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Chapter 1
Kinematics
Kinematics is the branch of PHYSICS dealing with motion without considering the cause producing motion.
Displacement Vector
i.
i.
ii.
It is a scalar quantity.
ii.
It is a vector quantity
iii.
iii.
iv.
iv.
It is unique (one and only one) for any kind of motion between
two points.
v.
v.
vi.
vi.
have
finite
distance
travelled
for
zero
Speed
i.
ii.
r r r
r
r rf r
ii.
iii.
iii.
of
is called
r
r
r
r dr
v lim
t0
t
dt
iv.
time
instantaneous
velocity
iv.
time
is
called
v lim
t0
s ds
t dt
s s
t t
instantaneous
speed.
direction.
-1-
SP/CCE/Physics/11
Average Velocity
It is that uniform velocity with which if the body would have moved it would have covered the same
displacement as it does otherwise by moving with variable velocity. Thus
total displacement covered
vav
total time taken
2 v1 v2
2s
s
s
v
1 v2 (harmonic mean)
v1 v2
v1t1 v2 t2 ...
t1 t2 ...
Special case if t1 = t2 = t3 = . tn = t
v1 v2 ... vn
Then vav
(Arithmatic mean)
n
Points to Remember
The average speed may or may not be equal to the magnitude of the average velocity.
An object may have varying velocity without having varying speed but opposite is not possible.
If r is the position vector then velocity in vector form may be written as follows
r
r dr dx
dy
dz
v
i j k vx i vy j vz k
dt
dt
dt
dt
Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity with time is called its acceleration.
r
r
v
a
x
y
z
2
2
2
dt
dt
dt
dt dt
-2-
Chapter-1 / Kinematics
(c)
If the velocity and acceleration of a body are not in the same direction then the equation of motions should
be used in the vector form.
(d)
(e) A body in equilibrium has zero acceleration only. All other quantities need not be zero.
(f) If a body travels with a uniform acceleration a 1 for a time interval t 1 and with uniform acceleration a2 for a
time interval t2, then the average acceleration aavg
a1t1 a2 t2
.
t1 t2
(g) For a body moving with uniform acceleration, the average velocity = (u + v)/2, where u is the initial
velocity and is the final velocity.
(h) The distance travelled by the body in successive seconds is in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5 : 7...etc.
(i) When the body is starting from rest, the distances travelled by the body in uniform accelerated motion in
straight line in the first second, first two seconds, first three seconds,...etc. are in the ratio of 1 : 4 : 9 : 16 :
25...etc.
x
s lo p e = v
a re a = d is p la c e m e n t
x (0 )
t
v
v (0 )
x (0 )
s lo p e = a c c e le ra tio n
a r e a = d is p la c e m e n t
t
a
area = change in velocity
a
t
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SP/CCE/Physics/11
speed
Points to Remember
For applying the above equations greater care has to be taken about the direction of the vector quantities
involved.
For a particle having zero initial velocity if v t, s t and v s then acceleration of particle must be
constant i.e. particle is moving rectilinearly with uniform acceleration.
For a particle having zero initial velocity if s t , where a > 2, then particles acceleration increases with
time.
for a particle having zero initial velocity if s t , where a < 0, then particles acceleration decreases with
time.
A body can have non zero acceleration without having varying velocity but can not have non-zero
No line in x t graph can be perpendicular to time axis because it will represent infinite velocity.
Distance time graph cannot have negative slope because this will mean the decrease of distance covered
-4-
Chapter-1 / Kinematics
Step I
Step II
s = ut
If No check step II
A Body is moving with If yes
constant acceleration
where u is the initial velocity, v is the final velocity, a is the acceleration of the body, t is the
time taken by the body, s is the distance covered byn the body and s th is the distance covered by
the body in the nth second of motion.
v = u + at
Step III
1 2
s = ut +2 at
1
1
2
2
v u = 2a .ss = 2 (u + v)t sn= u + 2 a(2n 1)
x = x0 +
vdv
u f(v)
For a body thrown downward with initial velocity u from a height h, the equation of motion are
v = u + gt, h ut
1 2
gt , v u 2 2 gh
2
For a body launched up with initial velocity u, the equations of motion before the particle attains
maximum height are
1 2
2
v = u gt, h ut gt , v u 2 gh
2
1 2
gt , v 2 gh
2
If the body is thrown upwards then it will rise until its vertical velocity becomes zero. Maximum height
2
attained is h = u /2g.
If a packet is dropped at a height h, from an aeroplane or balloon ascending with a velocity u, then, the
time taken by the packet to reach the ground is given by h ut
1 2
gt .
2
If air resistance is negligible the time of rise is equal to time of fall, each is equal to t = u/g.
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SP/CCE/Physics/11
The body returns to the starting point with the same velocity with which it was thrown.
When a body is dropped freely from the top of the tower and another body is projected horizontally from
the same point, both will reach the ground at the same time.
Motion in a Plane
Any type of planar motion can be resolved into two mutually perpendicular independent motions resolved
along x and y axis (since x and y components do not have any dependence in each other). Hence all equation of
motion can be applied as given below along x and y axis separately.
Vx = ux + axt
Vy = uy + ayt
X = uxt +
1 2
axt
2
y = uyt +
1 2
ayt
2
v2y u 2y 2a y y
v 2x u x2 2a x x
u x v x
t
u y v y
t
2
Projectile Motion
If a particle is given an initial velocity from a point on the surface of the earth at any angle with the horizontal,
the particle is said to be under projectile motion. Projectile motion is a two dimensional motion under a
constant one dimensional acceleration. Projectile motion can be taken as the combination of two and one
dimensional motion such that along x-axis the velocity remains constant whereas along y-axis it is accelerated.
Assumptions:
(i)
g = constant
(ii)
no air resistance
vy
u y= u s in
O
Time of flight
T
2u sin
T u sin
and tascent tdescent
g
2
g
uy2
u2 sin 2
or H =
2g
2g
Range(R)
R
-6-
or T
2uy
2 ux uy
g
or R
u P
2
u2 sin 2
(u cos )(u sin ) =
g
g
v y= 0
u x= u c o s
u x= u c o s
Chapter-1 / Kinematics
u2
g
Equation of trajectory
y x tan
gx 2
,
2u 2 cos 2
y = x tan 1
R
where R =
u2 sin 2
g
at any instant if v is the velocity of projectile making angle with the horizontal, then
vx = vcos = ucos and
vy = vsin = usin gt
Range is same for complimentary angles
R R90
u 2 sin (2)
g
If H and H90 are corresponding maximum heights for angles and 90 , then R R90 4 H H 90
For complimentary angles and 90 , if T and T90 are the times of flight and R is the range, then
T T90
2 R
g
2 R90
2R
g
1
Maximum height is equal to range when the projectile is launched at an angle = tan (4) = 76 with the
horizontal.
If K is the kinetic energy at the point of launch then kinetic energy at the highest point is
K'
1
1
mux2 mu 2 cos 2
2
2
K = K cos
If and on the angle of elevations of a point from initial and final positions then angle of projection is
given by tan = tan + tan
The trajectory of a projectile as viewed from another projectile is a straight line of constant slope.
During projectile motion the momentum change along x-axis is zero whereas along y-axis is mg t
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SP/CCE/Physics/11
(i)
g = constant
(ii)
no air resistance
u x= u
x
y
P (x, y)
v y= g t
v x = u =x u
v
Equation of trajectory is y
1
2
2 2
Velocity at any instant of time is v u g t , inclined at an angle tan
2h
g
2h
g
g 2
x which is equation for a parabola.
2
2
u
gt
, with the horizontal.
u
along +x-axis
uy = u sin ( )
along +y-axis
ax = g sin
along x-axis
ay = g cos
along y-axis
Time of flight
2u sin
T=
g cos
,
2
2u
2u
g cos g sin
T is maximum when
hence Tmax
2
-8-
Chapter-1 / Kinematics
R is maximum when
u2
, hence Rmax
g(1 sin )
4 2
u 2 sin 2 ( )
2 g cos
Points to Remember
If tan = 2 tan the projectile hits the inclined plane horizontaly at the final point.
If tan = cot + 2 tan then the projectile hits the inclined plane normally.
If a body is dropped on an inclined plane then its range along the inclined
Circular Motion
Circular motion is another example of motion in a plane and it takes place when a body moves at a fixed
r r r
distance from a given point. If v is the linear speed, r is the radius and is the angular velocity then v r .
During circular motion the direction of angular velocity is given by Right Hand Thumb Rule.
r r r
in vector form ac v
Points to Remember
If a body has both centripetal as well as tangential acceleration it must be in non uniform circular motion.
a net
ac
anet at 2 acp 2
at
SP/CCE/Physics/11
r r
r v
r
r
(ii) r antiparallel to ac
r
r
(iii) ac v
r
r
(iv) ac at
r r r
r
(v) r , ac , at and v lie in the same plane.
(i)
When a body rotates with uniform angular velocity, its different particles have centripetal acceleration
directly proportional to the radius ( ac r ).
Centrifugal Force
-10-
A pseudo force, that is equal and opposite to the centripetal force is called centrifugal force.
The centrifugal force appears to act on the agency which exerts the centripetal force.
The centrifugal force cannot balance the centripetal force because they act on the different bodies.
Chapter-1 / Kinematics
Exercise - I
Multiple choice questions with only ONE option correct
1.
2.
displacement
(b)
acceleration
(c)
speed
(d) velocity
A stone is released from an elevator going up with an acceleration a. The acceleration of the stone after the
release is
(a)
3.
a upward
(b)
(g a) upward
(c)
(g a) downward
(d) g downward
A 150 m long train is moving to north at a speed of 10 m/s. A pigeon flying towards south with a speed of
5 m/s crosses the train. The time taken by the pigeon to cross the train is
(a)
4.
30 s
(b)
15 s
(c)
8s
(d) 10 s
Water drops fall at regular intervals from a roof. At an instant when a drop is about to leave the roof, the
separations between 3 successive drops below the roof are in the ratio
(a)
5.
1:2:3
(b)
1 : 4: 9
(c)
1:3:5
(d) 1 : 5 : 13
6.
10
(b)
20
(c)
28
(d) 56
A body throws a ball in air in such a manner that when the ball is at its maximum height he throws
another ball. If the balls are thrown after the time difference of 1s then what will be the height attained by
them
(a)
7.
20 m
(b)
10 m
(c)
5m
(d) 2.5 m
From the top of a tower, a stone is thrown up and reaches the ground in time t1. A second stone is thrown
down with the same speed and reaches the ground in time t2. A third stone is released from rest and
reaches the ground in time t3.
(a)
8.
t3 =
1
(t1 + t2)
2
(b)
t3 =
t1t 2
(c)
1
1 1
t 3 t 2 t1
(d)
t 32 t12 t 22
A balloon is ascending at the rate of 10 m/s. When it is at a height of 75 m from the ground, a packet is
dropped from it. The packet will reach the ground after time of
(a)
9.
10.
4s
(b)
3s
(c)
5s
(d) 7.5 s
(b)
(c)
44 m
(b)
32 m
(c)
60 m
(d) 64 m
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SP/CCE/Physics/11
11.
A train can accelerate at 1 m/s2 and retard at 3 m/s2. The shortest time in which it can travel between two
stations 1200 m apart is
(a)
12.
40 s
(b)
20 s
(c)
40
2 s
(d) 40
3 s
A car is moving along a straight road with a uniform acceleration. It passes through two points P and Q
separated by a distance with velocity 30 km/hr and 40 km/hr respectively. The velocity of the car midway
between P and Q is
(a)
13.
33.3 km/hr
(b)
20
3 km/hr
(c)
25
2 km/hr
(d) 35 km/hr
A particle is falling freely under gravity. In first t second it covers s1 and the next t seconds it covers s2, then
t is given by
(a)
14.
s2 s1
g
(b)
s2 s1
g
(c)
s2s1
g
(d)
s22 s12
g
A parachutist falls freely from an aeroplane for 10s before the parachute opens out. Then he descends with
a net retardation of 2.5 m/s2. If he bails out of the plane at a height of 2495 m, his velocity on reaching the
ground will be
(a)
15.
5 m/s
(b)
10 m/s
(c)
15 m/s
(d) 20 m/s
For a particle moving along a straight line, the displacement x depends on time t as
x = t3 + t2 + t + . The ratio of its initial acceleration to its initial velocity depends
(a)
16.
only on and
(b)
only on and
(c)
only on and
(d) only on
Two balls of same masses are shot upward one after another at an interval of 2 second along the same
vertical line with same initial velocity of 40 m/s. The height at which they collide
(a)
17.
40 m
(b)
75 m
(c)
80 m
(d) 125 m
A particle is projected vertically upwards and it reaches the maximum height H in time T. The height of
the particle at any time t will be
(a)
18.
1
g t T 2
2
(b)
1
H - g(t - T)2
2
(c)
1
2
g(t - T)
2
(d)
H - g(t - T)
A bird flies for 4 s with a velocity of |t - 2| m/s in a straight line, where t is the time in second. It covers a
distance of
(a)
19.
2m
(b)
4m
(c)
6m
(d) 8 m
An aluminum ball X and an iron ball Y of the same volume are thrown horizontally with the same velocity
from the top of a building. Neglecting air resistance, X reaches the ground
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) at the same time as Y and at a farther distance from the building
20.
Three particles A, B and C are thrown from the top of a tower with the same speed. A is thrown straight
up, B is thrown straight down and C is thrown horizontally. They hit the ground with speeds vA, vB and vC
respectively.
(a)
-12-
vA = vB = vC
(b)
vB > vC > vA
(c)
vA = vB > vC
(d) vA > vB = vC
Chapter-1 / Kinematics
21.
22.
1 m/s
(b)
3 x
1 2
gx . The velocity of projection is
2
2 m/s
(c)
3 m/s
(d) 4 m/s
An aeroplane is flying in a horizontal direction with a velocity of 600 km/h and at a height of 1960 m.
When it is vertically above the point A on the ground, a body is dropped from it. The body strikes the
ground at point B. The distance AB will be
(a)
23.
10
km
3
(b)
10 km
(c)
1
km
3
(d)
5
km
3
Two particles are projected simultaneously in the same vertical plane from the same point, with different
speeds u1 and u2, making angles 1 and 2 respectively with the horizontal, such that u1 cos1 = u2 cos2.
The path followed by one, as seen by the other (as long as both are in flight), is
(a)
(b)
(c)
a parabola
A particle moves along the positive branch of the curve y = x2/2 with x governed by x = t2/2 where x and y
are measured in metre and t in second. At t = 2s, the velocity of the particle is
(a)
25.
4
2i
j m/ s
(b)
4
2i
j m/ s
(c)
2
4i
j m/ s
(d)
2
4i
j m/ s
A ball rolls from the top of a stair way with a horizontal velocity u. If the steps are h high and b wide, the
ball will hit the edge of the nth step if
(a)
26.
n = 2hu/gb2
(b)
n = 2hu 2/gb2
(c)
n = 2hu2/gb
A river is flowing from west to east at a speed of 5 m/min. A man on the south bank of the river capable of
swimming at 10m/min in still water wants to swim across the river in shortest possible time. In what
direction should he swim ?
27.
(a)
due north
(b)
(c)
To a man walking at the rate of 3 km/h the rain appears to fall vertically. When he increases his speed to 6
km/h it appears to meet him at an angle of 45 with vertical from the front. The actual speed of rain is
(a)
28.
3 km/hr
(b)
4 km/hr
(c)
3 2 km /h
(d)
2 3 km/hr
A particle starts from the origin of coordinates at time t = 0 and moves in the xy plane with a constant
acceleration in the ydirection. Its equation of motion is y = x2. Its velocity component in the
xdirection is
(a)
variable
(b)
(c)
(d)
*****
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SP/CCE/Physics/11
Exercise - II
More than one Correct
1. A bead is free to slide down a smooth wire tightly stretched between the points p 1 and p2 on a vertical circle
of radius R. If the bead starts from rest from p 1, the highest point on the circle and p 2 lies anywhere on the
circumference of the circle. Then
P
R
cos q
g
R
g
v1
1
log e
(c) velocity varies linearly with displacement with slope of velocity displacement curve equal to k
(d) data is insufficient to arrive at a conclusion
3. A car starts moving rectilinearly (invitial velocity zero) first with an acceleration of 5 ms 2 then uninformaly
and finally decelerating at the same rate till it stops. Total time of journey is 25 second and average velocity
during the journey is 72 km h1. then
(a) total distance travelled by the car is 500 m
(b) maximum speed attained during the journey is 25 ms1
(c) Car travels with uniform speed for 15 sec.
(d) Car accelerates for 5 sec and decelerates also for 5 sec
4. Two second after projection, a projectile is travelling in a direction inclined at 30 to the horizon. After one
more second it is travelling horizontally. Then
(a) The velocity of projection is 20 ms1
(b) The velocity of projection is
(c) The angles of projection is 30 with the vertical
(d) The angles of projection is 30 with the horizon
5. Two particles is projected from the same point with same speed u at angle of projection and strike the
horizontal ground at the same point. If h 1 and h2 are maximum heights attained by the projectiles, R be the
range for both and t1 and t2 be their time of flights respectively then
(a) +b =
-14-
p
2
(b)
R = 4 h1 h2
(c)
t1
= tan
t2
(d)
tan =
h1
h2
Chapter-1 / Kinematics
Matrix Match
1.
x2
. Here, x and y are is metres. For this
80
2.
Angle of projection
Column II
(p)
20 m
(q)
80 m
(r)
45
(s)
tan- 1
A balloon rises up with constant net acceleration of 10m/sec 2. After 2 second a particle drops from the
balloon. After further 2 second match the following : (Take g = 10 m/sec2)
Column I
(A)
Column II
(p)
zero
(q)
10 S.I. units
(r)
40 S.I. units
(s)
20 S.I. units
Integer Type
1.
A Police Jeep is chasing a culprit going on a motor bike. The motor bike crosses a furning at a speed of 72
km/h. The jeep follows it at a speed of 90 km/h, crossing the turning ten seconds later than the bike.
Assuming that they travel at constant speeds, how far (in km) from the turning will the jeep catch up with
the bike?
2.
The benches of a gallery in a cricket stadium are 1 m wide and 1 m high. A batsman strikes the ball at a
level one metre above the ground and hits a mammoth sixer. The ball starts at 35 m/s at an angle of 53
with the horizontal. The benches are perpendicular to the plane of motion and the first bench is 110 m
from the batsman. On which bench will the ball hit?
If both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b)
If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not correct explanation of (A).
-15-
SP/CCE/Physics/11
(c)
A.: A body can have acceleration even if its velocity is zero at a given instant of time.
R.:
2.
A.: The two bodies of masses M and m (M > m) are allowed to fall from the same height if the air
resistance for each be the same then both the bodies will reach the earth simultaneously.
R.:
3.
For same air resistance, acceleration of both the bodies will be same.
A.: A particle in motion may have variable velocity but constant speed.
R.:
4.
A.: A body having uniform speed in circular path has a constant acceleration.
R.: Direction of acceleration is always away from the centre.
5.
A.: A particle in xy-plane is governed by x = a sin t and y = a cos t, where a and are constants then
the particle will have parabolic motion.
R.: A particle under the influence of mutually perpendicular velocities has parabolic motion.
(b)
it is moving along positive X-direction with a speed that is decreasing with time
(c)
it is moving along negative X-direction with a speed that is decreasing with time
(d) it is moving along positive X-direction with a speed that is increasing with time
2.
(b)
it is moving along positive X-direction and its speed is zero at this point
(c)
it is moving along the negative X-direction and its speed is zero at this point
-16-
(b)
it is moving along negative X-direction with a speed that is increasing with time
Chapter-1 / Kinematics
(c)
it is moving along positive X-direction with a speed that is decreasing with time
(d) it is moving along negative X-direction with a speed that is decreasing with time
4.
(b)
(c)
(b)
it is moving along positive X-direction with a speed that is decreasing with time
(c)
Passage-2
A person standing at the corner of the roof of a building throws a ball vertically upward at an instant t = 0. The
ball leaves his hand with an upward speed 20 m/s. The ball rises to a certain height and then moves downward
to the ground. The ball hits the ground at t = 5 s. Assuming that (i) the vertically upward direction is the
positive Y-direction (ii) the position of the ball at t = 0 is the origin (iii) the ball does not rebound and comes to
rest at the same place where it hits earth and (iv) air resistance is negligible, and take g = 10 ms 2
1.
2.
(b)
45 j m
(c) 15 j m
(d)
25 j m
(c) 3 j m/s
(d)
9 j m/s
3.
5 j m
1j m/s
(b)
5 j m/s
(a)
(b)
-17-
SP/CCE/Physics/11
(c)
4.
5.
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Passage-3
A and B are two fixed spots in a river in which water has a steady speed uw. A person who can swim with a
speed v relative to water swims from A to B and back to A along the shortest path. If the water is still, the
person will take a time 30 minute in swimming from A to B and back to A along the shortest path. But we know
that water is actually not still. The person also knows the technique of flowing with water without making his
own effort. Using this technique, he takes 20 minute in moving from A to B. As shown, X and Y are two places
directly opposite to each other on opposite banks. Assuming that width of the river is the same as the distance
between A and B, answer these questions. (assume v > uw)
1.
Time taken by the person to swim from A to B (in running water) if the person makes his own efforts also,
will be nearly
(a)
-18-
15.2 min
(b)
16.5 min
(c) 8.5
(d)
12 min
Chapter-1 / Kinematics
2.
Time taken by the person to swim from B to A (in running water is)
(a)
3.
60 min
(c) 30 min
(d)
12 min
60
min
12
(b)
60
min
5
(c)
60
min
2
(d)
60
min
7
Shortest time in which the person could swim from one bank to the other (in running water) will be
(a)
5.
45 min
Time taken by the person to swim from X to Y (in running water) along the shortest path is
(a)
4.
(b)
12 min
(b)
15 min
(c) 8 min
(d)
25 min
While swimming as required in above question, the person swims an actual distance 1.2 km. Width of the
river is
(a)
1040 m
(b)
960 m
(c) 875 m
(d)
750 m
Passage-4
A ball of mass 200 g is thrown at an angle 45 above the horizontal at t = 0. It hits a wall at a horizontal distance
15 m at a point 5 m above the point of projection. Take g = 10 m/s2, ignore air resistance and answer these
questions.
1.
2.
8 m/s
(b)
21 m/s
(c) 12 m/s
(d)
15 m/s
If a second wall of height slightly less than 5 m is constructed in front of the first wall such that the ball just
misses to hit both the walls, then horizontal distance of the second wall from the point of projection will be
(a)
7.5 m
(b)
12 m
(c) 10.5 m
(d)
6.5 m
*****
-19-
SP/CCE/Physics/11
Answers
Exercise - I
Only One Option is correct
1.
6.
11.
16.
21.
26.
(b)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(b)
(a)
2.
7.
12.
17.
22.
27.
(d)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(c)
3.
8.
13.
18.
23.
28.
(d)
(c)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(d)
4.
9.
14.
19.
24.
(c)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(b)
5.
10.
15.
20.
25.
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
Exercise - II
More than one correct
1.
(b, c, d)
2.
(a, b, c)
3.
(a, b, c, d)
4.
(b, c)
5.
(a, b, c, d)
(d)
3.
(c)
4.
(c)
5.
(d)
2.
(a)
3.
(c)
4.
(a)
5.
(c)
2.
(b)
3.
(a)
4.
(a)
5.
(c)
2.
(a)
3.
(d)
4.
(b)
5.
(b)
2.
(a)
Matrix Match
1.
(A r), (B r), (C p), (D q)
2.
Integer Type
1.
1 km
2.
-20-