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Experiment
INTRODUCTION
Bernoullis
theorem
demonstration
is
related
to
fluid
OBJECTIVES
To verify Bernoullis equation when applied to the steady flow of
water in a tapered duct
To measure flow rate and both static and total pressure heads in a
rigid convergent/divergent tube of known geometry for a range of
steady flow rate
3.0
THEORY
1
Bernoullis principles about the behavior of a fluid such as liquid or gas and
it is flows through the continuously place like pipe or tube. The simple
word to understand that principles is if the fluid is flow with increase the
velocity, the pressure is decrease at the same time and vice versa.
v
P
+
+ h=constant
2. g . g
Forms of the Bernoulli equation for steady state flow. If the gravitational
body force is assume neglect. Can be written as
2
v .
+ P=constant
2
v2 .
v 2 .
+ P=
+ P =co nstant
2
2
2
Venturi effect
Pitot tube
4.0
APPARATUS
2)
3)
4)
5)
5.0
with a flat horizontal upper surface into which the eleven static pressure tappings are drilled
6.0
RESULTS
Trial 1
Cross
Secti
on
h =h
8
mm
hi
= [2*g*(h* - hi )]
mm
mm/s
Using Continuity
equation
Ai =
=p Di2 /
4
mm2
Differe
nce
ViC =
Qav / Ai
ViB-ViC
mm/s
mm/s
146
144
198.091 530.998
418.101 -220.010
146
144
198.091 366.483
605.787 -407.696
145
127
594.273 201.088
1104.04
-509.775
7
144
138
343.103 314.200
706.590 -363.487
144
140
280.143 380.182
583.959 -303.816
144
139
313.209 530.998
418.101 -104.892
Trial 2
Cross
Secti
on
h*=h
8
mm
Using Continuity
equation
Differe
nce
ViB =
Ai =
ViC =
hi
= [2*g*(h* - hi )]
=p Di2 /
4
Qav / Ai
ViB-ViC
mm
mm/s
mm2
mm/s
mm/s
185
157
741.188 530.998
418.101
323.087
181
146
828.674 366.483
605.787
222.886
179
63
1508.615 201.088
1104.04
7
404.568
173
115
1066.752 314.200
706.590
360.162
170
127
918.510 380.182
583.959
334.551
167
140
727.832 530.998
418.101
309.732
Using Continuity
equation
Differe
nce
Trial 3
Cross
Secti
on
h*=h
8
mm
ViB =
Ai =
ViC =
hi
= [2*g*(h* - hi )]
=p Di2 /
4
Qav / Ai
ViB-ViC
mm
mm/s
mm2
mm/s
mm/s
211
171
885.889
530.998
418.101
467.789
207
156
1000.310
366.483
605.787
394.523
202
38
1793.789
201.088
1104.04
7
689.742
196
112
1283.776
314.200
706.590
577.185
191
131
1084.988
380.182
583.959
501.029
188
149
874.746
530.998
418.101
456.645
7.0
Sample Calculation
= [2*2891*(211-171)]
= 885.889 mm/s
Where,
g =9810 mm/s2
ii) Ai = Di2/4
= [3.142 (26)2]/4
= 530.998 mm2
iii) Vic = Qav / Ai
= 222010.7 mm/s / 530.998mm2
= 418.101 mm/s
8.0
DISCUSSION
area C. In this experiment, there are some error that had been
encountered. The most common error is the parallax error. This error
usually occurs when taking reading from the tubing. To overcome this
error, the eye level must be parallel to the reading taken on the scale of
the manometer. Next, the error found in the values for the first trial might
be due to the pressure drop as a result of the presence of air bubbles
which were not being removed before taking the readings of the
manometer. This air bubbles affect the pressure difference at the first trial.
Therefore, the results obtained from the first trial have some errors. This
error can be classified as technical error or methods error.
9.0
CONCLUSION
In this experiment, we run three test in order to achieve the experiments objective. The first
test we get a technical error or method error. This error might be due to the pressure drop as a
result of air bubbles which were not being removed before taking the readings of the
manometer. The most common error is the parallax error that is usually occurs when taking
the readings. This can be overcome by make sure that the eye level must be parallel to the
meniscus in the manometer. Overall, we can say that the objective of this experiment is
achieved.
10.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
At the end of the experiment a few recommendations may applied:
the differences
The calculation method can be conducted in the laboratory directly
so we can see the error has occur or not, if yes the test can be run
once again
A single water pressure gauge may install to the equipment.
Allowance is to be made for this fact when reading the pressure level
and performing calculations.
REFERENCES
http://www.cdxetextbook.com/assocStudies/supScience/fuelSys/bernoulliprinciple
http://people.rit.edu/rfaite/courses/tflab/Cussons/bernoulli/bernoulli.HTM
http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Hydraulic_Systems