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Usually, volatility practitioners like to split their 3D volatility surface into two 2D charts. The first one
is called Term Structure, whose aim is to plot At-The-Money or At-The-Money-Forward volatility for
given maturities. The second one is called the Skew, that stands for the Skewness of the Implied
Distribution of S&P500 returns that can be extracted from listed option prices through BreedenLitzenberger formula[1]. The more liquid the underlying, the more relevant the information.
Our first target is to make things clear about the choice of the relevant estimator for what we call Skew.
There are many ways to calculate the skew, the two more common being Moneyness skew and
Delta skew. Both have advantages and drawbacks. We are explaining those in the upcoming
development.
Moneyness skew is commonly calculated as the difference between the 90%Moneyness volatility
minus the 100%Moneyness volatility. 90% and 100% can alternatively refer to Spot price or Forward
price for a given maturity. A Forward reference is more accurate especially for a high dividend yield
underlying. Moreover, people can also look at 90%-110% instead of 90%-100%.
Delta skew, widely used in the FX world is sometimes transposed to the equity world. People usually
compare the Put25%delta to the Call25%delta, or to the 50%delta. This measure is less dependent on
dividend yields, given that the delta already takes it into account.
Herebelow are some charts to explain the difference between the two estimators. The underlying used
is S&P500.
= 25% 25%
= =90% =100%
The timeframe is from 2005, 3rd January to 2015, 27th February.
On 27th February, delta skew and moneyness skew were respectively worth 2.02 and 9.9602.
Therefore, with such a difference of magnitude, the message delivered can be fully different regarding
the chosen measure.
We can notice that:
-
Delta depends itself on volatility, meaning that Delta skew takes into account an implied vanna
effect: the higher the volatility, the higher (in absolute value) the delta of OTM options, the larger the
spread between the strikes chosen to find the required deltas. Moneyness measure, and the strikes it
relies on, do not depend on the volatility level. Figure 2 shows this implied vanna effect: the higher the
VIX, the higher the ratio Skew delta/Skew moneyness.
If the global volatility level of the underlying (here this level is described by the VIX) is low, then the
upper and downside strikes used for the Delta skew calculation are very close. On the other hand, if
the volatility is high, then the distance between the strikes is likely to be quite large, artificially
increasing the volatility difference.
We only focus on Moneyness skew 90%/100% as Delta skew is not stable enough and submitted
to vanna issues. In the following, skew contribution to VIX is calculated using Derman approximation
for loglinear skew[2] [3]:
3
2
+
+
2
2
(12
4
+ 5
2)
= 12
90%/100%
(=90% =100% )
=
90%
90%
ln (100%)
ln (100%)
= 1
3
2
2
4
+
+ (12
+ 5
2)
4
Figure3 : vs S&P500
Figure 3 shows that there is no evidence of any relationship between the spot level of S&P500 and the
Moneyness skew. Figure 5 shows that there is no link either between Moneyness skew and VIX.
Figure5 : vs S&P500
Figure7 :
Figure6 :
vs VIX
As shown by Figure 7, increases linearly with VIX: the higher the VIX, the more sensitive VIX
is to skew:
> 0. When VIX increases, its sensitivity to skew increases, when VIX decreases,
its sensitivity to skew decreases. This measure can be helpful when a EqD trader decides to trade VIX
against skew
vs VIX
The real issue for Skew is that the measure (whatever be Moneyness skew or Delta skew) depends
on the spot level, whereas the strikes of options are fixed. A Skew strategy can only be set up with
fixed-strike options, whereas the way used to calculate the Skew level, and thus the opportunity to
enter in such position depends on the spot price. More than the Skew evolution, the PnL strategy is
highly path-dependent.
Lets assume a spot price that is worth 100. You enter in a long skew position, by buying the 90%put
(strike 90) and selling the 110%call (strike 110) for example as you find the 90%/110% laying in the low
historical percentiles. If the spot surges to 150, then the skew position you hold is not anymore a
90%/110% but a 60%/73% Skew position.
The CBOE developed the in order to fix this issue. The SKEW Index is a measure
of the Skewness of the Implied Distribution of SPX returns. It is calculated as the following, assuming
an Implied Skewness of -3.50, = 100 10 (3.50) = 135.
This measure does not depend directly on the spot price, and if it was tradable through futures as the
VIX can be, this would allow traders to take positions on pure skew, without any path-dependence.
Figure8 : vs S&P500
Figure9 : vs VIX
We are 4 associates, having created the first French equity Asset Management company to focus on
"high-growth" companies, through a stock-picking and global approach.
This way of investing is unique in Continental Europe, and we are eager to spread our philosophy
among French investors.
We began to invest on October 16th, 2013 with two global funds.
Uncia Global Long/Short Equity : a long/short equity fund with a diversified profile
Performances as of
March 18th
Uncia
Global
High
Growth I share class
Uncia
Global
High
Growth R share class
Uncia Global Long/Short
Equity I share class
Uncia Global Long/Short
Equity R share class
2014
2015
+2.7%
+5.1%
+9.4%
+12.4%
+4.1%
+1.9%
+3.2%
+1.8%
[1]Breeden D., Litzenberger R. (1978): Prices of State-Contingent Claims Implicit in Option Prices. The
Journal of Business, Vol.51, No. 4 (Oct., 1978), pp. 621-651
[2] Demeterfi K., Derman E., Kamal M., Zou J. (1999): More Than You Ever Wanted to Know About
Volatility Swaps. Quantitative Strategies Research Notes. Goldman Sachs
[3] Bossu S., Strasser E., Guichard R. (2005): Just What You need to know about Variance Swaps.
JPMorgan