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Distance from source (m) at 400 kPa for 7, 14, 21 kPa (1, 2, 3 psi) pressure loss
Outside
Pressure loss
Diameter (mm) (kPa)
12
7
14
21
7
14
21
7
14
21
7
14
21
7
14
21
7
14
21
7
14
21
7
14
21
15
22
28
35
42
54
76
8 15
311
455
564
579
845
1038
1677
2441
3023
3363
4881
6034
6023
8720
10758
10103
14587
17963
14974
21176
25935
37754
53392
65392
209
307
382
391
572
711
1135
1656
2053
2283
3320
4109
4096
5943
7344
6883
9963
12290
10588
14974
18339
26696
37754
46239
30
61
91
122
152
183
213
244
274
Free air flow rate (L/min)
305
335
366
396
141
207
258
263
386
481
768
1123
1395
1547
2257
2800
2783
4051
5018
4685
6806
8421
7487
10588
12968
18877
26696
32696
95
139
174
177
260
325
518
759
945
1047
1530
1901
1886
2752
3415
3180
4633
5743
5294
7487
9169
13348
18877
23119
75
110
138
140
207
258
411
604
751
832
1218
1514
1500
2192
2723
2533
3694
4584
4323
6113
7487
10899
15413
18877
64
94
117
119
175
219
349
513
638
706
1035
1287
1275
1865
2317
2154
3145
3904
3743
5294
6484
9438
13348
16348
56
82
103
105
154
192
307
451
562
622
912
1135
1124
1644
2044
1899
2775
3446
3348
4735
5799
8442
11939
14622
50
74
93
94
139
173
277
407
507
560
823
1024
1013
1483
1845
1713
2504
3112
3056
4323
5294
7706
10899
13348
37
55
69
70
104
129
207
304
379
419
615
767
758
11
1383
1283
1878
2335
2368
3348
4101
5969
8442
10339
35
52
65
66
98
122
196
288
359
397
583
726
718
1053
1310
1215
1780
2213
2257
3192
3910
5692
8049
9858
34
50
62
63
93
117
186
274
342
378
555
691
683
1002
1248
1157
1694
2107
2161
3056
3743
5449
7706
9438
32
47
59
60
89
111
178
262
326
361
530
660
653
957
1192
1105
1619
2014
2076
2937
3597
5236
7404
9068
46
68
85
86
127
159
254
373
465
514
754
938
928
1360
1692
1570
2296
2855
2830
4002
4901
7135
10090
12358
43
63
78
80
118
147
235
345
431
476
699
870
861
1261
1569
1456
2130
2648
2647
3743
4585
6674
9438
11560
40
59
73
75
110
137
220
323
403
445
653
814
805
1180
1468
1362
1993
2478
2496
3529
4323
6292
8899
10899
Examples:
1 122 m of 28 mm pipe would carry 706 L/min of free air per minute with a pressure loss of 0.07 bar (7 kPa), or 1287 L/min with a loss of 0.21 bar (21 kPa). ie: 122/122 x (706/7
2 A flow of 1200 L/min in 122 m of 28 mm pipe would result in a pressure loss of 18.26 kPa. ie: 122/122 x (1200/1287) 2 x 21
3 140 m of 28 mm pipe would carry 800 L/min with a pressure loss of 9.92 kPa. ie: 140/152 x (800/912) 2 x 14
15
22
28
35
42
Distance from source (m) at 700 kPa for 7, 14, 34 kPa (1, 2, 5 psi) pressure loss
Pressure
loss (kPa)
7
14
34
7
14
34
7
14
34
7
14
34
7
14
34
7
14
34
8 15
408
599
979
759
1112
1811
2192
3198
5180
4387
6382
10290
7841
11380
18271
13128
19010
30392
276
405
664
514
754
1231
1488
2175
3533
2984
4351
7038
5345
7775
12528
8964
13012
20892
30
61
91
122
152
183
213
244
274
Free air flow rate (L/min)
305
335
366
396
186
274
450
347
510
836
1009
1478
2410
2027
2963
4816
3638
5307
8599
6113
8901
14381
125
185
304
234
345
566
682
1001
1638
1374
2013
3283
2470
3612
5876
4159
6070
9849
99
147
242
186
274
450
542
797
1306
1093
1604
2620
1968
2881
4696
3316
4847
7881
84
124
205
158
232
383
460
677
1111
929
1364
2232
1674
2453
4003
2823
4129
6723
74
109
181
139
205
337
406
597
980
819
1203
1970
1476
2165
3536
2490
3646
5942
67
99
163
125
184
304
366
538
884
739
1086
1779
1332
1954
3194
2248
3293
5371
50
74
122
93
138
227
273
403
663
553
813
1335
998
1466
2401
1686
2473
4042
47
70
115
88
130
215
259
381
628
524
771
1266
945
1389
2276
1598
2344
3833
45
66
110
84
124
205
246
363
598
498
734
1205
900
1323
2168
1521
2232
3651
43
63
105
80
118
196
235
347
571
476
701
1152
860
1264
2073
1454
2134
3491
61
90
149
114
169
279
335
493
811
677
995
1632
1221
1792
2931
2061
3021
4930
56
84
138
106
156
258
310
457
752
628
923
1514
1132
1662
2720
1912
2803
4577
53
78
129
99
146
242
290
428
704
587
863
1417
1059
1556
2547
1789
2624
4286
Examples:
1 122 m of 28 mm pipe would carry 929 L/min of free air per minute with a pressure loss of 0.07 bar (7 kPa), or 2232 L/min with a loss of 0.34 bar (34 kPa). ie: 122/122 x (929/92
2 A flow of 1800 L/min in 122 m of 28 mm pipe would result in a pressure loss of 22.11 kPa.
3 140 m of 28 mm pipe would carry 1100 L/min with a pressure loss of 10.78 kPa.
15
Pressure
loss
(kPa)
7
14
34
7
8 15
487
689
1084
867
356
503
791
634
30
61
91
122
152
183
213
244
274
Free air flow rate (L/min)
305
335
366
396
252
355
560
448
177
249
392
314
144
204
321
257
124
177
277
222
112
158
249
199
102
144
227
181
79
111
176
141
75
106
167
134
72
102
161
128
69
98
154
124
94
133
210
168
88
124
197
157
84
118
185
148
22
28
35
42
14
34
7
14
34
7
14
34
7
14
34
7
14
34
1226
1929
2332
3294
5185
4469
6311
9935
7718
10898
17157
12550
17724
27902
895
1409
1703
2405
3787
3263
4608
7255
5636
7959
12530
9166
12944
20377
633
996
1205
1701
2678
2308
3259
5130
3985
5628
8860
6481
9152
14409
444
698
845
1193
1878
1618
2286
3598
2795
3947
6213
4545
6418
10104
363
572
692
977
1537
1325
1872
2946
2289
3231
5087
3721
5255
8273
314
494
598
844
1328
1145
1616
2544
1976
2791
4394
3214
4538
7145
281
443
535
755
1189
1025
1448
2279
1771
2500
3936
2879
4066
6401
257
403
487
689
1084
935
1320
2077
1614
2279
3587
2624
3706
5834
238
373
452
638
1005
866
1223
1926
1495
2112
3325
2432
3435
5407
222
350
423
597
939
809
1143
1799
1397
1973
3107
2272
3209
5052
209
330
399
562
886
764
1078
1698
1319
1862
2932
2144
3029
4768
199
313
378
534
840
724
1022
1609
1250
1765
2779
2033
2871
4519
189
298
360
509
801
691
976
1535
1192
1684
2651
1940
2739
4312
181
285
345
487
767
660
933
1469
1141
1611
2537
1855
2620
4125
174
275
332
468
737
636
897
1412
1097
1549
2439
1784
2519
3966
Examples:
1 122 m of 28 mm pipe would carry 1145 L/min of free air per minute with a pressure loss of 0.07 bar (7 kPa), or 2544 L/min with a loss of 0.34 bar (34 kPa). ie: 122/122 x (1145/
2 A flow of 2200 L/min in 122 m of 28 mm pipe would result in a pressure loss of 25.43 kPa.
3 140 m of 28 mm pipe would carry 1300 L/min with a pressure loss of 10.39 kPa.
15
22
28
35
42
54
76
108
Examples:
Pressure
loss
(kPa)
1.3
2.6
3.9
6.5
1.3
2.6
3.9
6.5
1.3
2.6
3.9
6.5
1.3
2.6
3.9
6.5
1.3
2.6
3.9
6.5
1.3
2.6
3.9
6.5
1.3
2.6
3.9
6.5
1.3
2.6
3.9
6.5
1.3
2.6
3.9
6.5
8 15
30
61
91
122
152
183
213
244
274
305
335
366
396
40
55
59
76
103
116
174
222
301
236
353
448
607
427
638
808
1091
724
1079
1363
1833
1480
2196
2766
3699
3773
5563
6968
9233
9140
12874
15905
20675
40
51
69
78
117
149
203
159
238
303
412
288
431
548
743
488
731
926
1254
1001
1493
1889
2549
2563
3807
4801
6439
6543
9235
11374
14708
46
52
79
100
137
106
160
204
278
193
290
369
503
328
493
626
851
674
1010
1281
1737
1733
2586
3274
4421
4552
6578
8114
10520
41
62
79
108
84
127
161
220
153
230
293
399
260
391
497
677
535
802
1019
1384
1377
2058
2609
3533
3732
5274
6509
8445
53
67
92
71
107
137
187
130
195
248
339
220
331
422
574
453
681
865
1176
1169
1749
2219
3009
3280
4552
5657
7343
46
59
81
63
94
120
164
114
171
218
298
194
291
371
506
399
599
762
1037
1029
1541
1957
2655
2879
4071
5030
6538
42
53
73
56
85
108
148
102
154
197
269
174
262
334
456
359
540
687
935
927
1389
1765
2396
2628
3716
4592
5968
49
67
51
78
99
135
94
141
180
246
160
240
306
417
329
494
629
856
849
1273
1617
2197
2433
3441
4251
5526
45
62
48
72
92
125
87
131
167
228
148
222
283
387
304
458
582
794
786
1179
1499
2037
2276
3219
3976
5169
42
57
44
67
86
117
81
122
156
213
138
208
265
361
284
428
545
742
735
1103
1402
1906
1919
3035
3750
4873
40
54
42
63
81
110
76
115
147
200
130
196
249
340
268
403
513
699
692
1038
1320
1796
2036
2879
3557
4623
51
40
60
76
104
72
109
139
190
123
185
236
322
253
381
485
662
655
983
1250
1701
1941
2745
3391
4408
49
57
73
99
69
103
132
180
117
176
224
306
241
363
462
630
623
936
1190
1619
1858
2628
3247
4220
46
54
69
95
65
99
126
172
111
168
214
293
230
346
441
601
595
894
1137
1547
1785
2525
3119
4055
1 122 m of 28 mm pipe would carry 71 L/min of free air per minute with a pressure loss of 10 mm Hg (1.3 kPa), or 187 L/min with a loss of 50 mm Hg (6.5 kPa). ie: 122/122 x (71
2 A flow of 120 L/min in 122 m of 28 mm pipe would result in pressure loss of 2.99 kPa.
3 140 m of 28 mm pipe would carry 90 L/min with a pressure loss of 2.20 kPa.
Another alternative is to derive graphs from the tables, although it may be necessary to draw several graph
at different scales, to obtain accurate results.
9.
The graphs of flow vs pressure drop provide a pressure loss per metre of pipe, not a total pressure loss.
10. Because a pipe and the fittings in the system cause frictional resistance to the gas flow, a pressure loss oc
11. Each valve, fitting etc is allocated a length equivalent in frictional resistance to a straight piece of pipe of
12. To calculate design flows, the sum of the lengths of the straight runs of pipe plus the sums of the equivalent
13. In practice many designers simply add 2530% to the total measured length or use only 6075% of the allo
14. Equivalent lengths of some fittings are given in Tables A6 and A7.
Table A6 Equivalent lengths for copper fittings
8.
Ball valve
Tee (Thru)
Tee (Branch)
90 Elbow
6 mm
0.10
0.12
0.46
0.17
8 mm
0.10
0.15
0.52
0.20
10 mm
0.20
0.18
0.70
0.25
12 mm
0.30
0.21
0.80
0.33
15 mm
0.30
0.32
0.95
0.47
22 mm
0.60
0.42
1.26
0.63
28 mm
0.90
0.54
1.60
0.80
35 mm
0.90
0.70
2.10
1.05
42 mm
1.10
0.82
2.45
1.23
54 mm
1.20
1.05
3.14
1.58
Table A7 Equivalent lengths for ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) vacuum fittings
40 mm
Tee (Thru)
0.95
Tee (Branch) 2.76
90 elbow
1.25
171
50 mm
1.23
3.38
1.71
70 mm
1.65
4.57
2.44
100 mm
2.20
6.12
3.08
125 mm
2.56
7.68
3.84
427
457
31
45
57
58
85
107
170
251
313
346
508
633
626
918
1143
1060
1553
1932
2001
2830
3466
5045
7135
8738
30
44
55
56
82
102
164
241
301
332
488
609
602
883
1099
1019
1493
1858
1933
2734
3348
4874
6893
8442
427
457
41
61
100
77
114
188
225
332
548
456
672
1105
825
1212
1988
1394
2047
3349
39
58
96
74
109
180
217
320
527
439
646
1063
793
1166
1912
1341
1969
3223
427
457
67
94
148
119
65
91
143
115
168
264
319
451
710
612
864
1359
1056
1492
2348
1718
2426
3819
162
256
309
436
686
591
835
1315
1021
1442
2271
1661
2345
3692
427
45
52
66
91
63
95
121
165
107
161
205
280
220
332
423
576
570
857
1090
1483
1712
2422
2992
3889
457
43
50
64
87
60
91
116
158
103
155
197
270
212
319
406
554
548
823
1048
1426
1641
2325
2870
3730
a total pressure loss. This figure must be multiplied by the length of the pipe in order to find the actual total pressure drop.
w, a pressure loss occurs that is greater than that which would occur if the gas were flowing through the same distance of s
aight piece of pipe of the same diameter. This length is hence known as the equivalent length of the fitting.
sums of the equivalent lengths of all of the fittings etc in that run are added.
nly 6075% of the allocated pressure drop when sizing.
54 mm
1.20
1.05
3.14
1.58
76 mm
1.20
1.56
4.67
2.36
15
22
28
35
42
54
76
Pressure loss
(kPa)
7
14
21
7
14
21
7
14
21
7
14
21
7
14
21
7
14
21
7
14
21
7
14
21
15
30
61
91
122
152
311
455
564
579
845
1038
1677
2441
3023
3363
4881
6034
6023
8720
10758
10103
14587
17963
14974
21176
25935
37754
53392
65392
209
307
382
391
572
711
1135
1656
2053
2283
3320
4109
4096
5943
7344
6883
9963
12290
10588
14974
18339
26696
37754
46239
141
207
258
263
386
481
768
1123
1395
1547
2257
2800
2783
4051
5018
4685
6806
8421
7487
10588
12968
18877
26696
32696
95
139
174
177
260
325
518
759
945
1047
1530
1901
1886
2752
3415
3180
4633
5743
5294
7487
9169
13348
18877
23119
75
110
138
140
207
258
411
604
751
832
1218
1514
1500
2192
2723
2533
3694
4584
4323
6113
7487
10899
15413
18877
64
94
117
119
175
219
349
513
638
706
1035
1287
1275
1865
2317
2154
3145
3904
3743
5294
6484
9438
13348
16348
56
82
103
105
154
192
307
451
562
622
912
1135
1124
1644
2044
1899
2775
3446
3348
4735
5799
8442
11939
14622
15
22
28
35
42
Pressure loss
(kPa)
7
14
34
7
14
34
7
14
34
7
14
34
7
14
34
7
15
30
61
408
599
979
759
1112
1811
2192
3198
5180
4387
6382
10290
7841
11380
18271
13128
276
405
664
514
754
1231
1488
2175
3533
2984
4351
7038
5345
7775
12528
8964
186
274
450
347
510
836
1009
1478
2410
2027
2963
4816
3638
5307
8599
6113
125
185
304
234
345
566
682
1001
1638
1374
2013
3283
2470
3612
5876
4159
14
34
19010
30392
13012
20892
8901
14381
6070
9849
4847
7881
4129
6723
3646
5942
15
30
61
91
122
152
487
689
1084
867
1226
1929
2332
3294
5185
4469
6311
9935
7718
10898
17157
12550
17724
27902
356
503
791
634
895
1409
1703
2405
3787
3263
4608
7255
5636
7959
12530
9166
12944
20377
252
355
560
448
633
996
1205
1701
2678
2308
3259
5130
3985
5628
8860
6481
9152
14409
177
249
392
314
444
698
845
1193
1878
1618
2286
3598
2795
3947
6213
4545
6418
10104
144
204
321
257
363
572
692
977
1537
1325
1872
2946
2289
3231
5087
3721
5255
8273
124
177
277
222
314
494
598
844
1328
1145
1616
2544
1976
2791
4394
3214
4538
7145
112
158
249
199
281
443
535
755
1189
1025
1448
2279
1771
2500
3936
2879
4066
6401
15
30
61
91
122
152
47
60
82
59
89
113
153
173
260
330
445
350
525
666
900
40
55
59
76
103
116
174
222
301
236
353
448
607
40
51
69
78
117
149
203
159
238
303
412
46
52
79
100
137
106
160
204
278
41
62
79
108
84
127
161
220
53
67
92
71
107
137
187
46
59
81
63
94
120
164
35
42
54
76
108
1.3
2.6
3.9
6.5
1.3
2.6
3.9
6.5
1.3
2.6
3.9
6.5
1.3
2.6
3.9
6.5
1.3
2.6
3.9
6.5
637
947
1198
1614
1074
1598
2016
2706
2191
3246
4083
5448
5521
8070
10041
13166
12874
18207
22494
29238
427
638
808
1091
724
1079
1363
1833
1480
2196
2766
3699
3773
5563
6968
9233
9140
12874
15905
20675
288
431
548
743
488
731
926
1254
1001
1493
1889
2549
2563
3807
4801
6439
6543
9235
11374
14708
193
290
369
503
328
493
626
851
674
1010
1281
1737
1733
2586
3274
4421
4552
6578
8114
10520
153
230
293
399
260
391
497
677
535
802
1019
1384
1377
2058
2609
3533
3732
5274
6509
8445
130
195
248
339
220
331
422
574
453
681
865
1176
1169
1749
2219
3009
3280
4552
5657
7343
114
171
218
298
194
291
371
506
399
599
762
1037
1029
1541
1957
2655
2879
4071
5030
6538
6 mm
0.1
0.12
8 mm
0.1
0.15
10 mm 12 mm 15 mm 22 mm 28 mm 35 mm
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.9
0.9
0.18
0.21
0.32
0.42
0.54
0.7
Tee (Branch)
0.46
0.52
0.7
0.8
0.95
1.26
1.6
2.1
90 Elbow
0.17
0.2
0.25
0.33
0.47
0.63
0.8
1.05
Table A7 Equivalent lengths for ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) vacuum fitting
40 mm
Tee (Thru)
Tee (Branch)
90 elbow
0.95
2.76
1.25
50
mm
1
3
2
70
mm
2
5
2
100
mm
2.2
6
3
125
mm
3
8
4
m source (m) at 400 kPa for 7, 14, 21 kPa (1, 2, 3 psi) pressure loss
183
213
244
Free air flow rate (L/min)
50
46
43
74
68
63
93
85
78
94
86
80
139
127
118
173
159
147
277
254
235
407
373
345
507
465
431
560
514
476
823
754
699
1024
938
870
1013
928
861
1483
1360
1261
1845
1692
1569
1713
1570
1456
2504
2296
2130
3112
2855
2648
3056
2830
2647
4323
4002
3743
5294
4901
4585
7706
7135
6674
10899
10090
9438
13348
12358
11560
274
305
335
366
396
427
457
40
59
73
75
110
137
220
323
403
445
653
814
805
1180
1468
1362
1993
2478
2496
3529
4323
6292
8899
10899
37
55
69
70
104
129
207
304
379
419
615
767
758
11
1383
1283
1878
2335
2368
3348
4101
5969
8442
10339
35
52
65
66
98
122
196
288
359
397
583
726
718
1053
1310
1215
1780
2213
2257
3192
3910
5692
8049
9858
34
50
62
63
93
117
186
274
342
378
555
691
683
1002
1248
1157
1694
2107
2161
3056
3743
5449
7706
9438
32
47
59
60
89
111
178
262
326
361
530
660
653
957
1192
1105
1619
2014
2076
2937
3597
5236
7404
9068
31
45
57
58
85
107
170
251
313
346
508
633
626
918
1143
1060
1553
1932
2001
2830
3466
5045
7135
8738
30
44
55
56
82
102
164
241
301
332
488
609
602
883
1099
1019
1493
1858
1933
2734
3348
4874
6893
8442
366
396
427
457
45
66
110
84
124
205
246
363
598
498
734
1205
900
1323
2168
1521
43
63
105
80
118
196
235
347
571
476
701
1152
860
1264
2073
1454
41
61
100
77
114
188
225
332
548
456
672
1105
825
1212
1988
1394
39
58
96
74
109
180
217
320
527
439
646
1063
793
1166
1912
1341
m source (m) at 700 kPa for 7, 14, 34 kPa (1, 2, 5 psi) pressure loss
183
213
244
274
305
335
Free air flow rate (L/min)
67
61
56
53
50
47
99
90
84
78
74
70
163
149
138
129
122
115
125
114
106
99
93
88
184
169
156
146
138
130
304
279
258
242
227
215
366
335
310
290
273
259
538
493
457
428
403
381
884
811
752
704
663
628
739
677
628
587
553
524
1086
995
923
863
813
771
1779
1632
1514
1417
1335
1266
1332
1221
1132
1059
998
945
1954
1792
1662
1556
1466
1389
3194
2931
2720
2547
2401
2276
2248
2061
1912
1789
1686
1598
3293
5371
3021
4930
2803
4577
2624
4286
2473
4042
2344
3833
2232
3651
2134
3491
2047
3349
1969
3223
274
305
335
366
396
427
457
84
118
185
148
209
330
399
562
886
764
1078
1698
1319
1862
2932
2144
3029
4768
79
111
176
141
199
313
378
534
840
724
1022
1609
1250
1765
2779
2033
2871
4519
75
106
167
134
189
298
360
509
801
691
976
1535
1192
1684
2651
1940
2739
4312
72
102
161
128
181
285
345
487
767
660
933
1469
1141
1611
2537
1855
2620
4125
69
98
154
124
174
275
332
468
737
636
897
1412
1097
1549
2439
1784
2519
3966
67
94
148
119
168
264
319
451
710
612
864
1359
1056
1492
2348
1718
2426
3819
65
91
143
115
162
256
309
436
686
591
835
1315
1021
1442
2271
1661
2345
3692
9 kPa (450 mm Hg) for 1.3, 2.6, 3.9, 6.5 kPa (10, 20, 30, 50 mm Hg) pressure loss
183
213
244
Free air flow rate (L/min)
42
53
49
45
73
67
62
56
51
48
85
78
72
108
99
92
148
135
125
274
305
335
366
396
427
457
42
57
44
67
86
117
40
54
42
63
81
110
51
40
60
76
104
49
57
73
99
46
54
69
95
45
52
66
91
43
50
64
87
102
154
197
269
174
262
334
456
359
540
687
935
927
1389
1765
2396
2628
3716
4592
5968
94
141
180
246
160
240
306
417
329
494
629
856
849
1273
1617
2197
2433
3441
4251
5526
87
131
167
228
148
222
283
387
304
458
582
794
786
1179
1499
2037
2276
3219
3976
5169
81
122
156
213
138
208
265
361
284
428
545
742
735
1103
1402
1906
1919
3035
3750
4873
3.14
4.67
1.23
1.58
2.36
76
115
147
200
130
196
249
340
268
403
513
699
692
1038
1320
1796
2036
2879
3557
4623
72
109
139
190
123
185
236
322
253
381
485
662
655
983
1250
1701
1941
2745
3391
4408
69
103
132
180
117
176
224
306
241
363
462
630
623
936
1190
1619
1858
2628
3247
4220
65
99
126
172
111
168
214
293
230
346
441
601
595
894
1137
1547
1785
2525
3119
4055
63
95
121
165
107
161
205
280
220
332
423
576
570
857
1090
1483
1712
2422
2992
3889
60
91
116
158
103
155
197
270
212
319
406
554
548
823
1048
1426
1641
2325
2870
3730
600
500
400
12 7
300
200
12 - 7 KPA
12 14
12 21
100
0
0
305 37