Skyler Fraga

Mr. Carlin
APUSH
Civil War/Reconstruction Era
CHAPTER 18
1. Matthew C. Perry: He was the military leader who convinced the Japanese to sign a treaty in
1853 with the U.S. The treaty allowed for a commercial foot in Japan which was helpful with
furthering a relationship with Japan.
2. William Walker: installed himself as the President of Nicaragua in July 1856. He legalized
slavery, but was overthrown by surrounding Central American countries and killed in 1860.
Central American nations formed an alliance to overthrow him
3. Free Soil Party: The Free-Soil Party was organized by anti-slavery men in the north,
democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, and some conscience Whigs. The Free-Soil Party
was against slavery in the new territories. They also advocated federal aid for internal
improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers. This Free-Soil Party
foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican Party.
4. Fugitive Slave Law: came from the Compromise of 1850; paid federal commissioners were
appointed and given authority to issue warrants, gather, possess and force citizens to help catch
runaway slaves; the slaves could not testify either own behalf, "Man-Stealing Law", it shocked
moderates into being anti-slavery
5. Conscience Whigs: Anti-slavery Whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the
Mexican War on moral grounds.
6. Personal Liberty Laws: a series of laws passed by several U.S. states in the North in response
to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 and 1850, designed to protect free blacks, freedmen, and
fugitive slaves by effectively nullifying the Fugitive Slave Law
7. Underground Railroad: an informal network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th
century Black slaves in the United States to escape to Free states and Canada with the aid of
abolitionists who were sympathetic to their cause
8. Harriet Tubman: United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and
became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the
North
9. Compromise of 1850: package of five bills sent in September 1850. It defused a four year
confrontation between the southern slave states and the northern Free states following the
Mexican American War. Drafted by Whig Henry Clay and brokered by Democrat Stephen
Douglas it temporarily avoided secession or civil war at the time and it quieted a sectional
conflict for 4 years.

10. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty: Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country
would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the
U.S. in 1881.
11. Ostend Manifesto: A group of southerners met with Spanish officials in Belgium to attempt to
get more slave territory. They felt this would balance out congress. They tried to buy Cuba but
the Spanish would not sell it. Southerners wanted to take it by force and the northerners were
outraged by this thought.
12. Kansas-Nebraska Act: said that Kansas and Nebraska should come into the Union under
popular sovereignty. Senator Stephen A. Douglas introduced it, and it pushed the country even
closer the Civil War.
13. Gadsden Purchase: the 1853 treaty in which the United States bought from Mexico parts of
what is now southern Arizona and southern New Mexico. Southerners wanted this land in order
to build southern transcontinental railroad, it also showed the American belief in Manifest
Destiny. The heated debate over this issue in the Senate demonstrates the prevalence of sectional
disagreement.
14. Treaty of Wanghia: Signed by the U.S. and China, it assured the United States the same
trading concessions granted to other powers, greatly expanding America's trade with the Chinese.

CHAPTER 19
1. Pottawatomie Creek Massacre: In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces,
John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers killed five pro-slavery settlers north of
Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas
2. Lecompton Constitution: The pro-slavery constitution suggested for Kansas' admission to the
union. It was rejected.
3. Bleeding Kansas: Following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, pro-slavery forces
from Missouri, known as the Border Ruffians, crossed the border into Kansas and terrorized and
murdered antislavery settlers. Antislavery sympathizers from Kansas carried out reprisal attacks,
the most notorious of which was John Brown's 1856 attack on the settlement at Pottawatomie
Creek. The war continued for four years before the antislavery forces won. The violence it
generated helped start the Civil War.
4. Bleeding Charles Sumner: the Republican idealist who pushed for black suffrage during
Reconstruction as a principle of black freedom and racial equality
5. John Brown: An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in
southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an
Armory
6. James Buchanan: The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a
balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in

both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on
December 20, 1860.
7. John C. Fremont: an explorer, soldier, and politician known as "the Great Pathfinder." In 1846,
he assisted in the annexation of California by capturing insurgents, seizing the city of Sonoma,
and declaring the independence of the "Bear Flag Republic." In 1856, he became the first
presidential candidate for the Republican Party.
8. Know Nothing Party: Developed from the order of the Star Spangled Banner and was made up
of nativists. This party was organized due to its secretiveness and in 1865 nominated the expresident Fillmore. These super-patriots were antiforeigner and anti-Catholic and adopted the
slogan "American's must rule America!" Remaining members of the Whig party also backed
Fillmore for President.
9. Roger Taney: The fifth Chief Justice of the United States, holding that office from 1836 until
his death that ruled, among other things, that African Americans, being considered "of an inferior
order and altogether unfit to associate with the white race" at the time the Constitution was
drafted, could not be considered citizens of the United States.
10. Dred Scott Decision: A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay
in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise
had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court
because he was property, not a citizen.
11. Panic of 1857: The California gold rush increased inflation; speculation in land and railroads
"ripped economic fabric"; hit the North harder than South because the South had cotton as a
staple source of income; the North wanted free land from the government; drove Southerners
closer to a showdown; caused an increase in tariffs; gave Republicans an issue for the election of
1860.
12. Lincoln-Douglas Debates: Lincoln challenged Stephen Douglas to a series of 7 debates.
Though Douglas won the senate seat, these debates gave Lincoln fame and helped him to later on
win the presidency. These debates were a foreshadowing of the Civil War.
13. Freeport Doctrine: The Freeport Doctrine occurred in Freeport, Illinois during the debates of
Lincoln and Douglas for senator. This was a question that Lincoln asked Douglas that made
Douglas answer in such a way that the South would know that he was not truly supporting them.
14. Harpers Ferry Raid: Occurred in October of 1859. John Brown of Kansas attempted to
create a major revolt among the slaves. He wanted to ride down the river and provide the slaves
with arms from the North, but he failed to get the slaves organized. Brown was captured. The
effects of Harper's Ferry Raid were as such: the South saw the act as one of treason and were
encouraged to separate from the North, and Brown became a martyr to the northern abolitionist
cause.
15. Constitutional Union Party: also known as the "do-nothings" or "Old Gentlemen's" party;
1860 election; it was a middle of the road group that feared for the Union- consisted mostly of

Whigs and Know-Nothings, met in Baltimore and nominated John Bell from Tennessee as
candidate for presidency-the slogan for this candidate was "The Union, the Constitution, and the
Enforcement of the laws."
16. Crittenden Compromise: 1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered
a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 3630' line,
noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive
slaves - defeated by Republicans

CHAPTER 20
1. Abraham Lincoln: nicknamed "Old Abe" and "Honest Abe"; born in Kentucky to
impoverished parents and mainly self-educated; a Springfield lawyer. Republicans chose him to
run against Senator Douglas (a Democrat) in the senatorial elections of 1858. Although he loss
victory to senator ship that year, Lincoln came to be one of the most prominent northern
politicians and emerged as a Republican nominee for president. Although he won the presidential
elections of 1860, he was a minority and sectional president (he was not allowed on the ballot in
ten southern states).
2. Fort Sumter: A fort in SE South Carolina, guarding Charleston Harbor. Its capture by
Confederate forces (1861) was the first action of the Civil War.
3. William H. Seward: the anti-slavery advocate of God's moral law in the Senate. He was the
wiry and husky-throated freshman senator from New York who opposed concession in 1850.
4. Border States: There were four slave states that stayed in the Union because of the assurances
that the war was being fought to preserve the Union rather than end slavery. These four Border
States were Missouri, Delaware, Kentucky, and Maryland. Maryland was the key state for the
North to keep in the Union. If it had joined the confederacy, the capital, DC, would have been
surrounded by the Confederacy.
5. King Cotton: Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to indicate
the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the South's
cotton. In a speech to the Senate in 1858, James Hammond declared, "You daren't make war
against cotton! ...Cotton is king!
6. Trent Affair: the 1861 incident with Great Britain in which two Confederate diplomats were
seized from a British ship.
7. Alabama: flew confederate flags but manned by British, picked up weapons in Portugal, The
Alabama sunk 34 Union warships. The great destroyer was finally sunk off the coast of France.
8. Napoleon III & Maximillian:
Napoleon III: treated Union with contempt, abandoned Maximillian in 1867 and Mexico
once again independent. Nephew of napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from
1852- 1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from

French
bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He
refused
Lincolns request that France withdraw. After the civil war, the use sent an army
to enforce the request and napoleon withdrew.
Maximillian: Austrian Archduke who was appointed to Emperor of Mexico.
Napoleon III abandoned him in 1867 and Mexico was once again independent.
French viceroy appointed by napoleon iii of France to lead the new government set up in
Mexico. After the civil war, the use invaded and he was executed, a demonstration of the
enforcement of the Monroe doctrine to European powers
9. Jefferson Davis: Jefferson Davis was the President of the Southern Confederate States from
1860 to 1865 after their succession from the Union. During this time, Davis struggled to form a
solid government for the states to be governed by. Jefferson Davis worked hard with solidifying
the civil government and carrying out military operations
10. Suspension of Habeas Corpus: to release an individual from unlawful imprisonment; through
this use it has come to be regarded as the great writ of liberty. The writ tests only whether a
prisoner has been accorded due process, not whether he is guilty.
11. New York Draft Riots: July 1863, north, just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish
working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed
them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed,
would compete with them for jobs. The riot lynched several African Americans and burned down
black homes, businesses, and even an orphanage. It was the bloodiest riot in American history.
Only the arrival of the federal troops halted the violence
12. Morrill Tariff Act: an act passed by Congress in 1861 to meet the cost of the war. It raised the
taxes on shipping from 5 to 10 percent however later needed to increase to meet the demanding
cost of the war. This was just one the new taxes being passed to meet the demanding costs of the
war. Although they were still low to today's standers they still raked in millions of dollars,
congress had an easier time passing the tariff because the south wasn't there to protest
13. Greenbacks: Name given to paper money issued by the government during the Civil War,
so called because the back side was printed with green ink. They were not redeemable for gold,
but $300 million were issued anyway. Farmers hit by the depression wanted to inflate the notes
to cover losses, but Grant vetoed an inflation bill and greenbacks were added to permanent
circulation. In 1879 the federal government finally made greenbacks redeemable for gold
14. National Banking Act/System: The banking system was used to create the sale of government
bonds and to establish a uniform bank note currency. The system could purchase government
savings bonds and money to back the bonds. The National Banking Act was made during the
Civil War, and was the first real step taken toward a singular, unified banking system since
Jackson killed the bus
15. Clara Barton & Dorothea Dix:

Red
War.

Clara Barton: A reformer and nurse of the nineteenth century, who founded the American
Cross in the 1880s. She had organized nursing care for Union soldiers during the Civil

Dorothea Dix: A New England teacher and author who spoke against the inhumane
treatment of insane prisoners, ca. 1830's. People who suffered from insanity were treated
worse than normal
criminals. Dorothea Dix traveled over 60,000 miles in 8 years gathering
information for her reports, reports that brought about changes in treatment, and also the
concept that insanity was a disease of the mind, not a willfully perverse act by an individual
CHAPTER 21
1. Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson: was a confederate general who was known for his
fearlessness in leading rapid marches bold flanking movements and furious assaults. He earned
his nickname at the battle of first Bull Run for standing courageously against union fire. During
the battle of Chancellorsville his own men accidently mortally wounded him.
2. George McClellan: General who was given command of the Army of the Potomac. A brilliant,
thirty-four year old West Pointer. He was a superb organizer and drillmaster, and he injected
splendid morale into the Army of the Potomac. He consistently believed that the enemy
outnumbered him. He was overcautious and he addressed the president in an arrogant tone. He
fought against General Robert E. Lee in the Seven Days' Battle.
3. Peninsula Campaign: Union General George B. McClellan's failed effort to seize Richmond,
the Confederate Capital. Had McClellan taken Richmond and toppled the Confederacy, slavery
would have most likely survived in the South for some time.
4. Robert E. Lee: General for the confederate army. He fought George B. McClellan in the Seven
Days' Battle. He slowly drove McClellan back into the sea, winning the Seven Days' Battle.
5. Battle of Antietam: battle in Maryland that ended Lee's first invasion of the North. Known for
being the bloodiest day in the war, and led to the Emancipation Proclamation
6. Emancipation Proclamation: After victory of Antietam Lincoln announces on the first of 1863
all slaves in the rebelling states would be free. AIM: injure confederacy, threaten its property,
heighten its dread, and hurt its morale.
7. Battle of Gettysburg: Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000
people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.
8. George Meade: General for the Union. Fought in Gettysburg. On the third day the North
stopped firing to pretend like they has no ammunition left so south charged and north fired and
won.
9. George Pickett: the Confederate general who led his troops on a charge at Gettysburg that was
called the high tide of the Confederacy.
10. Gettysburg Address: speech by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War at the
dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg, key ideas were liberty,

equality, and democratic ideas; purpose of war was to protect those ideas, honor dead, reaffirm
declaration of independence, redefined by the civil war as a 'new birth of freedom' that would
bring true equality to all citizens and that would also create a unified nation in which states
'rights were no longer dominate', all men are created equal, purposes of civil war
11. Ulysses S. Grant: an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States
(1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil
War, in command of the western theater until his defeat at Shiloh, then put in charge of the
Eastern Theater. An improviser who did not follow traditional war tactics, Unconditional
Surrender, total war, when in doubt, fight, chosen to end the war and make lee surrender because
he would continue no matter how many of his men died
12. Daniel Farragut: a union admiral remembered for running a blockade of torpedoes while
taking mobile. As Grant pushed toward the Mississippi River, a Union fleet of about 40 ships
approached the river's mouth in Louisiana. This commander seized New Orleans, Baton Rouge
and Natchez
13. Battle of Vicksburg: General Grant led the Union forces in the Battle of Vicksburg. He
defeated two Confederate armies and destroyed the city, this was across the river near Vicksburg,
Mississippi. Five days later they had complete control of the Mississippi.
14. William T. Sherman: fought in the Vicksburg and Chattanooga campaigns and he undertook
the Atlanta Campaign. He burned Atlanta and set off, with a force of 60,000, on his famous
march to the sea, devastating the country. After capturing Savannah, he turned north through S.
Carolina, and received the surrender of General Johnston
15. Copperheads: Northerners who sympathized with the South during the Civil War. They
undermined the war effort and posed a threat to Lincoln's reelection.
16. Andrew Johnson: Lincoln's vice-president and president after Lincoln was assassinated. He
headed Reconstruction efforts after Lincoln's death.
17. Grant the Butcher: Was the nickname given to Grand after Cold Harbor. This was an
undeserved name, as Lee was the general with the highest casualty rate, and he also forced Grant
to fight in the manner he did
18. Appomattox Courthouse: Lee forced to totally surrender at this court house in 1865; Union
treated enemy with respect and allowed Lee's men to return home to their families with their
horses
19. John Wilkes Booth: assassin of Abraham Lincoln
20. Thirteenth Amendment: An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1865, abolishing
slavery.