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1.

Introduction
Image Registration is one of the fundamental task frequently encountered in image processing
applications. Moreover, image registration is commonly used technique in the field of remote
sensing and medical imaging. For a given a pair of images, image registration is the technique of
finding a coordinate transformation that spatially aligns two images. [1].
Since, its introduction for medical image registration, mutual information (MI) has achieved
wide interest in the field. MI is now a fundamental concept from information theory that
computes the amount of information one image contains about the other. Typical research
objective, aims at reducing the computational requirements, enhancing the robustness and better
constraining the registration. [2].
In medical field, the aim of the radiation therapy is to deliver a recommended dose to the target
volume while releasing to surrounding functional organs and normal tissues. However, interfraction variation of the patients geometry gives a challenge to maintain the optimality of the
treatment plan. With the accessibility of on-board volumetric imaging, some of the technique
such as, online adaptive radiation therapy (ART) is proposed to overcome this challenge. Rapid
segmentation of the target and organ at risk (OAR) is needed for online ART. Deformable image
registration (DIR) is now used to transfer the outlines of the target and OARs from the planning
estimated computed tomography (CT) images to the daily in-room images (for e.g. On-board
cone beam estimated 15 tomography (CBCT) images). [3].
Using computers to do image processing has two main goal. First, to create more suitable images
for people to observe. Second, computer can automatically recognize and understand images.
Edges are well-known features in images and their analysis and detection are fundamental goal
in computer vision and image processing.[4,5]
It is well known that edge of an image is the most basic feature of the image. It contains a widespectrum of internal information about the image. Hence, edge detection is one of the key
research topic in image processing. The current image edge detection technique are mainly
differential operator technique and high pass-filtration. Certainly, identifying and localizing
edges are a low level task in number of applications such as shape recognition, image
compression, 3D reconstruction, restoration and enhancement [8]. Variables included in the
selection of an edge detection operator consist of noise environment, edge orientation and edge
structure. The geometry of the operator firmly decides a characteristic direction in which it is
most sensitive. Operators can easily be optimized to look for vertical, horizontal or diagonal
edges. Edge detection is a difficult task in noisy images as both noise and edges consist of high
frequency content. Effort to reduce noise can result in blurred and distorted edges.[6,7,8,9,10]

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is one of the modern heuristic algorithm that can
be easily applied to non-continuous and non-linear optimization problem. It is actually a
population based stochastic optimization technique for continuous nonlinear function. The PSO
term refers to relatively new family of algorithm that can be used to obtain optimal solutions to

numerical and qualitative problems. It is proven as most effective when applied to a diverse set
of optimization problem. [11, 12].
Bats are fascinating animals and their developed capability of echolocation have attracted
attention of researchers from different areas. In general, echolocation works as a type of sonar:
bats, mainly micro-bats, produce a loud and short pulse of sound, wait it hits into an object and,
after a fraction of time, the echo returns back to their ears. Hence, bats can estimate how far they
are from an object. Additionally, this amazing orientation technique makes bats being able to
distinguish the difference between an obstacle and a prey, enabling them to hunt even in
complete darkness. [13, 14, 15].
Microbats normally use echolocation for searching for prey. During roaming, microbats releases
short pulses; however, when a potential prey is nearby, then their pulse releases rates increase
and the frequency is tuned up. The increase of the frequency, namely frequency-tuning, together
with the speedup of pulse emission will shorten the wavelength of echolocations and hence
enhance accuracy of the detection. Nature has used frequency-tuning for several years, and in oil
industry, they make use of frequency tuning to detect different layers of potential oil reserves by
enhancing the frequency and energy for thinner layers. Bat algorithm is mainly developed to use
the key idea of frequency tuning based on the echolocation of microbats
2. Literature Review
Stefan Klein et al in paper [20] have developed elastix, a publicly available computer program
for intensity-based medical image registration. The software consists of a collection of
algorithms that are commonly used to solve medical image registration problems. The modular
design of elastix enables the user to quickly configure, test, and compare different registration
techniques for a specific application. The command-line interface enables automated processing
of large numbers of data sets, by means of scripting. The usage of elastix for comparing different
registration technique have been demonstrated with three example experiments, in which
individual components of the registration method are varied.
Andrea Valsecchi et al in paper [21] have presented a novel intensity-based algorithm for
medical image registration (IR). Methods and materials: The IR problem is formulated as a
continuous optimization task, and their work focuses on the development of the optimization
component. Their technique is designed over an advanced scatter search template, and it uses a
combination of restart and dynamic boundary mechanisms integrated within a multi-resolution
strategy.
Herve Lombaert et al in paper [22] have presented a new framework for capturing large and
complex deformations in image registration and atlas construction. This challenging and
recurrent problem in computer vision and medical imaging currently relies on iterative and local
approaches, which are prone to local minima and, hence, limit present techniques to relatively
small deformations. Their general framework has introduced a new direct feature matching
technique that finds global correspondences between images via simple nearest neighbor
searches. More specifically, very large image deformations have been captured in Spectral
Forces, which are derived from an enhanced graph spectral representation.

Hongliang Ren et al in paper [8] have developed a systematic approach to the needle-based
ablation placement task, starting from preoperative planning algorithms to an intraoperative
execution platform. The planning system includes clinical constraints on ablations and
trajectories using a multiple objective optimization formulation, which consists of optimal path
selection and ablation coverage optimization based on integer programming. The system
implementation have been presented and validated in both phantom and animal studies. The
presented system have been potentially extended for other ablation techniques such as
cryotherapy.
Sascha E.A. Muenzing et al in paper [9] have introduced a boosting algorithm to improve on
existing methods for deformable image registration (DIR). The proposed DIRBoost algorithm is
inspired by the theory on hypothesis boosting, well known in the field of machine learning.
DIRBoost have utilized a technique for automatic registration error detection to obtain estimates
of local registration quality. All areas detected as erroneously registered have been subjected to
boosting, i.e. undergo iterative registrations by employing boosting masks on both the fixed and
moving image.

References
1. Klein, Stefan, et al. "Adaptive stochastic gradient descent optimization for image
registration." International journal of computer vision 81.3 (2009): 227-239.
2. Loeckx, Dirk, et al. "Nonrigid image registration using conditional mutual information."
Information Processing in Medical Imaging. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007.
3. Gu, Xuejun, et al. "Implementation and evaluation of various demons deformable image
registration algorithms on a GPU." Physics in medicine and biology 55.1 (2010): 207.
4. Yi, Sheng, et al. "A shearlet approach to edge analysis and detection." Image Processing,
IEEE Transactions on 18.5 (2009): 929-941.
5. Zhang, Yudong, and Lenan Wu. "Rigid Image Registration by PSOSQP Algorithm."
Advances in Digital Multimedia 1.1 (2012): 4-8.
6. Vercauteren, Tom, et al. "Diffeomorphic demons: Efficient non-parametric image
registration." NeuroImage 45.1 (2009): S61-S72.
7. Shams, Ramtin, et al. "A survey of medical image registration on multicore and the
GPU." Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE 27.2 (2010): 50-60.
8. Gao, Wenshuo, et al. "An improved Sobel edge detection." Computer Science and
Information Technology (ICCSIT), 2010 3rd IEEE International Conference on. Vol. 5.
IEEE, 2010.
9. Juneja, Mamta, and Parvinder Singh Sandhu. "Performance evaluation of edge detection
techniques for images in spatial domain." methodology 1.5 (2009): 614-621.
10. Braik, Malik, Alaa F. Sheta, and Aladdin Ayesh. "Image Enhancement Using Particle
Swarm Optimization." World congress on engineering. Vol. 1. 2007.
11. Ltjnen, Jyrki MP, et al. "Fast and robust multi-atlas segmentation of brain magnetic
resonance images." Neuroimage 49.3 (2010): 2352-2365.

12. M. Khalid Khan, Ingela Nystrom, A Modified Pa rticle S warm Optimization


Applied i n I mage Registration, 2010 International conference on pattern
recognition.

13. Avants, Brian B., et al. "A reproducible evaluation of ANTs similarity metric performance
in brain image registration." Neuroimage 54.3 (2011): 2033-2044.
14. Heckemann, Rolf A., et al. "Improving intersubject image registration using tissue-class
information benefits robustness and accuracy of multi-atlas based anatomical
segmentation." Neuroimage 51.1 (2010): 221-227.
15. Murphy, Keelin, et al. "Semi-automatic construction of reference standards for evaluation
of image registration." Medical image analysis 15.1 (2011): 71-84.
16. Gandomi, Amir H., and Xin-She Yang. "Chaotic bat algorithm." Journal of
Computational Science 5.2 (2014): 224-232.
17. Klein, Stefan, et al. "Elastix: a toolbox for intensity-based medical image registration."
Medical Imaging, IEEE Transactions on 29.1 (2010): 196-205.
18. Valsecchi, Andrea, et al. "Intensity-based image registration using scatter search."
Artificial intelligence in medicine 60.3 (2014): 151-163.
19. Lombaert, Herve, et al. "Spectral log-demons: Diffeomorphic image registration with
very large deformations." International journal of computer vision 107.3 (2014): 254-271.
20. Ren, Hongliang, et al. "Treatment planning and image guidance for radiofrequency
ablation of large tumors." Biomedical and Health Informatics, IEEE Journal of 18.3
(2014): 920-928.
21. Muenzing, Sascha EA, et al. "DIRBoostAn algorithm for boosting deformable image
registration: Application to lung CT intra-subject registration." Medical image analysis
18.3 (2014): 449-459.

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