Infiltration and Inflow (I/I)

Modeling Using Multiple

Hydrograph Components

I/I Project
Area
34 Local Component
Agencies
Most of Seattle is
Combined System
75% of Peak Flows in
King County System is
I/I
95% of I/I is from
Local Agencies
50% From Private
Property

I/I Program Objectives

I/I program is part of The Regional Wastewater
Services Plan (RWSP)
Determine the Amount of I/I Received by King
County from Each Local Agency
Identify Major I/I Areas Within Local Collection
Systems
Identify Specific Types of I/I Occurring Within
These Areas
Forecast the Amount of I/I that can be Removed
Cost-Effectively
Develop a Proactive Regional Strategy for I/I
Removal and Control

Why Use Computer Modeling?

Estimate Peak I/I Using Limited Measured
Data (amplifying the data)
Distinguish Inflow from Infiltration
Consider Design Flow Conditions
Evaluate Multiple Scenarios and System
Options

Technical Process Overview

RWSP Savings
Estimates
Based on Original
Study Assumptions

Flow & Rainfall

Monitoring

I/I
Modeling

Isolates Inflow
vs. Infiltration
Determines
Severity of I/I

Assessment
Protocols

Ranked Basins
Targets for
Rehabilitation

Revised Findings
per Pilot Project
Results

I/I Reduction
Cost
Based on
Experience
Industry Standards
Pilot Projects

Overview of Supporting Data

Measured Data for Model

Development
Rainfall
Evapotranspiration
Measured Flow Data
Basin Information
Sewered Area
Dry Weather Flow Pattern

Rain Data and

CALAMAR
Service area 25 x 45 miles
Rainfall Measurement with
Gauge-adjusted NEXRAD
Data
5 Minute Data in 1 Km2
Pixels for specific storms
8 Calibration Zones
Gauge Data inserted
between storms

Flow Monitoring Effort

804 Meters in Simultaneous Operation
2 Wet Seasons of Flow Data
150 for Initial Model Calibration
75 Long Term Meters for Trends Analysis
95% of Agency Sewers in a Mini Basin

Model and Mini-Basins

Model Basins

"
8

Calibrated to flows
measured during 2
wet seasons
1,000 acres
100,000 linear feet

"
8
#
S
"
8

"
8
"
8

Mini-Basins
10 weeks of measured
flow
150 acres
22,000 linear feet

"
8

"
8
"
8

"
8

Model Basin
Definition
150 Model Basins
Isolate Flow
Contributions
Evaluate System
Performance

MOUSE RDII Model

Development and Calibration

Components of Flow
Rainfall
Event
Flow
Response

Total Flow
Inflow

Rainfall
Dependent
Infiltration Dry Weather
Flow
Ground Water
Infiltration

RDII Components
RAINFALL
POTENTIAL EVAPORATION
MODEL

PARAMETERS

RDII COMPONENTS
EVAPORATION
RECHARGE

Lower Zone Storage

Ground Water Storage

Precip

Evapotransp
Root Suction

Soil Storage

Surface
Runoff

Slow Response

Rainfall
Dependant
Infiltration

Capillary Flux

GroundWater
Recharge

Infiltration

Snow
Storage

Precipitation

Hydrologic Model Schematic

Slow Response

Fast Response
(Inflow)

BROKEN
HOUSE LATERAL

ROOT INTRUSION
INTO LATERAL

Rainfall
Derived
Infiltration

FOUNDATION DRAIN

SANITARY
SEWER

STORM
SEWER
CRACKED/BROKEN PIPE
DETERIORATED MANHOLE

Rainfall
Dependent
Infiltration

Inflow
ROOF DRAIN
CONNECTION

UNCAPPED
CLEANOUT

STORM DRAIN
CROSS-CONNECTION

SUMP PUMP

FAULTY MANHOLE COVER

SANITARY
SEWER

STORM
SEWER

Inflow

Calibration Process
Plot Model Results
Plot Measured Flow Data
Plot Rainfall
All Flow Components
Adjust Parameters

Statistical Comparison
Scatter Plots
Overall Season Criteria
Volume
Correlation Coefficient

Event Criteria
Peak Flow
Volume

Challenges and Resolutions

Matching Select Event Peaks
Consistent Calibration Procedure
Pre-defined Objectives

Calibration Flow Definition

Typical Problems with Measured Flow Data
Net Flow Challenges
Dry Weather Flow

Ongoing Modeling Tasks

Apportion Inflow vs Infiltration

to the Mini-basins
Initial attempts based on Data Analysis
Modified Calibration process
Based on Model Basin Calibrations

Pilot Projects to Assess I/I

Removal Costs

9 projects and Adjacent Control Basins

Variety of Construction Techniques
Constructed Summer and Fall 2003
Pre and Post Monitoring and
Calibration
Establish I/I Removal Costs

Verification of Model Basin

Calibration using a Hydraulic
System Model
Set Up KC System Model
Apportion Model Basin Inflow to the
system
Run Models and Compare with
Measured Flows in the System

Flow Frequency Estimates

Using Long Term Simulation
Calibrate Models to Local Rainfall
Simulate Using Long Term Rainfall
Get Flow Peaks from Long Term
Simulation
Apply Probability Analysis to the Peaks

Probability Analysis
Peak Extraction

25

12

Best fit curve

0.1

20
Rank
Extracted Peaks
10

0.2

15

0.4

0.5

10

0.6

(cfs)
FlowFlow
(cfs)

Plot peaks vs. Log of return period

Rainfall (in/hr)

0.3

Best fit curve of flows 1-yr and greater

4

0.7

0.8

Plotted peaks

Select
return period and flow
0

0.9
1

10

2/
9/
99

1
ReturnDate/Time
Period (years)

1/
20
/9
9

12
/3
1/
98

12
/1
1/
98

11
/2
1/
98

11
/1
/9
8

0.1

10
/1
2/
98

9/
22
/9
8

100

Estimate Future Flows

Future Conditions by Decade
Available Population Forecasting
Convert Sewered Population to
Wastewater Flow
Estimate Design Flow for Each Decade

Revise Model Basins for Each Decade

Long term simulation
Estimate 20-year flow

Modeling Objectives
Estimate I/I Flows for Design Flow
Conditions
Identify Needed Wastewater System
Predict System Response to I/I
Rehabilitation Scenarios
Establish Optimum I/I Rehabilitation
vs. System Expansion

Current Status and Time Line

for I/I Modeling Efforts
Calibrated System Model by end of
2003
Mini Basin Apportionment First Quarter
2004
Facility Impacts First Quarter 2004
Pilot Results Second Quarter 2004

Major Milestones for the I/I

Program
Alternative Options Report to the
County Executive by the end of 2004
Final Plan by the end of 2005

Lower Zone Storage

Ground Water Storage

Precip

Evapotransp
Root Suction

Precipitation
Soil Storage

Surface
Runoff

Slow Response

Rainfall
Dependant
Infiltration

Capillary Flux

GroundWater
Recharge

Infiltration

Snow
Storage

Inflow

Slow Response

Fast Response
(Inflow)

Building the I/I Plan

Regional
I/I
Control Plan

CE Analysis
Alternatives/Options
Pilot Projects
20-year Design Flow Projections
Hydraulic Model Calibration
Hydrologic RDII Model Calibration
Model Basin Flow Quantities
Flow Monitoring Data
Rain Gauge Data / CALAMAR

Dry Weather Flow Model

Lower Zone Storage

Ground Water
Storage

Root Suction

Evapotransp

Precipitation
Soil Storage

Surface
Runoff

Slow
Slow Response
Response

Rainfall
Dependant
Infiltration

Capillary Flux

GroundWater
Recharge

Infiltration

Snow
Storage

Rainfall Derived
Infiltration

Slow Response
Slow
Response

Fast Response
(Inflow)

Dry Weather Flow Model

CALAMAR Output

System
Background
34 Local Agencies
Two Regional
Treatment Plants
17.5 Million LF of
Separated Sewer
Service within 1100
Mile2 Area
1000 Feet of Relief

Expected Results
Estimated Quantity of I/I
Likely Rehabilitation Measures
Estimated Cost of I/I Reduction
Estimated Savings over RWSP
Capital Savings
Operating Savings

Overall I/I Program

Regional I/I Control Program Plan

Goals for I/I Control Program

Target I/I Removal Levels
Measures to Meet Targets
Recommended Standards
Implementation Program

Technical

Policy

Financial

Inventory
Monitoring
Standards
Pilot Projects
Modeling

Alternative Options
Construction Contracting
Regulatory Proposal
Implementation
Schedule

Cost Sharing
Alternatives
Incentive-based Cost
Sharing Program
Surcharge Program