ * Te) Tae Ty = (694 18)—32 =87-32 Example 8— Sane wall as Example 7, eceept that 90 ‘cooling measures were taken and the concrete mixture‘contans 470 inj of 2 Type cement, having a tubidimeter fineness. of 2000 cag 28 ay brat of solution of 94 eal, Determine the eampersture change ofthe conerte that resus in thernal contraction. 1. Determine the VIS fr unit width (1 (ame as Example 7). tof one 10 in vs = 2. Deters the eflectve placing temperature Ty: ‘2 With no cocting measures, the placing temperature ‘could be as much 10 °F above the previously assumed ‘ambignt temperature of 75 °F. Assume T= 75°F + 10°F. Sr 1 Prom Fig. 44, the concrete peaks at 3/4 of a day for 85°F placing temperate. «From Fig. 46, the tea dissipated tothe en 18.36% ofthe difference in placing nd ur temperature: Difference = 036(85 ~75) =4°F T8549 5 Determine the find exposuretemperature Try at | week: ‘od. As in Exanpie 7, minum ambient temperature is 20°F: Aerefone, Tyg temas 32 4. Decne the temperature ise oF he conte, Tey ‘2 From Fig. 45, de temperate the for 3761yd "of ‘Type coment for dry surface exposure and an effetive placing temperate of 8 °Fand VIS of 2.4 f= 37°F. 1. Flom Fig 4.1, theadiahatc temperature rie of the ‘Type I cement a 18 hours is 30°F. Note that thistime core- sponds i when the concrete weaches peak emperatur. This, ‘alu shouldbe corected forthe various fates because all, the figues ate hased on 376 Thy of Type I cement Correction factor fr dferene in cement fnesess rence in Type I cemen fneness for 2000 versus 1800 at 3/4 of a day (18 hours) = 48/38 = 1.18, 4 Cotection value fur difference ia heat of soluon oF cement From Gq, 42), the enperatre difference due to teat of saluion 1, = 07694 -87) ‘Note that 87 call isthe 28 day heat of hydration for Type ‘cement with a fineness of 1790 as shown ja Fig. 4.1. This ‘value needs to be further cortected for 18 hours. Use the ratio ‘of the I3-hour/28-day adiastic heat rise for Type T cement thom ig. 4. 28-day alishatc heat ise= 67°F 15-hour abate beat is Hi, - 30°F 76494 — 87) x 30/67 = 24°F ‘© Combining those corrections factors (Lines ¢ and d) resus in aconected 18-hour adiabatic tomperatine sve fe [376 yd? or Type I cement oF LIS G04 24) = 382-7 ‘Aci CommITTee REPORT ‘Consequently, the conected adiabatic emperature rise ‘38.230 1.27 times greater than the adiabatic temperature ise forthe coment used in the figures. £. Comet the effective placing temperature (irom 4ia)) by the 1.27 ratio 30% 127-471 Corset forhigner acual cernen: content basel on ratio of cement contents 47.1 (4701576) = 58.9 °F bh. Contect for use of Type I cement based on ratio of ie hon adiabatic temperature ve for each cement type 389 (2537)= 39.8°F, say 40°F ‘5. No alton for drying shrinkage. 6. The peak temperature of the emcee at 18 bows: 81+ 402121 7. The drop in temperature aecting volume change: 121 32-59 7 ‘Comanent: The effect of increasing cement content by sing no fly ach aad implementing an cooling measures results in increasing the peak concrete temperatures from $7 ‘© 121 Upon cooling 1 a minions temperature, the temperature change that results in ternal volume change i 55 versis $9 F, resulting inapproximately 6% moe ‘olumechange. CHAPTER SRESTRAINT 5.A—General "No tele sain or sess caused by restraint would ‘develop if he length or volume changes associated with ‘ecreasing temperature within a cemerete mass or element ‘ould uke place feely. When these poteial contractions, ‘ither btweena massive concrew stuctre and its Foundation, Tetween contiguous seucturl elements inerrally withia ‘concrete member are prevented (retrained) fiomoceurring. tensile strain and sires wil result ‘To restrcn an action is wo check, suppress, cub, limit, oF restictits occurence to some deziee. The degree of reraint ‘ei the ratio of actual ress resukng Irom volume change like sess iat would result feompletely restrained, ‘Numerically, dhe strain is equal to the product of the degree of eestrcnt existing st the point in question and the changein nitength that woud occur i the eencrete were not retranel ‘All concrete elements are resrained to some degree by ‘volume because there is iypcally some restsint provided either by the supportiag elements or by diferent pats of element itell- Restrained velume change can induce tensile, ‘compressive, cr Hexurl sreses in th elements, depending 0a the ypeofresaine ant whether the change volumes increase or decease. We are normally not concerned with ‘estat conions th ince compressive stresses ncowerse ‘cause of the ability of concrete to withstand compression, The {primary concer with estat cen isha the induced tensile dresses concrete are dhe ones tat can eal cracking. Inthe following discusien, the types of restraint be ‘onsidredare continuous extemal resraint and ternalTHERMAL AND VOLUME CHANGE EFFECTS ON CRACKING OF MASS CONCRETE resraiat, Both types are interrelated and usually exist some degiee in all concrete elements. Concrete placed en an urjointed rigid cock foundation will be escenilly eraned at ihe coneree-tockinerface, but the degree of restaiat will decrease considerably at locations above the rock, 2 shown in Fig 5.1. Yielding foundations ‘will ease Tes than 100% retrain, Thal retain tthe rock plane is mitigate because the concrete temperature rise (and subsequent decline) in the vciity ofthe rock Foundation s reduce asa result ofthe Hl of eat int the foundation itself. Discussions of retrain and anlyteal procedures to ‘evaluate ss magnitude snd effect appear in Tatro and Schrader (1985, 1992) and Gamer and Hammos (1991). 5.2—Continuous external restraint ‘Coniinuous restraint exis along the contact surfice of ‘coneree and any material against which the concrete has ‘been cast. The degree of restraint depends primarily on the relative dimensions Suength, 2nd modulus of elasticity of the concrete and resraining nates S21 Sires distribution By definition, the stress at any point in an unerackad concmte member is propetional to the Strain in the concrete. The borizontal stress in a member ‘continuously retained at its ase and subject iowa berise Uniform horizontal nth change varies rom pointto poise jn accordance withthe variation in degree of restraint throughout the menber, Two rest’ factors have been developed to more filly model the restraint conditions on a ‘mansive structure the structural shape resent factory td the Foundation retin cor K, S21. Structural shape restraint factor —The disti- ‘ution of restraint varies with the Iength-height ratio ( L/#), ‘ofthe member or snuctural element. The case of eencrete placed without tne lapses for lifts i shown graphically in Fig, 5.1. This chart as evotved from years of experience ia ‘racking evaluations Is origins are from esata derivations ‘originally reported ly Carson (1937) and lace published by the U.S. Bureau of Rectamation (1068). The restrain fctor ‘Kmodifis the degree of westranw and sess in Eq, (5-2) ‘based on the relative dimensions of the concrete structure. 8.21.2 Foundation resirant factor K—The sees in ‘concree de o restrain deeresse in direct proportion to he “decrease in sullNess ofthe restraiing foundatien material. “The restraint facior Ko be used in Eq. (5-2) has een ‘approximated by (US. Burcauof Reclamation 1965) oh where A, = gruss wea of concrete ass setien AE = area of foundation other clement eestraining shortening of element, generally taken 26 plane sunface at cont E, = meduls of elasticity of coaerete: and ‘medulus of elasticity of foundation or restraining eleneat. “SF YT a ALK pM LZ UY We Fig. 51 Degree oftensite restrain at cemer section. ‘Table 5.1—Foundation restraint factor for foundation rigidity In general. formass concrete on rock, the maximum effecive restraining ass area Ay cam be assumed a2.5 A, and the values of the multipliers are then shown in Table $1 Using the degree of testing Ky rom Table 5.1 and Ki ‘om Eq (5-D, the tense stress a ny point onthe centerline ‘duc tat decrease i length can be caculate from Sia KaK AE, 62) where K, = degree of foundation restintexpresedas a ratio ‘with 1.0 = 1006: Ky = degree ofsiictral geometry restraint expressed asa raowit LO= 1K ‘contraction if dre were mo restraint and sustained medulus of elasticity ofthe concrete at the time when a, eccurre and fo the durstion imohed. 5.2.2 Cracking pattern—When siessin te concrete due toresirained volume change reaches te tensile strength of‘ACI COMMITTEE REPORT L Nar el a ' Tm nearanien anse a os - ce i a reset # ¢ ') 5 X fel YZ ol a i: Bs lez ol i i’ the Fig, 52—Internal forces initiation of erach at restrained use. the eonerete, crack will fom. Ifa concrete member is subject oa uniform reduction in volume Fut i esr at its base or stan edz cracking will initiate a the base or restrained edge where the restraints greatest and progress ‘upward or outward until a pointis reacted where the stress is insulicent w continue the crack. Ale inital cracking, the tension caused hy resi in te region ofthe crack is tuansforcd to the uncracked portion ofthe member, towshy increasing the tensile street above the crack Fee L/H seater than about? Fig. 5.1 indicates that ifthere is ‘enouah iene stress to its crac. it should propagate to the full bck height because ofthe aforementioned siress- raising feature. Many tess aso indicate that, once begun, a ‘rack will extend wit les tensile Sess than required to jdate i (ACT224R). From the preceding discussion, wrcinfercol walls or ‘Sas fully eestained at thee have and subject to sient volume change to produce fll-secten cracking. wil ultimately ‘tain fll-secton cracks spaced about 1.0 10 2.0 times the ‘eight of the block. As each crack forms, the propagation of that crack to the fll height oF the block will eause a redis- lubucion of hase restraint such that each portion of te wall, ‘er slab will acta an individual section between cracks. Using Ey. -2) and Kg values fom Fig. 5.1 to deters the ‘ores disrition atthe hase centering the existing restraining force and momest at iniation of cracking can be ‘termined from the intemal stess block for various —L/H. ‘and is shown in Fig, 52. Because cracks do not immediately ‘ropigace to the full Mock height througheut the member, 2 ‘ving lec of continuing volume change Should be present. ‘A propagating cock will increase the teasil sess at ‘every section above the erack ast propagtes. Once a crack ‘exists sites isrequired tn propagate the crack io the rea ‘oF tensile stress that s less than the tense strength. This ‘pends on several factor, such asthe shape of the crack Up, that is, whether itis pointed or rounded. Fiom Fig. 53, the ‘maximum restraining foes inthe tess block, comesponding lw maximuin base shear, occurs with the volume reduction EW 3 5 Fig. 5.5 fect of erack propagation om interna forces producing inital cracking. The maximum moment ofthe Internal stoss block, comesponding to maximum base restraint, does no occur until the crack propzgates wo aheight of 02 0013 times the height of section. AL that poi the ‘rack is fee to propagate tits ull height without 2 further reduction in volume. From Fig. 5.3, the maximum base reseaint atthe centerline ofa bioek having an LH OF 23 6 approximaely 018-617, wbich wounds up i (2 fB1P- ‘This nay be assumed asthe minimum base restent copa of producing full lec cracking. The comesponding spacing offal block ezacking in uneinforced concrete would therefore ‘ye epproximately 125. 45.3—Internal restraint Tacenal restraint exists in wncrnbers wih onunitonn volume change on across setion. This oreurs, for example, Within walls, las, cr masses with interior temperate seater than surface eemperatues or with diferent drying Shrinkage from outside ty inside. I also occurs in slabs ‘projecting through the vals o buildings with cold ouside ‘edges and warm interiors and ia walls with the hase or lower ‘orton covered and the upper portions exposed to ait. Tntemalsesraint depends on the diferential volume change within a member. Iv effects add algebraically tothe effets of external restraint except that their summation will never exceed the effects of 100% external restraint. There- fore, winere high external restraint conditions exist the effets of internal restraint may be negligible. For example, the ialesior of nos: concrete structures with | inimuta dimension greaer than aout 2 1 (0 1m) Will be& a temperature above the ambient ar temperature at fhe Sine For are removed. At the boundary Dawn the comorte a he Forms, the concrete temperate wil he below tha! inthe inteice bat above that ofthe air. With tel forms, the later difference may be sna bu wi insulated steel oe wood fom the dillerence muy be substan. ‘When the forms are removed in that nstace the cones sutjecied io siaden seepenig o the thermal gradient omediately behind the concrete surface. This sudden thermal shock can cause surface caching. Leiticel ckcumstanes wll arse with the approtch ofthe coolersunina nnn or the Filing fa eservce with cold runoff. Abrupt and substantial dep in ai temperate will cause he near-surface gradient tosuenly teen, resulting ia tesle sais hat ae necely 100% retained. Exposed unformed concrete urfaes ar also vulnerable. ‘These critical conlition te mostly avoided during he Seconda subsequent cold seasons besa much Othe eat hasbeen ont nn he netor comets and Ue tperatre raion nthe visity of the surface i mich lever. [$31 Sires dstributon and cracking Insel estes is sila continous ade essing, except the eecive resting pine isthe plane of 240 sess in he itera stress block andi dependent onthe actual temperature talent in the contete (Fis. 5). Fr setn sai, the Summstion of tesile sess induced bythe temperature oF rostue gradient on a cos section ould be halance by an equal compressive force, This alae Hin Keates te dep do he eternal sues Mock. Whe depth of he tne stress black 4, ilar compared with the oping of uit, then the sess ndced by volume change wil not he anfcan. Avan example if ibe annual enperature range atte surface i four ies he range in conse, tema 100 (Gi) thick dams would havea IS 4.6m) deep tensile siress block using the dstebuton shown in Fig. 47. Home assumes 501 (13m) spacing ims, tel, rao would be 3, and de desis of resin ate surice would be 28 wing Fig. Sl and Lid ax L/HL Incomes, om the ‘ame chart. th dil eyele shows penetration oe 29 2511 (0.610 08m) Using 21106 masa the deatee of ‘esaiat ate surface would be approximately 85%, and assuming a concrete teri tenth of 300 psi 2 MPa), a conse tus of 3 10 psi 2x 10* MP, anda ee feat of thermal expansion 3x10 sn. (10 * fne'C), cracking would occur athe ace with 28 F (13°O hop in surface temperature. For eq sess, the nna temperate vation shoul be 2" (86°). rocking fiom te dhily temperature eye is nec usually jniicam in dams an lrge masses, particulary in tolerate clinats, teas of the lindtedpenevaton or Significance of stcheracks The 24°F (13) drop ia mean daly temperature curesponds to now Winer erperaire Auctions for mona climates. “Temperatures on the opin faces of a wal lab ay soto equal because ofa ference ia exposure condoms. The variation of empertins hough the sl oe wal be assumed be parabolic or exponent omens ZL [Ear cette moot RS y+ scarmesunrace at St__PR rension a i STRESS DUGRAM INTERNAL RESTRAINT Fig. 4 ternal ves. “Temperature disuibution ofthis sot will cust the Sb oF ‘unrestrained, or induce bending stresses along the vember fis ends are esirsinad as previously discussed in Section 54. ‘The plane of zero stress of the tense stress Blok foe projecting portions of concrete walls or slabs may be deter- ‘mined by a hea low analysis orby rl as just described. The jroportion of cold Vousne to total volume i larger Tr ncabets ofthis type than for dams or ether large concrete asses. The penetration ofthe dsily temperature cycle erty herofore he asamed somewhat move than the 05 o01San peretttion revieuly mentioned for dams. Restraint atthe fee edge may also be determined fr these cases fom Fiz. 5.1 by seting the dep ofthe tensile stress Hock, 28 a ned plane 311 (I m) imide the exerorsutace. CHAPTER 6—CRACK WIDTHS 6.1—General TCarge'sized, randomly spaced cracks are usually objec- tionable in most structures In reinforced structures, such ‘racking may indicate tha the emnorcemeat tansverse le crack nas yielded. Reinforcement, when wed in mass ‘concrete, is intended to restrict the sizeof cracks that would fthervice occur. Large-sized cracking may be cause for ‘concern, depending on the structure in question and theprimary purpose ofthe reinforcement, Surface-crack widihs ae important fom an aesthede viewpoint, ae easy t0 measure, and ae the subject of most imitations. While the ‘nid of crack atthe sure ty inl be larger ham Ue ‘rack width atthe reinforcement the difference may be ‘expected todacreac with ime. Sin, fer winorcement ‘restos many fine cracks rather than one single large erack: Dowever fibers may be of Tinited benefit atthe percent of reinforcement normally achieved. For water-retentonelements, very naow, barely visible «racks (0,002 in. [0.05 mm) will probably Fea. at Fast initially: however, noamoving cracks up 00.05 i, (0.13 ‘mun may beal inthe presence of excess moisture and there fone would aot he expected to leak continually. Any Ieakige may be expected stun the exposed concrete face o esate problems with surface ceatings, Gaidance for designing reinforcement to conte cracks in ‘concrete stuctures is provided by ACT 224. 6.2—Crack control joints ‘uasheen common practice for many yeas to use expannion and contraction joints to reduce the size ao numer ot tuncontolld crack. In siewalk and pavement construction, formed grooves have also been woe to create plates of ‘weakness thereby inducing cracking to coincide with the straight Fines ofthe goes. This concept has been expanded in the UK as amethod of controlling ercks in massive walls and slabs. The practice has also heed extended to consrus~ lion of conventional facing conerete in roller-compacied ‘oncrete dans. The Batis install plastic or metal bond breakers to induce cracks at specific locations, Turton (1977) indicates thata cross-sectional reduction of a Tittle as 107% has proved successful in experiments, but 2064 is eecommended to encure fll seston cracking in practice. The depth of surface srooves is obviously limited by any continuoas reinforcement; therefore, some fort of Void should be east into wassive Sections to ‘achieve the needed section reduction, These voids can be formed with plastic pipes or defiatable duct mbes. Alternately, the reduction may be accomplished by using proprietary rack-indusing water barriers that have been designed to tetas hath boad breakers and water tops. The principal advantage of 2 erack-contel system is that cracking can ‘essentially be hidden by the formed grooves. Alo, the crack size (width) lose its significance whea there is ‘water barrier and the reiaforcemert crossing the crack is Principally minimum steel thats aot required for sruc- ‘ural inegriy. soractares to the minimum practical size, in keeping with the function ofthe structure. Reinforced cenerete structures ae ‘generally designed in accordance with ACI IS oF 35D. The reasonable crack widihs vers exposure conditions in ‘Table 4.1 of ACI 224R represet a historical viewpoint of lolere crack widlh, While they may no represent cutent AGI COMMITTEE REPORT ‘consenss, thy do offer guidance to whathasbeen considered ‘ceptable, ‘Limiting rack width through the use of reieforsement ‘becomes ineteasinely dificult as member size increases. meniberis to eric ts peal hydration tenyperatres This ‘becomes increasnaly impovtane wih incresing member size. CHAPTER 7—REFERENCES ‘7.1—Referenced standards and reports “The standards und reports Tised below were Une atest ‘efitions atthe time this document was prepared. Because these document. ae reviced Frequently, the reader i advised tw contact the proper sponsoring group iit is desired to refer tothe last version, American Concrete Institute HOR Cement and Concrete Terminology 2UT-IK Guide to Mass Consrete 20TiR Cooling aed Instating Syst for Miss Concrete 2OTSR Roller-Compacted Mass Conrcte DUAR Evaluation of Swength Tost Results of Concrete 2UUR —_Contol of Cracking in Conerte Structures ROR Ht Weither Concrting 306R_— Child Weather Concreting BIS Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete 380 Environmental Engineering Concrete Stuctres ASTM International COMCOIM. Specification for Ready-Mixed Cccte CHS Test Method for Fineness of Portland Cement by the Turbidenter C150 Specification for Portland Cement 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cement C618 Sundard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Caleined Naural Pozzotaa for Use Concrete HIST Pavformance Specification for Hydraulic Cement 7.2—Ched reterences "ASTM, 2006, "Thormal Properties.” Significance of Tests and Properiies of Concreve cand Concrete M- akine Mat rials. ASTM STP-169D_ ASTM International, West Conshotocten, Pa. 12 pp. ‘Buk, S. D., 1947, “Five-Year Temperature Records of a ACL ovesat, Proceedings V. 44, No. I, Jan, pp. 65-76. (Cannon, RW; Tull, L; Schade, F-K.:ad Taso, 5.B., 1991, "Cement Know When to Say When” Iterntionel. V.V4, No Te. 525 Carlsen. R. W.. 1937, “Drying Shrinkage of Large ‘Conaete Members” ACLJouRNaL, Proceedings V3, No.3, Jan-Feb. pp. 327-336. ‘iugibboa, M.E., 1973, "Thermal Contruls for Large Pours.” Cint! Engineering and Public Works Review (London), V.68, No. 806, Sept, pp. 784785. Concrete‘THERMAL AND VOLUME CHANGE EFFECTS ON CRACKING OF MASS CONCRETE Gamer, Sand Hammons, M, 1991, “Development and Implementation of Tune-Dependent Cracking Material Model for Concree.” Technical Report 3191-7, USCAE, ‘Watrsays Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss. 4 pp. Harboe, . M., 1058, “Comparsen ofthe Iestantaneous snd the Ststaned Medals of Easicity of Conerete” Report No.C 854, US. Department of the Interior, Bureau ‘of Reclamation, Demer, Col., Mar. 20. Milestone, N:B. and Rogers, D.E., 1981, Use ofan ‘wothermal Calorimeter for Determining Heals of Hydration a Early Ages” World Cement Teclnology (Lond). V. No.8, Oct. pp. 374-380. Pcellidede, A: Foatoura, JR. F; Bittencourt, RMLs and Guerra. E. A. 1982, Thermal Propertss of Concrete for Some Brazilian Dam,” ICOLD Congress, Rio de Jaret, Brasil. pp. 1111-1137, Raplel J. M. 1984, “Teasile Suength of Concrete,” ACL JoueNaL, Proceedings V. 81, No. 2, Mar-Ape pp. 158-165 Ravshouser,C., IMS, “Cracking and Teaperatte Coat ‘oF Mass Concrete.” ACL Houma, Praceedings VAIN 4, Apr. pp. 305-348 ‘Tao. S.B._andSchrader, EK. 1985, “Thermal Consider ions for Roller Compacted Concrete,” ACI]. ouRNAL Proceedings V_82, No.2, Mar-Apr. pp. 119-128. “Tao, S.B.,and Sealer, E-K., 1992, “Thermal Analysis of RCC—A Practical Approuch:” Roller Compactedt Concrow II, American Sosiety of Civil Engineers, New York, Feb. Tooxel. GE. and Davis. HE. 1955, Composition and Properties of Concrewe , MacG raw-Fill Bock Co., New York, 236 pp. “Turton, C., 1977, “Practical Mears of Cont of Early ‘Thermal Cracking in Reinforced Concrete Walls paper ‘presented at ACT Fall Coaveatien, New Oileans. US. Army Comps of Engineer, 1948, Handbook or Concrewe and Cemeni , Weterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss. (supplements issued quatteriy) US. Army Corps of Engineers, 1966, "Concrete Avrewate Properties Investizations, Design Memorandam No. 16” 13 July 1965 (;evied 17 Novetnber 1956), US. Amy Comps of Engineers, 1980, "Standard Test Method for Ulimate Tensile Stain Capacity of Concrete (CRD-C71-80, Mar US. Anmy Comps of Engineers 1994, “Nonlinear Inere~ ‘mental Structural Analysis of Massive Conerete Structures,” ETL 1110-1368, US. Bureau of Reclamation, 1940, “Thermal Properties ot ‘Con:ree, Boulder Canyen Project Final Repats, Patt VI, ‘US. Department of the lnttier, Demet, Clo. US. Bureau of Reclamation, 1961, “Properies of Mass ‘Concrete in Burean of Reclamation Dans." Concrete Labo= ratory Report No.C-100), US. Department ef the Intern. Denver. Colo, Dec US. Bureau of Reclamation, 1965, "Contr of Cracking fv Mass Canerete Stctures.” Engitering Monograph No. 34, US, Deparunent of de Intetior, Denver, Cole. ‘Verbeck, G 1, and Foster,C. W., 1980, "Long-Tine Study ‘of Cement Performance in Concrete. Chapter 6—The Heats ‘of Hydration ofthe Cements” Proceedings, ASTM, V. 50, 1162. APPENDIX A, AtNotation A 2 "Gectve tension aea of conerete surrounding a _sr0up of reinforcing bars and having the same ‘entoid as that reinfercement, divided by the sunber of bars Ay = econo a member subjectto volume change ‘rea of foundation oe other element retaining shortening of element 1056 area of concrete erss section ‘Wid oF ross section ‘weight of portind cement per cubic yard of concrete, ‘weight of portand cement plus a percentage of the ‘weight of pozzolan per cubic yard of concrete, Ib specific heat, Brus Tinear thermal coeicent 5 10° pee °F for lime- one agaregate, 6% 10° per °F for siliceous ver gravel suoegae = thicknes of cmerete cover measured fom the concrete surface a whic ericks are being consid ‘edt the center of the seares eionsing bar 4, = sssumed depth of tensile stress block foe ternal restnin| considerations E, = modalus of elasticity of concrete Fj, = modalus of elasticity of foundation or restraining element E, = modilusof elasticity of seel e coventrcity ofa head with expect the centroid ofthe section ‘weight of fy ach per square yard of comcrate, Ib specified compressive strength of concrete ps calculated sires in reinforcement psi tense res, psi tensile strength of concrete, psi design yield suess of steel perpendicular distance from restrained edge w fhec edge. Where a slab is subject to edge vesting ca two opposite edges, 1s one half the dtance Tetween edges For sab-on-ground, His the lab thickness, ‘aiahatc temperature rise ofthe concrete FE = afsvity inf pee hour ‘he = elemental eight ef erick above base 1h, = 28-day heal generation cement hy eat of yduton calle 1 = moment oF ineniaof gros comerete section subjected to flexure by resting frees = conductivity, BusruF K, = sSitfaess of vertical resesining dement subjected ‘flexure by restraining fowoes j= Sitlessor Toe stem being ensoned by estan Fig = degre of restesnt. Ratioo seul sre resuling fiom volute change to the stress that woul esuk ‘Toempbtelyeestrainal. Ia mast caleations, its‘convenient to use the rato of the difference in ree Tength change and actual kngth change tothe flee Tength change k ratio of depth of compressive area to depth lof ‘exural meer using sah line theory oF stress disibution distance between contraction or expansion joints indirection of eetraint or overall length of 8 nember undergoing volume chanze Le = calculated average distance between cracks N= numberof cracks n ratio of modulus of easiciy of steel o that of S = surface wea of concrete member exposed toair T= tensile force, ty Ty = average minimum ambientair temperature over prolonged exposure period of | week temperature generated by mixture of portland ‘cement and pozzolan T= temperature generate by total antsy of cemen- tious materials if all were portland cement Tps = equivalent temperature drop to be used instead of drying shrinkage Te = effective temperature chanze in members including an equivalent temperature change to ‘compensate for drying shrinkige Ty = temperature of earth or tock mass Taig = tiniounn temperature oF concrete against earth oF rock mass, °F Tex = effective placing temperature after accounting for heat gained fom orlosttoair.F T,, = placing temperature of fresh conciete T, = bigh temperature intemperature gradient T, = low temperaurein temperature sradient volume of concrete member W, = waterconent of fresh emeret,Ibyd” Ww, = weight orcement per cubic yard of conetete w= maximum surface crack width in, te = weight of concrete, Ih, Section 442 <= distance tween reat tension force snd ‘compression face it A. = contraction of concrete, nin, A2—Metric conversions vi Seas mer i 3088 m Vin = 6851 nn Vie (0.0529 m tin? 16.39 x10" mn? Vie 0.0383 m? ha? 0.76460" 1 O4536K2 1 vin? @siy = 6895 Pa 1 ipa? ds) = 6.805 MPa ii = ap Hit (ef) = 16.02 kaa? Hiya 0.5583 kel 1Bufb-F = 487s) 1 Buutb.heF = 1731 Wink Viniarr = LSmmmarc Temperate = Gy 3318 ke Ditterence in terperature Ae lsGi American Concrete Institute -Aloancing concrete knowledge ‘As ACI begins its second century of advancing concrete knowledge, its original chartered purpose remains “to provide 2 comradeship in finding the best ways to do concrete work of all kinds and in spreading knowledge.” In keeping with this purpose, ACI supports the following activities: + Technical committees that produce consensus reports, cuides. specifications, and codes. + Spring and fall conventions to facilitate the work ofits committees, Educational seminars that disseminate reliable information on concrete. + Certification programs for personnel employed within the concrete industry + Student programs such as scholarships, intemsnips, and compettions. + Sponsoring and co-sponsoring international conferences and symposia + Formal coordination with several international concrete related societies. + Periodicals: the ACI Structural Journal and the AC! 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