INTERNAL

FLOWS
Fluid Mechanics II

General Concept of Flows in Pipe

2

As a uniform flow enters a pipe, the velocity at

the pipe walls must decrease to zero (no-slip
boundary condition). Continuity indicates that the
velocity at the center must increase.

Thus, the velocity profile is changing continuously

from the pipe entrance until it reaches a fully
developed condition. This distance, L, is called the
entrance length.

Dr. M. Khosravy

General Concept of Flows in Pipe

3

For fully developed flows (x>>L), flows become

parallel, v = (u(y),0,0) , the mean pressure remains
constant over the pipe cross-section

Dr. M. Khosravy

General Concept of Flows in Pipe

4

l Flows

in a long pipe (far away from pipe entrance and exit

region, x>>L) are the limit results of boundary layer ows.
There are two types of pipe ows: laminar and turbulent

Dr. M. Khosravy

General Concept of Flows in Pipe

l

CriJcal Reynolds number (Recr)

for ow in a round pipe
Re < 2300 : laminar
2300 Re 4000 : transiJonal
Re > 4000 : turbulent

Note that these values are

approximate.

For a given applicaJon, Recr depends

upon
l
l
l

Dr. M. Khosravy

Pipe roughness
VibraJons
Upstream uctuaJons, disturbances
(valves, elbows, etc. that may disturb
the ow)

General Concept of Flows in Pipe

6

l Whether the ow is laminar or turbulent depends on the

Reynolds number, where Um is the cross-secJonal mean

velocity dened by

1
U m = !! u dA
A A

Um

Um

l TransiJon from laminar to turbulent for ows in circular pipe of

diameter D occur at Re=2300

Dr. M. Khosravy

General Concept of Flows in Pipe

7

l For pipes with variable diameter, m is sJll the same

due to conservaJon of mass, but V1 V2

D1
D2

V1

V2
2

1
Dr. M. Khosravy

General Concept of Flows in Pipe

8

l When pipe ow is turbulent. The velocity is unsteadily random

(changing randomly with Jme), the ow is characterized by the

mean (Jme-averaged) velocity dened as:

1
v (y) = lim
T !" 2T

$ v(y, t)dt

#T

l Due to turbulent mixing, the velocity prole of turbulent pipe

ow is more uniform then that of laminar ow.

Dr. M. Khosravy

General Concept of Flows in Pipe

9

l Hence,

the mean velocity gradient at the wall for turbulent

ow is larger than laminar ow.

l The wall shear stress, w ,is a funcJon of the velocity gradient.

The greater the change in u with respect to y at the wall, the

higher is the wall shear stress. Therefore, the wall shear stress
and the fricJonal losses are higher in turbulent ow.

Dr. M. Khosravy

Poiseuille Flow
10

l Consider the steady, fully developed laminar ow in a straight

pipe of circular cross secJon with constant diameter, D.

l The coordinate is chosen such that x is along the pipe and y is in

the radius direcJon with the origin at the center of the pipe.

Dr. M. Khosravy

p1

p2

Poiseuille Flow
11

l For a control volume of a cylinder near the pipe center, the

balance of momentum in integral form in x-direcJon requires

that the pressure force,

( p1 ! p2 )! y 2
acJng on the faces of the cylinder be equal to the

shear stress 2 ! yb
" acJng on the circumferenJal area, hence

( p1 ! p2 )" y
!=
2b

l In accordance with the law of fricJon (Newtonian uid), have:

Dr. M. Khosravy

du
! (y) = !
dy

since u decreases with increasing y

Poiseuille Flow
12

Therefore:

du
dy

du ( p2 ! p1 )! y ! dp y
=
=
dy
b
2 b dx 2
(p ! p )
b

when = 2 1 is constant (negaJve)

l

Upon integraJon:

2
"
%
p1 ! p2 2
1
dp
y
u(y) = !
R ! y2 = !
C
!
4 b
dx $#
4 '&
1 dp 2
u(y) = !
R ! y2 )
(
4 dx

The constant of integraJon, C, is obtained from the condiJon of no-slip at the

wall. So, u=0 at y=R=D/2, there fore C=R2/4 and nally:

Dr. M. Khosravy

Poiseuille Flow
13

The velocity distribuJon is parabolic over the radius, and the maximum
velocity on the pipe axis becomes:

1 dp 2
um = !
R
4 dx
l

Therefore,

u
y2
= 1! 2
um
R

1 dp 2
Q = " u(y)2!ydy = " #
R # y 2 )2!ydy
(
4 dx
l The volume ow rate is:
! dp 4 1
Q=#
R = um!R 2
8 dx
2
Dr. M. Khosravy

Poiseuille Flow
14

The ow rate is proporJonal to the rst power of the pressure gradient and
to the fourth power of the radius of the pipe.

Dene mean velocity as

Therefore, U m = 1 um = 1 "$ ! dp %' R 2

2
8 # dx &

Um =

dp 8
= 2 Um
dx R
l This soluJon occurs in pracJce as long as,

Dr. M. Khosravy

Hence,

Q
! R2

D
Re = U m < 2300
v

Poiseuille Flow
15

The relaJon between the negaJve pressure gradient and the mean velocity
of the ow is represented in engineering applicaJon by introducing a
resistance coecient of pipe ow, f.

This coecient is a non-dimensional negaJve pressure gradient using the

dynamic head as pressure scale and the pipe diameter as length scale, i.e.,
!

f =
l

dp f 1
=
!U m2
dx D 2

2D 8U m
32
=
!U m2 R 2
!U m2 R

Introducing the above expression for (-dp/dx), so,

Dr. M. Khosravy

f=

64
Re

Poiseuille Flow
16

l At the wall,

du
dp 2y
! w = !
= !
dy y=R
dx 4
l So,

y=R

R dp
=!
2 dx

2! w
dp f 1
=!
=
"U m2
R
dx D 2

l As a result, the wall fricJon coecient is:

Cf =
Dr. M. Khosravy

!w
1
"U m2
2

f 16
=
4 Re

Head Loss in Pipe

17

l For ows in pipes, the total energy per unit of mass is

! p "U m2
given by # + + gy
$& where the correcJon factor is
2
"!
%

dened as,

"
! =!

u 2 "u dA
! m2
mU

with m
! = !
Q
being the mass ow rate and A is the cross secJonal
area.

Dr. M. Khosravy

Head Loss in Pipe

18

l So the total head loss between secJon 1 and 2 of pipes is:

#p
& #p
&
U2
U2
m2 + gy (
h = % 1 + " m1 + gy ( ) % 2 + "
lt % !
1 2
1( % !
2 2
2(
$
' $
'
h =h +h
lt
l
lm

hl=head loss due to fricJonal eects in fully developed ow in constant

area conduits

hlm=minor losses due to entrances, `ngs, area changes, etcs.

Dr. M. Khosravy

Head Loss in Pipe

19

l So, for a fully developed ow through a constant-area pipe,

p1 ! p2
hl =
+ g(y1 ! y2 )
!
l And if y1=y2,

p1 ! p2 "p
hl =
=
!
!
Dr. M. Khosravy

Head Loss in Pipe

20

l For laminar ow,

dp "p
32 U m
!
=
=!
dx L
D2

!p 32L U m
64 L U m2 64 L U m2
hl =
=
=
=
2
!
D
!U m D D 2
Re D 2

l Hence

Dr. M. Khosravy

L U m2
hl = f
D 2

Turbulent Pipe Flow

21

l For turbulent ows we cannot evaluate the pressure drop

analyJcally. We must use experimental data and dimensional

analysis.

l In fully developed turbulent pipe ow, the pressure drop, , due to

fricJon in a horizontal constant-area pipe is know to depend on:

Pipe diameter, D
l Pipe length, L
l Pipe roughness, e
l Average ow velocity, Um
l Fluid density,

l Fluid viscosity,
l

Dr. M. Khosravy

Turbulent Pipe Flow

22

l Therefore,

!p = !p ( D, L, e,U m , !, )

l Dimensional analysis,

"
!p
L e%
= "1 $
, , '
2
!U m
# !U m D D D &
hl =

!p
h
L e%
"
( l 2 = "1 $ Re , , '
#
!
!U m
D D&

l Experiments show that the non-dimensional head loss is directly

proporJonal to L/D, hence

hl
L !
e$
=
!
Re,
&
2#
U m2 / 2 D "
D%
Dr. M. Khosravy

Turbulent Pipe Flow

23

!
"

e$
D%

l Dening the fricJon factor as, f =

!
2 # Re
, & , hence

2
!
L
U
! $ m$
hl = f # & # &
" D% " 2 %

where f is determined experimentally.

l The experimental result are usually ploded in a chart called Moody

Diagram.

Dr. M. Khosravy

Moody Diagram
24

Dr. M. Khosravy

Turbulent Pipe Flow

25

l In

order to solve the pipe ow problems numerically, a

mathemaJcal formulaJon is required for the fricJon factor, f, in
terms of the Reynolds number and the relaJve roughness.

l The most widely used formula for the fricJon factor is that due to

Colebrook,

"e / D
1
2.51 %
= !2 log $
+
f
Re f '&
# 3.7

l This

an implicit equaJon, so iteraJon procedure is needed to

determine.

Dr. M. Khosravy

Turbulent Pipe Flow

26

l Miller suggested to use for the iniJal esJmate,

' ! e / D 2.51 $ *
fo = 0.25 ) log #
+ 0.9 & ,
Re % +
( " 3.7

-2

l That produces results within 1% in a single iteraJon

Dr. M. Khosravy

Minor Loss
27

The minor head loss may be expressed as,

KU m2
hlm =
2
where the loss coecient, K, must be determined experimentally for each
case.
l

Minor head loss may be expressed as

2
! Le $ ! U m $
hlm = f # & #
" D % " 2 &%

where Le is an equivalent length of straight pipe

Dr. M. Khosravy

Minor Loss
28

Source of minor loss:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Inlets & Outlets

Enlargements & Contractions
Valves & Fittings
Pipe Bends

Dr. M. Khosravy

Minor Losses
29

l Total

head loss in a system is comprised of major

losses (in the pipe secJons) and the minor losses (in
the components)

i pipe
sections

j
components

l If the piping system has constant diameter

Dr. M. Khosravy

30

Dr. M. Khosravy

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Dr. M. Khosravy

Non-Circular Ducts
32

Pipe flow results sometimes can be used for noncircular ducts or open channel flows to estimate the
head loss
Use Hydraulic Diameter, Dh =

4A
P

A - Cross section area; P - Wetted perimeter

p
p

2
4

D
/4
D
=
=
D
For a circular duct, h

4
ab4
aAr
=
=
For rectangular duct, D
h
2
(
a
+
b
)2
(
1
+
Ar
)

where Ar =b/a is the geometric aspect ratio

Dr. M. Khosravy

Non-Circular Ducts
33

Effect of Aspect Ratio (b/a):

n

For square ducts:

Dh=a

Ar=1

a=b
n

b
a

For wide rectangular ducts with b>>a:

Ar

Dh2a

Thus, flows behave like channel flows

n

However, pipe flow results can be used with good

accuracy only when:
b
1/3<Ar<3

Dr. M. Khosravy

Piping Networks and Pump SelecJon

l

Two general types of networks

l

Pipes in series
l Volume ow rate is constant
l Head loss is the summaJon of parts
Pipes in parallel
l Volume ow rate is the sum of the
components
l Pressure loss across all branches is the same

Dr. M. Khosravy

34

Piping Networks and Pump SelecJon

l For parallel pipes, perform CV analysis between points

A and B

l Since p is the same for all branches, head loss in all

branches is the same

Dr. M. Khosravy

35

Piping Networks and Pump SelecJon

l

Head loss relaJonship between branches allows the following raJos to be

developed

Real pipe systems result in a system of non-linear equaJons. Very easy to

solve with EES!

Note: the analogy with electrical circuits should be obvious

l
l
l

Flow ow rate (VA) : current (I)

Pressure gradient (p) : electrical potenJal (V)
Head loss (hL): resistance (R), however hL is very nonlinear

Dr. M. Khosravy

36

Piping Networks and Pump SelecJon

l When a piping system involves pumps and/or turbines,

pump and turbine head must be included in the energy

equaJon

l The useful head of the pump (hpump,u) or the head extracted

by the turbine (hturbine,e), are funcJons of volume ow rate,

i.e., they are not constants.

l OperaJng point of system is where the system is in balance,

e.g., where pump head is equal to the head losses.

Dr. M. Khosravy

37

Pump and systems curves

Dr. M. Khosravy

Supply curve for h pump,u38:

determine experimentally by
manufacturer. When using EES,
it is easy to build in funcJonal
relaJonship for hpump,u.

System curve determined from

analysis of uid dynamics
equaJons

O p e r a J n g p o i n t i s t h e
intersecJon of supply and
demand curves

If peak eciency is far from

operaJng point, pump is wrong
for that applicaJon.

39

Dr. M. Khosravy

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Dr. M. Khosravy