Professional Documents
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(AIUB)
Introduction
A steam power plant continuously converts the energy
stored in fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) or fissile fuels
(uranium, thorium) into shaft work and ultimately into
electricity. The working fluid is water which is sometimes
in the liquid phase and sometimes in the vapour phase
during its cycle of operations. In this type of plant, the
products of combustion do not form the working medium
for driving the turbine. These are utilized to produce steam
which is expanded in the turbines.
STEAM
GRATE
AIR FROM
ATMOSPHERE
BLEEDING
OF STEAM
ECONOMISER
FUEL
FLUE
GAS
CONDENSER
FLUE
GAS
FURNACE
AIR
PREHEATER
STEAM
TURBINE
FEED
WATER
BOILER
SUPERHEATER
STEAM
TURBINE
ALTERNATOR
FLUE
GAS
MAKEUP
WATER TANK
FEED
WATER
FEED WATER
HEATER
FEED WATER
PUMP
COOLING
TOWER OR
RIVER
CONDENSATE
FEED
WATER
CONDENSATE
PUMP
Steam turbine
Alternator
Pulverizing Plant:
In modern steam power plant, coal is pulverized i.e.
ground to dust like size. Pulverization is a means of
exposing large surface area to the action of oxygen and
consequently helping the combustion.
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Draft System:
The circulation of air is caused by a difference in pressure
known as draft. Thus draft is the differential in pressure
between two points i.e. atmosphere and inside the boiler.
A differential in draft is needed to cause flow of gases
through the boiler setting. A draft may be natural or
mechanical.
A natural draft is provided by the chimney or stack.
In a mechanical draft system, the movement of air is
due to the fan. A mechanical draft system may consist
of forced draft or induced draft or both.
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Draft System:
BOILER
INDUCED DRAFT
PRECIPITATOR
FURNACE
AIR PREHEATER
FORCED
DRAFT FAN
ECONOMISER
CHIMNEY
GRATE
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Boiler:
A boiler is a closed vessel in which water, under pressure, is
converted into steam. It is one of the major components of a
thermal power plant. The heat is transferred to the boiler by
all the three modes of heat transfer i.e. conduction,
convection (The transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or
gas) caused by molecular motion) and radiation (Energy
that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves
or particles). Boilers are generally classified as fire tube
boiler and water tube boiler.
Superheater:
Reheater:
The function of reheater is to superheat the partly expanded steam
from the turbine. This ensures that steam remains dry
through the last stage of turbine and also increases the
thermal efficiency.
Steam Turbine:
A steam turbine converts the heat energy of steam into
mechanical energy and drives the generator. It uses the
principle that the steam when issuing from a small opening
attains a high velocity. The attained velocity during expansion
depends on the initial and final heat content of the steam. The
difference between initial and final heat content represents the
heat energy converted into kinetic energy. They are of two
types, impulse turbine and reaction turbine.
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Boiler
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Boiler
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Condenser:
The condenser does the job of condensing the steam
exhausted from the turbine. Thus it helps in maintaining
low pressure at the exhaust, thereby permitting expansion
of steam in the turbine to a very low pressure. The exhaust
steam is condensed and used as feed water for the boiler.
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Condenser
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Economiser:
FLUE GAS
FEED WATER
OUTLET
FEED WATER
INLET
FLUE GAS
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Air Preheater:
After the flue gas leave the economiser, some further heat
can be extracted from them and used to heat the incoming
air for combustion. Cooling of flue gases by 20C raises the
plant efficiency by about 1%.
Auxiliary Supply:
The auxiliaries in a steam plant can be divided into two
categories: urgent auxiliaries and service auxiliaries. The urgent
auxiliaries are those which are associated with the running of
a unit and whose loss would cause an immediate reduction of
the unit output. The service auxiliaries are those whose loss
would not affect the output until after a considerable time.
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CV as normally expressed
Fuel
Steam coal
Gross
Net
Sulphur
Water
Ash
30.6 MJ/kg
29.7 MJ/kg
1.2
10.0
8.0
Wood waste
15.8 MJ/kg
14.4 MJ/kg
0.4
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Trace
41.2 MJ/litre
2.0
0.3
0.04
0.15
0.05
0.01
Gas-oil
38.3 MJ/litre
38.9 MJ/litre
36.0 MJ/litre
Natural gas
Trace
Landfill gas
Trace
Trace
Mine gas
Trace
5.0
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4
FURNACE
(SOURCE)
Q1
B
1
FUEL
AIR
C
T
SINK
Q2
BRAKE OUTPUT
G
POWER CONSUMED
TO DRIVE
AUXILIARIES
Note:
A. 1 kWh (kilowatt-hour) = 3.6 MJ = 860 kcal (kilogram calories)
B. 1 megajoule per second [MJ/s] = 1 MW
C. The SI unit of calorific value is J/kg.
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Automation
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