Questionbank Physics Core

1.
Which of the following contains one fundamental and one derived unit?
A.
ampere
kilogram
B.
ampere
coulomb
C.
joule
newton
D.
joule
coulomb
(Total 1 mark)
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IB Questionbank Physics
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B.
ampere
coulomb
C.
joule
newton
D.
joule
coulomb
(Total 1 mark)
3.
A skydiver of mass 80 kg falls vertically with a constant speed of 50 m s1. The upward force
acting on the skydiver is approximately
A.
0 N.
B.
80 N.
C.
800 N.
D.
4000 N.
(Total 1 mark)
4.
Joseph runs along a long straight track. The variation of his speed v with time t is shown below.
After 25 seconds Joseph has run 200 m. Which of the following is correct at 25 seconds?
Instantaneous speed / m s1
Average speed / m s1
A.
8 m s1
8 m s1
B.
8 m s1
10 m s1
C.
10 m s1
8 m s1
D.
10 m s1
10 m s1
(Total 1 mark)
5.
A car of mass 1000 kg accelerates on a straight, flat, horizontal road with an acceleration
a = 0.3 m s2.
The driving force F on the car is opposed by a resistive force of 500 N.
The net (resultant) force on the car is

A.
200 N.
B.
300 N.
C.
500 N.
D.
800 N.
(Total 1 mark)
6.
A tennis ball of mass m moving horizontally with speed u strikes a vertical tennis racket. The
ball bounces back with a horizontal speed v.
The magnitude of the change in momentum of the ball is

A.
m(u + v).
B.
m(u v).
C.
m(v u).
D.
zero.
(Total 1 mark)
7.
A brother and sister take the same time to run up a set of steps. The sister has a greater mass
than her brother. Which of the following is correct?
Has done the most work
Has developed the greatest power
A.
brother
brother
B.
brother
sister
C.
sister
brother
D.
sister
sister
(Total 1 mark)
8.
A nuclear power station produces 10 GW of electrical power. The power generated by the
nuclear reactions in the core of the reactor is 25 GW. The efficiency of the power station is
A.
15 %.
B.
35 %.
C.
40 %.
D.
60 %.
(Total 1 mark)
9.
A cyclist rides around a circular track at a uniform speed. Which of the following correctly
gives the net horizontal force on the cyclist at any given instant of time?
Net horizontal force along
direction of motion
Net horizontal force normal to

direction of motion
A.
zero
zero
B.
zero
non zero
C.
non zero
zero
D.
non zero
non zero
(Total 1 mark)
10.
A solid piece of tungsten melts into liquid without a change in temperature. Which of the
following is correct for the molecules in the liquid phase compared with the molecules in the
solid phase?
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
A.
same
greater
B.
same
same
C.
greater
greater
D.
greater
same
(Total 1 mark)
11.
What is the mass of carbon-12 that contains the same number of atoms as 14 g of silicon-28?
A.
6g
B.
12 g
C.
14 g
D.
24 g
(Total 1 mark)
12.
A heater of constant power heats a liquid of mass m and specific heat capacity c. The graph
below shows how the temperature of the liquid varies with time.
The gradient of the graph is k and no energy is lost to the surroundings. What is the power of
the heater?
A.
kmc
B.
k
mc
C.
mc
k
D.
1
kmc
(Total 1 mark)
13.
A transverse wave travels from left to right. The diagram below shows how, at a particular
instant of time, the displacement of particles in the medium varies with position. Which arrow
represents the direction of the velocity of the particle marked P?
(Total 1 mark)
10
14.
The graph shows how the displacement varies with time for an object undergoing simple
harmonic motion.
Which graph shows how the objects acceleration a varies with time t?
(Total 1 mark)
11
15.
Light travels from air into glass as shown below.
What is the refractive index of glass?

A.
sin P
sin S
B.
sin Q
sin R
C.
sin P
sin R
D.
sin Q
sin S
(Total 1 mark)
12
16.
Which of the following electromagnetic waves has a frequency greater than that of visible
light?
A.
Ultraviolet
B.
Radio
C.
Microwaves
D.
Infrared
(Total 1 mark)
17.
One electronvolt is equal to

A.
1.6 1019 C.
B.
1.6 1019 J.
C.
1.6 1019 V.
D.
1.6 1019 W.
(Total 1 mark)
13
18.
A battery of internal resistance 2 is connected to an external resistance of 10 . The current

is 0.5 A.
What is the emf of the battery?

A.
1.0 V
B.
5.0 V
C.
6.0 V
D.
24.0 V
(Total 1 mark)
14
19.
In the circuit below, which of the following will cause the greatest increase in the reading of the
voltmeter?
A.
An increase in temperature
B.
An increase in light intensity
C.
A decrease in temperature
D.
A decrease in light intensity

(Total 1 mark)
15
20.
A spherical planet of uniform density has three times the mass of the Earth and twice the
average radius. The magnitude of the gravitational field strength at the surface of the Earth is g.
What is the gravitational field strength at the surface of the planet?
A.
6g
B.
2
g
3
C.
3
g
4
D.
3
g
2
(Total 1 mark)
21.
An electron passes the north pole of a bar magnet as shown below.
What is the direction of the magnetic force on the electron?

A.
Into the page
B.
Out of the page
C.
To the left
D.
To the right
(Total 1 mark)
16
22.
Which of the following gives the correct number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus of
carbon-14 ( 146 C )?
Protons
Neutrons
A.
B.
C.
14
D.
14
(Total 1 mark)
23.
A freshly prepared sample contains 4.0 g of iodine-131. After 24 days, 0.5 g of iodine-131
remain. The best estimate of the half-life of iodine-131 is
A.
8 days.
B.
12 days.
C.
24 days.
D.
72 days.
(Total 1 mark)
24.
Which of the following causes the greatest number of ionizations as it passes through 1 cm of
air?
(The total energy of the ionizing radiation is the same.)
A.
An alpha particle
B.
A beta particle
C.
A gamma-ray
D.
An X-ray
(Total 1 mark)
17
25.
What is the phenomenon that best explains why greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation?
A.
Resonance
B.
Interference
C.
Refraction
D.
Diffraction
(Total 1 mark)
26.
In which of the following places will the albedo be greatest?

A.
A forest
B.
A grassland
C.
An ocean
D.
A polar ice cap

(Total 1 mark)
27.
A wind turbine produces a power P when the wind speed is v. Assuming that the efficiency of
the turbine is constant, the best estimate for the power produced when the wind speed becomes
2v is
A.
2P.
B.
4P.
C.
6P.
D.
8P.
(Total 1 mark)
18
28.
A spherical black body has absolute temperature T1. The surroundings are kept at a lower
absolute temperature T2. What is the net power per unit area lost by the body?
A.
T14
B.
T24
C.
(T14 T24)
D.
(T14 + T24)
(Total 1 mark)
29.
The design of a nuclear power station includes an electrical generator. The function of the
generator is to convert
A.
nuclear energy to kinetic energy.
B.
kinetic energy to thermal energy.
C.
thermal energy to electrical energy.
D.
kinetic energy to electrical energy.

(Total 1 mark)
30.
What is the unit of surface heat capacity?

A.
J kg1 K1
B.
J K1
C.
J m2 K1
D.
J m3 K1
(Total 1 mark)
19
31.
Data analysis question.

The photograph below shows a magnified image of a dark central disc surrounded by
concentric dark rings. These rings were produced as a result of interference of monochromatic
light.
The graph below shows how the ring diameter D varies with the ring number n.
The innermost ring corresponds to n = 1. The corresponding diameter is labelled in the
photograph. Error bars for the diameter D are shown.
20
(a)
State one piece of evidence that shows that D is not proportional to n.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
On the graph above, draw the line of best-fit for the data points.
(2)
(c)
Theory suggests that D2 = kn.

A graph of D2 against n is shown below. Error bars are shown for the first and last data
points only.
21
(i)
Using the first graph, calculate the percentage uncertainty in D2, of the ring n = 7.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Based on the second graph, state one piece of evidence that supports the
relationship D2 = kn.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Use the second graph to determine the value of the constant k, as well as its
uncertainty.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
22
(iv)
State the unit for the constant k.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)
32.
This question is about motion in a magnetic field.

An electron, that has been accelerated from rest by a potential difference of 250 V, enters a
region of magnetic field of strength 0.12 T that is directed into the plane of the page.
(a)
The electrons path while in the region of magnetic field is a quarter circle. Show that the
(i)
speed of the electron after acceleration is 9.4 106 m s1.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
23
(ii)
radius of the path is 4.5 104 m.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
The diagram below shows the momentum of the electron as it enters and leaves the
region of magnetic field. The magnitude of the initial momentum and of the final
momentum is 8.6 1024 N s.
(i)
On the diagram above, draw an arrow to indicate the vector representing the
change in the momentum of the electron.
(1)
(ii)
Show that the magnitude of the change in the momentum of the electron is
1.2 1023 Ns.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
24
(iii)
The time the electron spends in the region of magnetic field is 7.4 1011 s.
Estimate the magnitude of the average force on the electron.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
33.
This question is about circular motion.

A ball of mass 0.25 kg is attached to a string and is made to rotate with constant speed v along a
horizontal circle of radius r = 0.33 m. The string is attached to the ceiling and makes an angle
of 30 with the vertical.
(a)
(i)
On the diagram above, draw and label arrows to represent the forces on the ball in
the position shown.
(2)
(ii)
State and explain whether the ball is in equilibrium.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
25
(b)
Determine the speed of rotation of the ball.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
34.
This question is about a nuclear reactor.

(a)
Uranium is used as a fuel in a small research nuclear reactor. The concentration of
235
92 U
in a sample of uranium must be increased before it can be used as a fuel.

State the name of the process by which the concentration of
235
92 U
is increased.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The reactor produces 24 MW of power. The efficiency of the reactor is 32 %. In the

fission of one uranium-235 nucleus 3.2 1011 J of energy is released.
Determine the mass of uranium-235 that undergoes fission in one year in this reactor.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
26
(c)
Explain what would happen if the moderator of this reactor were to be removed.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(d)
During its normal operation, the following set of reactions takes place in the reactor.
1
0n
238
92 U
239
92
239
92 U
239
93 Np
239
239
93 Np 94 Pu
(i)
0
1 e v
(I)
(II)
? 0e v (III)
State the name of the process represented by reaction (II).

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Comment on the international implications of the product of these reactions.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
27
35.
This question is about simple harmonic oscillations.

A longitudinal wave travels through a medium from left to right.
Graph 1 shows the variation with time t of the displacement x of a particle P in the medium.
Graph 1
(a)
For particle P,
(i)
state how graph 1 shows that its oscillations are not damped.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
calculate the magnitude of its maximum acceleration.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
28
(iii)
calculate its speed at t = 0.12 s.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv)
state its direction of motion at t = 0.12 s.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Graph 2 shows the variation with position d of the displacement x of particles in the
medium at a particular instant of time.
Graph 2
Determine for the longitudinal wave, using graph 1 and graph 2,

(i)
the frequency.
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
29
(ii)
the speed.
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
Graph 2 reproduced to assist with answering (c)(i).
(c)
The diagram shows the equilibrium positions of six particles in the medium.
(i)
On the diagram above, draw crosses to indicate the positions of these six particles
at the instant of time when the displacement is given by graph 2.
(3)
30
(ii)
On the diagram above, label with the letter C a particle that is at the centre of a
compression.
(1)
(Total 14 marks)
36.
This question is about mechanics and thermal physics.

The graph shows the variation with time t of the speed v of a ball of mass 0.50 kg, that has been
released from rest above the Earths surface.
The force of air resistance is not negligible. Assume that the acceleration of free fall is
g = 9.81 m s2.
(a)
State, without any calculations, how the graph could be used to determine the distance
fallen.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
31
(b)
(i)
In the space below, draw and label arrows to represent the forces on the ball at
2.0 s.
(1)
(ii)
Use the graph opposite to show that the acceleration of the ball at 2.0 s is
approximately 4 m s2.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Calculate the magnitude of the force of air resistance on the ball at 2.0 s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
32
(iv)
State and explain whether the air resistance on the ball at t = 5.0 s is smaller than,
equal to or greater than the air resistance at t = 2.0 s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
After 10 s the ball has fallen 190 m.

(i)
Show that the sum of the potential and kinetic energies of the ball has decreased by
780 J.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
The specific heat capacity of the ball is 480 J kg1 K1. Estimate the increase in the
temperature of the ball.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
33
(iii)
State an assumption made in the estimate in (c)(ii).

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 14 marks)
37.
This question is about nuclear physics.

(a)
(i)
Define binding energy of a nucleus.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The mass of a nucleus of plutonium ( 239

94 Pu ) is 238.990396 u. Deduce that the
binding energy per nucleon for plutonium is 7.6 MeV.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
34
(b)
The graph shows the variation with nucleon number A of the binding energy per nucleon.
Plutonium ( 239
94 Pu ) undergoes nuclear fission according to the reaction given below.
239
94 Pu
(i)
91
1
01n 38
Sr 146
56 Ba x 0 n
Calculate the number x of neutrons produced.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Use the graph to estimate the energy released in this reaction.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
35
(c)
Stable nuclei with a mass number greater than about 20, contain more neutrons than
protons. By reference to the properties of the nuclear force and of the electrostatic force,
suggest an explanation for this observation.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 11 marks)
38.
This question is about electric circuits.

(a)
Define
(i)
electromotive force (emf ) of a battery.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
electrical resistance of a conductor.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
36
(b)
A battery of emf and negligible internal resistance is connected in series to two

resistors. The current in the circuit is I.
(i)
State an equation giving the total power delivered by the battery.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The potential difference across resistor R1 is V1 and that across resistor R2 is V2.
Using the law of the conservation of energy, deduce the equation below.
= V1 + V2
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
37
(c)
The graph shows the I-V characteristics of two conductors, X and Y.
On the axes below, sketch graphs to show the variation with potential difference V of the
resistance of conductor X (label this graph X) and conductor Y (label this graph Y).
You do not need to put any numbers on the vertical axis.
(3)
38
(d)
The conductors in (c) are connected in series to a battery of emf and negligible internal
resistance.
The power dissipated in each of the two resistors is the same.
Using the graph given in (c),

(i)
determine the emf of the battery.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
calculate the total power dissipated in the circuit.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
39
39.
This question is about the energy balance of the Earth.

(a)
The intensity of the Suns radiation at the position of the Earth is approximately
1400 W m2.
Suggest why the average power received per unit area of the Earth is 350 W m2.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
The diagram shows a simplified model of the energy balance of the Earths surface.
The diagram shows radiation entering or leaving the Earths surface only.
The average equilibrium temperature of the Earths surface is TE and that of the
atmosphere is TA = 242 K.
(i)
Using the data from the diagram, state the emissivity of the atmosphere.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
40
(ii)
Show that the intensity of the radiation radiated by the atmosphere towards the
Earths surface is 136 W m2.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
By reference to the energy balance of the Earths surface, calculate TE.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
(i)
Outline a mechanism by which part of the radiation radiated by the Earths surface
is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Suggest why the incoming solar radiation is not affected by the mechanism you
outlined in (c)(i).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
41
(iii)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas. State one source and one sink (object
that removes CO2) of this gas.
Source: ..............................................................................................................
Sink: ..................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
40.
A particle of mass m is moving with constant speed v in uniform circular motion. What is the
total work done by the centripetal force during one revolution?
A.
Zero
B.
mv 2
2
C.
mv2
D.
2mv2
(Total 1 mark)
41.
Which of the following is equivalent to the principle of energy conservation?

A.
Newtons first law
B.
The first law of thermodynamics
C.
Newtons second law
D.
The second law of thermodynamics

(Total 1 mark)
42
42.
Light travels from air into glass as shown below.
The refractive index of the glass is

A.
sin 30
sin 80
B.
sin 80
sin 30
C.
sin 60
sin 10
D.
sin 10
sin 60
(Total 1 mark)
43
43.
A light-dependent resistor (LDR) and a fixed resistor are connected in the potential divider
circuit shown below.
The voltmeter reads 3.0 V. Which of the following changes would cause the reading on the
voltmeter to increase?
A.
Swapping the positions of the LDR and the fixed resistor
B.
Increasing the resistance of the fixed resistor
C.
Increasing the amount of light shining on the LDR
D.
Decreasing the amount of light shining on the LDR

(Total 1 mark)
44
44.
A positively charged particle follows a circular path as shown below.
Which of the following electric fields could have caused the charged particle to follow the
above path?
(Total 1 mark)
45.
Which of the following fuels has the highest energy density?

A.
Coal
B.
Gas
C.
Oil
D.
Uranium
(Total 1 mark)
45
46.

The photograph below shows a magnified image of a dark central disc surrounded by
concentric dark rings. These rings were produced as a result of interference of monochromatic
light.
The graph below shows how the ring diameter D varies with the ring number n.
The innermost ring corresponds to n = 1. The corresponding diameter is labelled in the
photograph. Error bars for the diameter D are shown.
46
(a)
State one piece of evidence that shows that D is not proportional to n.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
On the graph opposite, draw the line of best-fit for the data points.
(2)
(c)
It is suggested that the relationship between D and n is of the form

D = cnp
where c and p are constants.
Explain what graph you would plot in order to determine the value of p.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
47
(d)
Theory suggests that p =
1
and so D2 = kn (where k = c2).
2
A graph of D2 against n is shown below. Error bars are shown for the first and last data
points only.
(i)
Using the first graph, calculate the percentage uncertainty in D2, of the ring n = 7.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Based on the second graph, state one piece of evidence that supports the
relationship D2 = kn.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
48
(iii)
Use the second graph to determine the value of the constant k, as well as its
uncertainty.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(iv)
State the unit for the constant k.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 14 marks)
47.
This question is about circular motion.

A ball of mass 0.25 kg is attached to a string and is made to rotate with constant speed v along a
horizontal circle of radius r = 0.33 m. The string is attached to the ceiling and makes an angle
of 30 with the vertical.
49
(a)
(i)
On the diagram above, draw and label arrows to represent the forces on the ball in
the position shown.
(2)
(ii)
State and explain whether the ball is in equilibrium.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Determine the speed of rotation of the ball.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
50
48.
This question is about simple harmonic oscillations.

A longitudinal wave travels through a medium from left to right.
Graph 1 shows the variation with time t of the displacement x of a particle P in the medium.
Graph 1
(a)
For particle P,
(i)
state how graph 1 shows that its oscillations are not damped.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
calculate the magnitude of its maximum acceleration.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
51
(iii)
calculate its speed at t = 0.12 s.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv)
state its direction of motion at t = 0.12 s.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Graph 2 shows the variation with position d of the displacement x of particles in the
medium at a particular instant of time.
Graph 2
Determine for the longitudinal wave, using graph 1 and graph 2,

(i)
the frequency.
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
52
(ii)
the speed.
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
Graph 2 reproduced to assist with answering (c)(i).
(c)
The diagram shows the equilibrium positions of six particles in the medium.
(i)
On the diagram above, draw crosses to indicate the positions of these six particles
at the instant of time when the displacement is given by graph 2.
(3)
53
(ii)
On the diagram above, label with the letter C a particle that is at the centre of a
compression.
(1)
(Total 14 marks)
49.
This question is about mechanics and thermal physics.

The graph shows the variation with time t of the speed v of a ball of mass 0.50 kg, that has been
released from rest above the Earths surface.
The force of air resistance is not negligible. Assume that the acceleration of free fall is
g = 9.81 m s2.
(a)
State, without any calculations, how the graph could be used to determine the distance
fallen.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
54
(b)
(i)
In the space below, draw and label arrows to represent the forces on the ball at 2.
0 s.
(1)
(ii)
Use the graph opposite to show that the acceleration of the ball at 2.0 s is
approximately 4 m s2.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Calculate the magnitude of the force of air resistance on the ball at 2.0 s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
55
(iv)
State and explain whether the air resistance on the ball at t = 5.0 s is smaller than,
equal to or greater than the air resistance at t = 2.0 s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
After 10 s the ball has fallen 190 m.

(i)
Show that the sum of the potential and kinetic energies of the ball has decreased by
780 J.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
The specific heat capacity of the ball is 480 J kg1 K1. Estimate the increase in the
temperature of the ball.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
56
(iii)
State an assumption made in the estimate in (c)(ii).

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 14 marks)
50.
This question is about nuclear physics.

(a)
(i)
Define binding energy of a nucleus.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The mass of a nucleus of plutonium ( 239

94 Pu ) is 238.990396 u. Deduce that the
binding energy per nucleon for plutonium is 7.6 MeV.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
57
(b)
The graph shows the variation with nucleon number A of the binding energy per nucleon.
Plutonium ( 239
94 Pu ) undergoes nuclear fission according to the reaction given below.
239
94 Pu
(i)
01 n
91
38 Sr
146
56 Ba
x 01 n
Calculate the number x of neutrons produced.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Use the graph to estimate the energy released in this reaction.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
58
(c)
Stable nuclei with a mass number greater than about 20, contain more neutrons than
protons. By reference to the properties of the nuclear force and of the electrostatic force,
suggest an explanation for this observation.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 11 marks)
51.
This question is about electric circuits.

(a)
Define
(i)
electromotive force (emf ) of a battery.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
electrical resistance of a conductor.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
59
(b)
A battery of emf and negligible internal resistance is connected in series to two

resistors.
The current in the circuit is I.
(i)
State an equation giving the total power delivered by the battery.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The potential difference across resistor R1 is V1 and that across resistor R2 is V2.
Using the law of the conservation of energy, deduce the equation below.
= V1 + V2
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
60
(c)
The graph shows the I-V characteristics of two conductors, X and Y.
On the axes below, sketch graphs to show the variation with potential difference V of the
resistance of conductor X (label this graph X) and conductor Y (label this graph Y).
You do not need to put any numbers on the vertical axis.
(3)
61
(d)
The conductors in (c) are connected in series to a battery of emf and negligible internal
resistance.
The power dissipated in each of the two resistors is the same.
Using the graph given in (c),

(i)
determine the emf of the battery.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
calculate the total power dissipated in the circuit.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
62
52.
This question is about the energy balance of the Earth.

(a)
The intensity of the Suns radiation at the position of the Earth is approximately
1400 W m2.
Suggest why the average power received per unit area of the Earth is 350 W m2.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
The diagram shows a simplified model of the energy balance of the Earths surface.
The diagram shows radiation entering or leaving the Earths surface only.
The average equilibrium temperature of the Earths surface is TE and that of the
atmosphere is TA = 242 K.
(i)
Using the data from the diagram, state the emissivity of the atmosphere.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
63
(ii)
Show that the intensity of the radiation radiated by the atmosphere towards the
Earths surface is 136 W m2.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
By reference to the energy balance of the Earths surface, calculate TE.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
(i)
Outline a mechanism by which part of the radiation radiated by the Earths surface
is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Suggest why the incoming solar radiation is not affected by the mechanism you
outlined in (c)(i).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
64
(iii)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas. State one source and one sink (object
that removes CO2) of this gas.
Source: ..............................................................................................................
Sink: ..................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
53.
This question is about motion in a magnetic field and electromagnetic induction

An electron, that has been accelerated from rest by a potential difference of 250 V, enters a
region of magnetic field of strength 0.12 T that is directed into the plane of the page.
(a)
The electrons path while in the region of magnetic field is a quarter circle. Show that the
(i)
speed of the electron after acceleration is 9.4 106 m s1.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
65
(ii)
radius of the path is 4.5 104 m.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
time the electron spends in the region of magnetic field is 7.5 1011 s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The diagram below shows the momentum of the electron as it enters and leaves the
region of magnetic field. The magnitude of the initial momentum and of the final
momentum is 8.6 1024 Ns.
(i)
On the diagram above, draw an arrow to indicate the vector representing the
change in the momentum of the electron.
(1)
66
(ii)
Show that the magnitude of the change in the momentum of the electron is
1.2 1023 Ns.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Estimate the magnitude of the average force on the electron.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
A square loop of conducting wire is placed near a straight wire carrying a constant
current I. The wire is in the same plane as the loop.
The loop is made to move with constant speed v towards the wire.
67
(i)
Explain, by reference to Faradays and Lenzs laws of electromagnetic induction,

why work must be done on the loop.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Suggest what becomes of the work done on the loop.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
54.
Which of the following will reduce random errors in an experiment?

A.
Using an instrument having a greater precision
B.
Checking the calibration of the instrument used
C.
Checking for zero error on the instrument used
D.
Repeating readings
(Total 1 mark)
68
55.
A body accelerates from rest with a uniform acceleration a for a time t. The uncertainty in a is 8
% and the uncertainty in t is 4 %. The uncertainty in the speed is
A.
32 %.
B.
12 %.
C.
8 %.
D.
2 %.
(Total 1 mark)
56.
Which of the following lists two scalar quantities?

A.
emf, momentum
B.
emf, weight
C.
impulse, kinetic energy
D.
magnetic flux, kinetic energy

(Total 1 mark)
69
57.
The graph shows the variation with time t of the acceleration a of an object.
Which of the following is the change in velocity of the object in the time interval 0 to 4 s?
A.
8 m s1
B.
4 m s1
C.
+4 m s1
D.
+8 m s1
(Total 1 mark)
70
58.
A car accelerates from rest. The acceleration increases with time. Which graph shows the
variation with time t of the speed v of the car?
(Total 1 mark)
59.
Which of the following is the condition for a body to be in translational equilibrium?

A.
The resultant force on the body in any direction is zero.
B.
The velocity of the body in any direction is zero.
C.
No external force is acting on the body.
D.
No work is done on the body.

(Total 1 mark)
71
60.
A stone attached to a string is moving in a horizontal circle. The constant speed of the stone is
v.
The diagram below shows the stone in two different positions, X and Y.
Which of the following shows the direction of the change of velocity of the stone when moving
from position X to position Y?
(Total 1 mark)
72
61.
The graph shows the variation with force F of the extension s of a spring.
The work done in changing the extension of the spring from 3.0 cm to 6.0 cm is
A.
15 N cm.
B.
30 N cm.
C.
45 N cm.
D.
60 N cm.
(Total 1 mark)
62.
The energy of the molecules of an ideal gas is

A.
thermal only.
B.
thermal and potential.
C.
potential and kinetic.
D.
kinetic only.
(Total 1 mark)
73
63.
Oil with volume V has specific heat capacity c at temperature T. The density of oil is .
Which of the following is the thermal capacity of the oil?
A.
B.
cV
cV
C.
cVT
D.
cV
rT
(Total 1 mark)
64.
The volume of an ideal gas in a container is increased at constant temperature. Which of the
following statements is/are correct about the molecules of the gas?
I.
Their speed remains constant.
II.
The frequency of collisions of molecules with unit area of the container wall
decreases.
III.
The force between them decreases.
A.
I only
B.
I and II only
C.
I and III only
D.
II and III only

(Total 1 mark)
74
65.
A particle oscillates with simple harmonic motion with period T.

At time t = 0, the particle has its maximum displacement. Which graph shows the variation with
time t of the kinetic energy Ek of the particle?
(Total 1 mark)
75
66.
An object is undergoing simple harmonic motion with light damping. The natural frequency of
oscillation of the object is f0. A periodic force of frequency f is applied to the object. Which of
the following graphs best shows how the amplitude a of oscillation of the object varies with f?
(Total 1 mark)
76
67.
The graph shows measurements of the height h of sea level at different times t in the Bay of
Fundy.
Which of the following gives the approximate amplitude and period of the tides?
Amplitude
Period
A.
6.5 m
6 hours
B.
13 m
12 hours
C.
6.5 m
12 hours
D.
13 m
6 hours
(Total 1 mark)
77
68.
Two waves meet at a point. The waves have a path difference of
. The phase difference
between the waves is

A.
rad.
8
B.
rad.
4
C.
rad.
2
D.
rad.
(Total 1 mark)
69.
Two electrodes, separated by a distance d, in a vacuum are maintained at a constant potential

difference. An electron, accelerated from one electrode to the other, gains kinetic energy Ek.
1
The distance between the electrodes is now changed to d.
3
What is the gain in kinetic energy of an electron that is accelerated from one electrode to the
other?
A.
Ek
3
B.
Ek
C.
3 Ek
D.
9 Ek
(Total 1 mark)
78
70.
The graph shows the IV characteristics of two resistors.
When resistors X and Y are connected in series, the current in the resistors is 2.0 A. What is the
resistance of the series combination of X and Y?
A.
7.0
B.
1.3
C.
1.1
D.
0.14
(Total 1 mark)
71.
The definition of the ampere refers to the

A.
number of electrons passing a given point per second.
B.
force between parallel current-carrying conductors.
C.
power dissipated per unit resistance.
D.
amount of charge transferred per second.

(Total 1 mark)
79
72.
A spacecraft travels away from Earth in a straight line with its motors shut down. At one instant
the speed of the spacecraft is 5.4 km s1. After a time of 600 s, the speed is 5.1 km s1. The
average gravitational field strength acting on the spacecraft during this time interval is
A.
5.0 104 N kg1
B.
3.0 102 N kg1
C.
5.0 101 N kg1
D.
30 N kg1
(Total 1 mark)
73.
Two isolated point charges, 7 C and +2 C, are at a fixed distance apart. At which point is it
possible for the electric field strength to be zero?
(not to scale)
(Total 1 mark)
74.
A long straight wire carries an electric current perpendicularly out of the paper. Which of the
following represents the magnetic field pattern due to the current?
(Total 1 mark)
80
75.
Which nucleons in a nucleus are involved in the Coulomb interaction and the strong short-range
nuclear interaction?
Coulomb interaction
Strong short-range interaction
A.
protons
protons, neutrons
B.
protons
neutrons
C.
protons
protons
D.
protons, neutrons
neutrons
(Total 1 mark)
7
6
.
T
w
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a
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81
a
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d
Y
h
a
v
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a
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i
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a
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.
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82
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a
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activity of substance X
activity of substance Y
i
s
A
.
8
.
B
.
4
.
83
C
.
1
4
.
D
.
1
8
.
(
T
o
t
a
l
1
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a
r
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)
p
r
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t
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,
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(Total 1 mark)
84
77.
The nuclear equation below is an example of the transmutation of mercury into gold.
2
1H
199
80 Hg
197
79 Au
+X
The particle X is a
A.
gamma-ray photon.
B.
helium nucleus.
C.
proton.
D.
neutron.
(Total 1 mark)
78.
The Sankey diagram of a fossil-fuelled power station is shown below.
Which of the following best identifies the thermal energy removed by water and the useful
electrical energy output of the station?
Thermal energy removed
Useful electrical energy output
A.
B.
C.
D.
2
(Total 1 mark)
85
79.
World energy resources include coal, nuclear fuel and geothermal energy. Which of the
following lists these resources in order of primary energy use in the world?
A.
nuclear, geothermal, coal
B.
nuclear, coal, geothermal
C.
coal, geothermal, nuclear
D.
coal, nuclear, geothermal

(Total 1 mark)
80.
Which of the following processes leads to the production of a nucleus of plutonium-239 from a
nucleus of uranium-238?
A.
Neutron capture by uranium nucleus
B.
Radioactive decay of uranium nucleus
C.
Electron capture by uranium nucleus
D.
Nuclear fission of uranium nucleus

(Total 1 mark)
86
81.
Water is contained in a tidal basin behind a dam. The water has a depth h at high tide and zero
at low tide, as shown in the diagram.
The gravitational potential energy of the water stored in the basin between a high tide and a low
tide is proportional to
h.
A.
B.
h.
C.
h2 .
D.
h3 .
(Total 1 mark)
87
82.
Surface X has a temperature TX and emissivity x. Surface Y has a temperature TY and

emissivity y. The two surfaces emit radiation at the same rate.
What is the ratio
TX
?
TY
A.
ey
e
x
B.
ex
ey
C.
ey
e
x
D.
eX
ey
(Total 1 mark)
83.
Large areas of rainforests are cut down and burned every year. The result of these actions is
A.
reduced albedo.
B.
reduced carbon fixation.
C.
increased evaporation rate.
D.
increased mass of atmospheric methane.

(Total 1 mark)
88
84.

The speed v of waves on the surface of deep water depends only on the wavelength of the
waves. The data gathered from a particular region of the Atlantic Ocean are plotted below.
The uncertainty in the speed v is 0.30 m s1 and the uncertainty in is too small to be shown
on the diagram.
(a)
State, with reference to the graph,

(i)
why v is not directly proportional to .

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
the value of v for = 39 m.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
89
(b)
It is suggested that the relationship between v and is of the form

v= a
where a is a constant. To test the validity of this hypothesis, values of v2 against are
plotted below.
(i)
Use your answer to (a)(ii) to show that the absolute uncertainty in v2 for a
wavelength of 39 m is 5 m2 s2.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
The absolute uncertainty in v2 for a wavelength of 2.5 m is 1 m2 s2. Using this

value and the value in (b)(i), construct error bars for v2 at the data points for
= 2.5 m and 39 m.
(1)
90
(iii)
State why the plotted data in (b)(ii) suggest that it is likely that v is proportional to
.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv)
Use the graph above to determine the constant a.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(v)
Theory shows that a =
k
. Determine a value for k.
2
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)
91
85.
This question is about kinematics.

Lucy stands on the edge of a vertical cliff and throws a stone vertically upwards.
The stone leaves her hand with a speed of 15 m s1 at the instant her hand is 80 m above the
surface of the sea. Air resistance is negligible and the acceleration of free fall is 10 m s2.
(a)
Calculate the maximum height reached by the stone as measured from the point where it
is thrown.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
92
(b)
Determine the time for the stone to reach the surface of the sea after leaving Lucys hand.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
86.
This question is about internal energy and thermal energy (heat).

(a)
Distinguish between internal energy and thermal energy.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Describe, with reference to the energy of the molecules, the difference in internal energy
of a piece of iron and the internal energy of an ideal gas.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
93
(c)
A piece of iron is placed in a kiln until it reaches the temperature of the kiln. The iron
is then quickly transferred to water held in a thermally insulated container. The water is
stirred until it reaches a steady temperature. The following data are available.
Thermal capacity of the piece of iron
Thermal capacity of the water
Initial temperature of the water
Final temperature of the water
= 60 J K1
= 2.0 103 J K1
= 16 C
= 45 C
The thermal capacity of the container and insulation is negligible.
(i)
State an expression, in terms of and the above data, for the energy transfer of the
iron in cooling from the temperature of the kiln to the final temperature of the
water.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the increase in internal energy of the water as the iron cools in the water.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Use your answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii) to determine .

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
87.
This question is about simple harmonic motion (SHM) and a wave in a string.
(a)
By reference to simple harmonic motion, state what is meant by amplitude.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
94
(b)
A liquid is contained in a U-tube.

Diagram 1
Diagram 2
The pressure on the liquid in one side of the tube is increased so that the liquid is
displaced as shown in diagram 2. When the pressure is suddenly released the liquid
oscillates.
The damping of the oscillations is small.
(i)
Describe what is meant by damping.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
95
(ii)
The displacement of the liquid surface from its equilibrium position is x. The
acceleration a of the liquid in the tube is given by the expression
a= -
2g
x
l
where g is the acceleration of free fall and l is the total length of the liquid column.
The total length of the liquid column in the tube is 0.32 m. Determine the period of
oscillation.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
A wave is travelling along a string. The string can be modelled as a single line of
particles and each particle executes simple harmonic motion. The period of oscillation of
the particles is 0.80 s.
The graph shows the displacement y of part of the string at time t = 0. The distance along
the string is d.
(i)
On the graph, draw an arrow to show the direction of motion of particle P at the
point marked on the string.
(1)
96
(ii)
Determine the magnitude of the velocity of particle P.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(iii)
Show that the speed of the wave is 5.0 m s1.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(iv)
On the graph above, label with the letter X the position of particle P at t = 0.40 s.
(1)
(Total 15 marks)
88.
This question is about unified atomic mass unit and a nuclear reaction.
(a)
Define the term unified atomic mass unit.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
97
(b)
The mass of a nucleus of rutherfordium-254 is 254.1001 u. Calculate the mass in GeV

c2.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
In 1919, Rutherford produced the first artificial nuclear transmutation by bombarding

nitrogen with -particles. The reaction is represented by the following equation.
+
(i)
14
7
N 178 O + X
Identify X.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The following data are available for the reaction.

= 3.7428 GeV c2
= 13.0942 GeV c2
Rest mass of
Rest mass of 147 N
Rest mass of
17
8O
+X
= 16.8383 GeV c2
The initial kinetic energy of the -particle is 7.68 MeV. Determine the sum of the
kinetic energies of the oxygen nucleus and X. (Assume that the nitrogen nucleus is
stationary.)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
98
(d)
The reaction in (c) produces oxygen (O-17). Other isotopes of oxygen include O-19
which is radioactive with a half-life of 30 s.
(i)
State what is meant by the term isotopes.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Define the term radioactive half-life.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
A nucleus of the isotope O-19 decays to a stable nucleus of fluorine. The half-life of
O-19 is 30 s. At time t = 0, a sample of O-19 contains a large number N0 nuclei of O-19.
On the grid below, draw a graph to show the variation with time t of the number N of
O-19 nuclei remaining in the sample. You should consider a time of t = 0 to t = 120 s.
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
99
89.
This question is about power production and global warming.

(a)
In any cyclical process designed to continuously convert thermal energy to work, some
energy is always degraded. Explain what is meant by degraded energy.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
A nuclear power station uses uranium-235 (U-235) as fuel. Outline the

(i)
processes and energy changes that occur through which thermal energy is
produced.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
100
(ii)
role of the heat exchanger of the reactor and the turbine in the generation of
electrical energy.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
Identify one process in the power station where energy is degraded.

......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
The maximum power output of the Drax coal-fired power station in the UK is 4.0 GW.
Determine the minimum mass of pure U-235 that would be required by a nuclear power
station to provide the same maximum annual energy output as the Drax power station.
Energy density of U-235 = 82 TJ kg1
1 year
= 3.2 107 s
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
101
(e)
The Drax power station produces an enormous amount of carbon dioxide, a gas classified
as a greenhouse gas. Outline, with reference to the vibrational behaviour of molecules of
carbon dioxide, what is meant by a greenhouse gas.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(f)
It has been suggested that the production of greenhouse gases by coal-fired power
stations has increased global warming. One piece of evidence to support this suggestion
is the increase in sea-level due to an increase in temperature of the oceans. Over the past
100 years it is suggested that sea-levels have risen by 6.4 102 m due to volume
expansion.
Using the following data, determine the average rise in temperature in the top levels of
the oceans in the last 100 years.
Mean depth of oceans that is affected by global warming
Coefficient of volume expansion of sea water
= 4.0 102 m
= 5.1 105 K1
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 18 marks)
102
90.
This question is about electric charge.

(a)
A plastic rod XY is held at end X. The end Y is rubbed with a piece of cloth and, as a
result, the end Y becomes electrically charged.
The procedure is now repeated using a copper rod and it is found that the copper rod
remains electrically neutral. Explain these observations in terms of the properties of
conductors and insulators.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(5)
103
(b)
Two plastic rods each have a positive charge +q situated at one end. The rods are
arranged as shown.
Assume that the charge at the end of each rod behaves as a point charge. Draw, in the
shaded area on the diagram, the electric field pattern due to the two charges.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
91.
This question is about power and efficiency.

A bus is travelling at a constant speed of 6.2 m s1 along a section of road that is inclined at an
angle of 6.0 to the horizontal.
104
(a)
(i)
The bus is represented by the black dot shown below. Draw a labelled sketch to
represent the forces acting on the bus.
(4)
(ii)
State the value of the rate of change of momentum of the bus.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The total output power of the engine of the bus is 70 kW and the efficiency of the engine
is 35 %. Calculate the input power to the engine.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
The mass of the bus is 8.5 103 kg. Determine the rate of increase of gravitational
potential energy of the bus.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
105
(d)
Using your answer to (c) and the data in (b), estimate the magnitude of the resistive
forces acting on the bus.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(e)
The engine of the bus suddenly stops working.

(i)
Determine the magnitude of the net force opposing the motion of the bus at the
instant at which the engine stops.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Discuss, with reference to the air resistance, the change in the net force as the bus
slows down.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 17 marks)
106
92.
This question is about electrical resistance.

(a)
A resistor of resistance 1.5 is made from copper wire of radius 0.18 mm. The
resistivity of copper is 1.7 108 m. Determine the length of copper wire used to make
the resistor.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
The manufacturer of the resistor in (a) guarantees that the resistance is within 10 % of 1.
5 , provided that the power dissipation in the resistor does not exceed 1.0 W.
(i)
Suggest why the resistance of the resistor might be greater than 1.65 if the
power dissipation in the resistor is greater than 1.0 W.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Show that, for a power dissipation of 1.0 W, the current in a resistor of resistance
1.5 is 0.82 A.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
107
(iii)
The 1.5 resistor is connected in series with a variable resistor and battery of emf
6.0 V and internal resistance 1.8 .
Estimate the resistance R of the variable resistor that will limit the current to 0.
82 A.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
93.
A force F is applied to a body moving along a straight line. A resistive force f acts on the body.
Both forces act along the same straight line as the motion of the body. The rate of change of
momentum of the body is equal to
A.
F f.
B.
F.
C.
F + f.
D.
f.
(Total 1 mark)
108
94.
The diagram below shows a uniform electric field of strength E. The field is in a vacuum.
An electron enters the field with a velocity v in the direction shown. The electron is moving in
the plane of the paper. The path followed by the electron will be
A.
parabolic.
B.
in the direction of E.
C.
in the direction of v.
D.
circular.
(Total 1 mark)
95.
A string vibrates with fundamental frequency f. The wavelength of the sound produced in air is
. Which of the following correctly gives the frequency of vibration of the fourth harmonic of
the string and the wavelength of the sound in air?
Frequency
Wavelength
A.
f
2
B.
4f
C.
f
2
D.
4f
4
(Total 1 mark)
109
96.
Two resistors, of resistance R1 and R2, are connected in series with a cell of emf and
negligible internal resistance.
Which expression gives the potential difference across the resistor of resistance R1?
A.
R1
R1 R2
B.
R1 R2
R1
C.
R2
R1 R2
D.
R1 R2
R2
(Total 1 mark)
97.
Which of the following describes the role of the atmosphere in the greenhouse effect?
A.
The atmosphere is transparent to all solar radiation.
B.
The atmosphere absorbs infrared radiation from the ground.
C.
The atmosphere scatters red light more than blue light.
D.
Clouds in the atmosphere prevent absorption of infrared radiation.

(Total 1 mark)
110
98.

The speed v of waves on the surface of deep water depends only on the wavelength of the
waves. The data gathered from a particular region of the Atlantic Ocean are plotted below.
The uncertainty in the speed v is 0.30 m s1 and the uncertainty in is too small to be shown
on the diagram.
(a)
Draw a best-fit line for the data.

(1)
(b)
State, with reference to the line you have drawn in (a),

(i)
why v is not directly proportional to .

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
111
(ii)
the value of v for = 39 m.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
f
i o the fo rm
(c)
It is suggested that the relationship between v and
112
(b)
Determine the time for the stone to reach the surface of the sea after leaving Lucys hand.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
100. This question is about internal energy and thermal energy (heat).
(a)
Distinguish between internal energy and thermal energy.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
A piece of iron is placed in a kiln until it reaches the temperature of the kiln. The iron
is then quickly transferred to water held in a thermally insulated container. The water is
stirred until it reaches a steady temperature. The following data are available.
Thermal capacity of the piece of iron
Thermal capacity of the water
Initial temperature of the water
Final temperature of the water
= 60 J K1
= 2.0 103 J K1
= 16 C
= 45 C
The thermal capacity of the container and insulation is negligible.
113
(i)
State an expression, in terms of and the above data, for the energy transfer of the
iron in cooling from the temperature of the kiln to the final temperature of the
water.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the increase in internal energy of the water as the iron cools in the water.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Use your answers to (b)(i) and (b)(ii) to determine .

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
101. This question is about the unified atomic mass unit and a nuclear reaction.
(a)
Define the term unified atomic mass unit.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The mass of a nucleus of rutherfordium-254 is 254.1001 u. Calculate the mass in

GeV c2.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
114
(c)
In 1919, Rutherford produced the first artificial nuclear transmutation by bombarding

nitrogen with -particles. The reaction is represented by the following equation.
+
(i)
14
7
17
8O
+X
Identify X.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The following data are available for the reaction.

= 3.7428 GeV c2
= 13.0942 GeV c2
Rest mass of
Rest mass of 147 N
Rest mass of
17
8O
+X
= 16.8383 GeV c2
The initial kinetic energy of the -particle is 7.68 MeV. Determine the sum of the
kinetic energies of the oxygen nucleus and X. (Assume that the nitrogen nucleus is
stationary.)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
115
102. This question is about electric charge and resistance.

(a)
A plastic rod XY is held at end X. The end Y is rubbed with a piece of cloth and, as a
result, the end Y becomes electrically charged.
The procedure is now repeated using a copper rod and it is found that the copper rod
remains electrically neutral. Explain these observations in terms of the properties of
conductors and insulators.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(5)
116
(b)
Two plastic rods each have a positive charge +q situated at one end. The rods are
arranged as shown.
Assume that the charge at the end of each rod behaves as a point charge. Draw, in the
shaded area on the diagram
(i)
the electric field pattern due to the two charges.

(2)
(ii)
a line to represent an equipotential surface. Label the line with the letter V.
(1)
(c)
A resistor of resistance 1.5 is made from copper wire of radius 0.18 mm. The
resistivity of copper is 1.7 108 m. Determine the length of copper wire used to make
the resistor.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
117
(d)
The manufacturer of the resistor in (c) guarantees that the resistance is within 10 % of 1.
5 , provided that the power dissipation in the resistor does not exceed 1.0 W.
(i)
Suggest why the resistance of the resistor might be greater than 1.65 if the
power dissipation in the resistor is greater than 1.0 W.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Show that, for a power dissipation of 1.0 W, the current in a resistor of resistance
1.5 is 0.82 A.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
118
(iii)
The 1.5 resistor is connected in series with a variable resistor and battery of emf
6.0 V and internal resistance 1.8 .
Estimate the resistance R of the variable resistor that will limit the current to
0.82 A.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 16 marks)
103. This question is about power production and global warming.

(a)
In any cyclical process designed to continuously convert thermal energy to work, some
energy is always degraded. Explain what is meant by degraded energy.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
119
(b)
A nuclear power station uses uranium-235 (U-235) as fuel. Outline the

(i)
processes and energy changes that occur through which thermal energy is
produced.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(ii)
role of the heat exchanger of the reactor and the turbine in the generation of
electrical energy.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
Identify one process in the power station where energy is degraded.

......................................................................................................................................
(1)
120
(d)
The maximum power output of the Drax coal-fired power station in the UK is 4.0 GW.
Determine the minimum mass of pure U-235 that would be required by a nuclear power
station to provide the same maximum annual energy output as the Drax power station.
Energy density of U-235
1 year
= 82 TJ kg1
= 3.2 107 s
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
It has been suggested that the production of greenhouse gases by coal-fired power
stations has increased global warming. One piece of evidence to support this suggestion
is the increase in sea-level due to an increase in temperature of the oceans. Over the past
100 years it is suggested that sea-levels have risen by 6.4 102 m due to volume
expansion.
Using the following data, determine the average rise in temperature in the top levels of
the oceans in the last 100 years.
Mean depth of oceans that is affected by global warming
Coefficient of volume expansion of sea water
= 4.0 102 m
= 5.1 105 K1
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
121
104. This question is about power and efficiency.

A bus is travelling at a constant speed of 6.2 m s1 along a section of road that is inclined at an
angle of 6.0 to the horizontal.
(a)
(i)
The bus is represented by the black dot shown below. Draw a labelled sketch to
represent the forces acting on the bus.
(4)
(ii)
State the value of the rate of change of momentum of the bus.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The total output power of the engine of the bus is 70 kW and the efficiency of the engine
is 35 %. Calculate the input power to the engine.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
122
(c)
The mass of the bus is 8.5 103 kg. Determine the rate of increase of gravitational
potential energy of the bus.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(d)
Using your answer to (c) and the data in (b), estimate the magnitude of the resistive
forces acting on the bus.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 13 marks)
105. This question is about simple harmonic motion (SHM), wave motion and polarization.
(a)
By reference to simple harmonic motion, state what is meant by amplitude.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
123
(b)
A liquid is contained in a U-tube.

Diagram 1
Diagram 2
The pressure on the liquid in one side of the tube is increased so that the liquid is
displaced as shown in diagram 2. When the pressure is suddenly released the liquid
oscillates.
The damping of the oscillations is small.
(i)
Describe what is meant by damping.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
The displacement of the liquid surface from its equilibrium position is x. The
acceleration a of the liquid in the tube is given by the expression
a= -
2g
x
l
where g is the acceleration of free fall and l is the total length of the liquid column.
Explain, with reference to the motion of the liquid, the significance of the minus
sign.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
124
(iii)
The total length of the liquid column in the tube is 0.32 m. Determine the period of
oscillation.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
A wave is travelling along a string. The string can be modelled as a single line of
particles and each particle executes simple harmonic motion. The period of oscillation of
the particles is 0.80 s.
The graph shows the displacement y of part of the string at time t = 0. The distance along
the string is d.
(i)
On the graph, draw an arrow to show the direction of motion of particle P at the
point marked on the string.
(1)
125
(ii)
Determine the magnitude of the velocity of particle P.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(iii)
Show that the speed of the wave is 5.0 m s1.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(iv)
On the graph above, label with the letter X the position of particle P at t = 0.40 s.
(1)
126
(d)
The string in (c) is fixed at both ends and is made to vibrate in a vertical plane in its first
harmonic.
(i)
Describe how the standing wave in the string gives rise to the first harmonic.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Outline how a travelling wave in a string can be used to describe the nature of
polarized light.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
127
(e)
James is wearing polarized sunglasses and views the sunlight reflected from the smooth
surface of a lake.
The angle is the angle between the surface of the lake and Jamess line of sight.
Calculate the value of at which the reflected sunlight from the surface is minimized.
The refractive index of the water is 1.3.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 25 marks)
106. The best estimate for the time it takes light to cross the nucleus of the hydrogen atom is
A.
1023 s.
B.
1020 s.
C.
1015 s.
D.
107 s.
(Total 1 mark)
128
107. The length of each side of a sugar cube is measured as 10 mm with an uncertainty of 2 mm.
Which of the following is the absolute uncertainty in the volume of the sugar cube?
A.
6 mm3
B.
8 mm3
C.
400 mm3
D.
600 mm3
(Total 1 mark)
108. The time taken for a stone dropped from rest to fall vertically through 16 m is 2.0 s. Based on
these measurements, what is the best estimate for the acceleration of free fall?
A.
4.0 m s2
B.
8.0 m s2
C.
9.8 m s2
D.
10 m s2
(Total 1 mark)
109. A wooden block is sliding down an inclined plane at constant speed. The magnitude of the
frictional force between the block and the plane is equal to
A.
zero.
B.
the magnitude of the weight of the block.
C.
the magnitude of the component of weight of the block parallel to the plane.
D.
the magnitude of the component of the normal reaction parallel to the plane.
(Total 1 mark)
129
110. Which of the following is a correct statement of Newtons second law of motion?
A.
A force acting on a body is proportional to the mass of the body.
B.
The rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to the net external force acting on the
body.
C.
The momentum of a body is proportional to the net external force acting on the body.
D.
A force acting on a body is proportional to the acceleration of the body.

(Total 1 mark)
111. A ball of weight W is travelling horizontally towards a vertical wall. It strikes the wall and
rebounds horizontally. The change in the magnitude of the momentum of the ball is p. Which
of the following is the magnitude of the impulse that the ball imparts to the wall?
A.
W + p
B.
W p
C.
D.
p
(Total 1 mark)
130
112. Two objects undergo an inelastic collision. Which of the following is correct in respect of both
the conservation of momentum and the conservation of total energy of the system?
Momentum
Total energy
A.
conserved
not conserved
B.
conserved
conserved
C.
not conserved
not conserved
D.
not conserved
conserved
(Total 1 mark)
113. A particle P is moving anti-clockwise with constant speed in a horizontal circle.

Which diagram correctly shows the direction of the velocity v and acceleration a of the particle
P in the position shown?
(Total 1 mark)
131
114. Two objects are in thermal contact with each other. Which of the following will determine the
direction of the transfer of thermal energy between the bodies?
A.
The mass of each body
B.
The area of contact between the bodies
C.
The specific heat capacity of each body
D.
The temperature of each body

(Total 1 mark)
115. The mole is defined as

A.
1
the mass of an atom of the isotope carbon-12.
12
B.
the amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities as the number of
atoms in 12 g of the isotope carbon-12.
C.
the mass of one atom of the isotope carbon-12.
D.
the amount of a substance that contains as many nuclei as the number of nuclei in 12 g of
the isotope carbon-12.
(Total 1 mark)
132
116. A gas is contained in a cylinder by a piston.
The gas is compressed rapidly by moving the piston in the direction shown. The best
explanation for the resulting increase in temperature of the gas is that the molecules of the gas
gain kinetic energy
A.
from the moving piston.
B.
by colliding more frequently with each other.
C.
by being pushed closer together.
D.
by colliding more frequently with the walls of the cylinder.

(Total 1 mark)
133
117. The graph shows how the velocity v of an object undergoing simple harmonic motion varies
with time t for one complete period of oscillation.
Which of the following sketch graphs best shows how the total energy E of the object varies
with t?
(Total 1 mark)
134
118. A force that varies sinusoidally is applied to a system that is lightly damped. Which of the
following must be true of the force for resonance to occur?
A.
It must always be in anti-phase with the oscillations of the system.
B.
Its direction must always be in the direction of motion of the oscillations of the system.
C.
Its frequency must be equal to the frequency of oscillation of the system.
D.
Its amplitude must be equal to the amplitude of oscillation of the system.

(Total 1 mark)
119. Which of the following is a value of wavelength that is found in the visible region of the
electromagnetic spectrum?
A.
4 105 m
B.
4 107 m
C.
4 109 m
D.
4 1011 m
(Total 1 mark)
120. Two waves meet at a point in space. Which of the following properties always add together?
A.
Displacement
B.
Amplitude
C.
Speed
D.
Frequency
(Total 1 mark)
135
121. A point charge of magnitude 2.0 C is moved between two points X and Y. Point X is at a
potential of +6.0 V and point Y is at a potential of +9.0 V. The gain in potential energy of the
point charge is
A.
0.20 J.
B.
1.5 J.
C.
6.0 J.
D.
30 J.
(Total 1 mark)
122. A resistor of resistance 12 is connected in series with a cell of negligible internal resistance.
The power dissipated in the resistor is P. The resistor is replaced with a resistor of resistance 3.
0 . What is the power dissipated in this resistor?
A.
0.25 P
B.
C.
2.0 P
D.
4.0 P
(Total 1 mark)
123. The electromotive force (emf) of a cell is defined as

A.
the power supplied by the cell per unit current from the cell.
B.
the force that the cell provides to drive electrons round a circuit.
C.
the energy supplied by the cell per unit current from the cell.
D.
the potential difference across the terminals of the cell.

(Total 1 mark)
136
124. The weight of an object of mass 1 kg at the surface of Mars is about 4 N. The radius of Mars is
about half the radius of Earth. Which of the following is the best estimate of the ratio below?
mass of Mars
mass of Earth
A.
0.1
B.
0.2
C.
D.
10
(Total 1 mark)
125. Three positive point charges of equal magnitude are held at the corners X, Y and Z of a
right-angled triangle. The point P is at the midpoint of XY. Which of the arrows shows the
direction of the electric field at point P?
(Total 1 mark)
137
126. An electron travelling in the direction shown by the arrow X, enters a region of uniform
magnetic field. It leaves the region of field in the direction shown by the arrow Y.
The direction of the magnetic field is

A.
in the direction of X.
B.
into the plane of the paper.
C.
in the opposite direction to X.
D.
out of the plane of the paper.

(Total 1 mark)
127. Emission and absorption spectra provide evidence for

A.
the nuclear model of the atom.
B.
natural radioactivity.
C.
the existence of isotopes.
D.
the existence of atomic energy levels.

(Total 1 mark)
138
A.
0.1
B.
0.2
C.
D.
10
(Total 1 mark)
128. Which of the following is true in respect of both the Coulomb interaction and the strong
interaction between nucleons in an atom?
Coulomb interaction exists
between
Strong interaction exists

between
A.
protons only
neutrons only
B.
both protons and neutrons
neutrons only
C.
protons only
D.

(Total 1 mark)
129. Which of the following correctly identifies the three particles emitted in the decay of the
45
nucleus 20
Ca into a nucleus of 45
21 Sc ?
A.
, ,
B.
, , v
C.
, , v
D.
, , v
(Total 1 mark)
139
130. The nuclear reaction

2
1H
31 H 42 He 01 n
is an example of
A.
nuclear fission.
B.
radioactive decay.
C.
nuclear fusion.
D.
artificial transmutation.
(Total 1 mark)
131. Degraded energy is energy that is

A.
stored in the Earths atmosphere.
B.
available from non-renewable energy sources.
C.
converted into work in a cyclical process.
D.
no longer available for the performance of useful work.

(Total 1 mark)
132. Which of the following correctly describes both the role of the moderator and of the control
rods in a nuclear reactor?
Moderator
Control rods
A.
slows down the neutrons
maintain a constant rate of fission
B.
cools down the reactor
extract thermal energy
C.
cools down the reactor
maintain a constant rate of fission
D.
slows down the neutrons
extract thermal energy

(Total 1 mark)
140
D.
? ?, v 133.
Which of the following correctly shows the energy change in a photovoltaic

cell and in a solar heating panel?
Photovoltaic cell
Solar heating panel
A.
solar electrical
solar thermal
B.
electrical thermal
solar electrical
C.
solar electrical
electrical thermal
D.
electrical thermal
solar thermal
(Total 1 mark)
134. The albedo for the oceans is lower than that for glaciers. This is because, compared to ice, sea
water
A.
has a greater density.
B.
has a greater specific heat capacity.
C.
has a greater coefficient of volume expansion.
D.
absorbs a greater amount of radiative power.

(Total 1 mark)
135. Which of the following is most likely to reduce the enhanced greenhouse effect?
A.
Replace the use of gas-fired power stations with oil-fired power stations
B.
Replace coal-fired power stations with nuclear power stations
C.
Increase the use of all non-renewable energy sources
D.
Decrease the efficiency of power production

(Total 1 mark)
141
136. This question is about electrical resistance.

The graph shows the variation with temperature T of the resistance R of an electrical
component.
(a)
A student hypothesizes that the resistance is inversely proportional to the temperature.

Use data from the graph to show whether the hypothesis is supported.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
142
(b)
A second student suggests that the relationship is of the form

lg R = a +
b
T
where a and b are constants.

The student plots the graph below. Error bars have been included for the sake of clarity.
143
(i)
Explain how the graph drawn could be used as evidence to support the students
suggestion.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Use the graph to determine the constants a and b.

b: .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
a: .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(iii)
Using your answers to (b)(ii), determine a value for the resistance of the
component at a temperature of 260 K.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
144
137. This question is about forces.

An athlete trains by dragging a heavy load across a rough horizontal surface.
The athlete exerts a force of magnitude F on the load at an angle of 25 to the horizontal.
(a)
Once the load is moving at a steady speed, the average horizontal frictional force acting
on the load is 470 N.
Calculate the average value of F that will enable the load to move at constant speed.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
The load is moved a horizontal distance of 2.5 km in 1.2 hours.

Calculate
(i)
the work done on the load by the force F.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
145
(ii)
the minimum average power required to move the load.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
The athlete pulls the load uphill at the same speed as in part (a).
Explain, in terms of energy changes, why the minimum average power required is greater
than in (b)(ii).
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
138. This question is about solar heating panels.

(a)
State the energy change that takes place in a solar panel.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
146
(b)
A village consists of 120 houses. It is proposed that solar panels be used to provide hot
water to the houses.
The following data are available.
average power needed per house to heat water = 3.0 kW
average surface solar intensity
= 650 W m2
efficiency of energy conversion of a solar panel = 18 %
Calculate the minimum surface area of the solar panels required to provide the total
power for water heating.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
Suggest two disadvantages of using solar power to provide energy for heating water.
1: ..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
2: ..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
147
139. This question is about solar radiation.

(a)
State the StefanBoltzmann law for a black body.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
The following data relates to the Earth and the Sun.

Earth-Sun distance
radius of Earth
radius of Sun
surface temperature of Sun
(i)
= 1.5 1011 m
= 6.4 106 m
= 7.0 108 m
= 5800 K
Use data from the table to show that the power radiated by the Sun is about
4 1026 W.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the solar power incident per unit area at a distance from the Sun equal to
the Earths distance from the Sun.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
148
(iii)
The average power absorbed per unit area at the Earths surface is 240 W m2.
State two reasons why the value calculated in (b)(ii) differs from this value.
1: .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2: .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv)
Show that the value for power absorbed per unit area of 240 W m2 is consistent
with an average equilibrium temperature for the Earth of about 255 K.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Explain, by reference to the greenhouse effect, why the average temperature of the
surface of the Earth is greater than 255 K.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
149
(d)
Suggest why the burning of fossil fuels may lead to an increase in the temperature of the
surface of the Earth.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
140. This question is about kicking a football.

A ball is suspended from a ceiling by a string of length 7.5 m. The ball is kicked horizontally
and rises to a maximum height of 6.0 m.
(a)
Assuming that the air resistance is negligible, show that the initial speed of the ball is
11 m s1.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
150
(b)
The mass of the ball is 0.55 kg and the impact time of the kickers foot with the ball is
150 ms. Estimate the average force exerted on the ball by the kick.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
(i)
Explain why the tension in the string increases immediately after the ball is kicked.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Calculate the tension in the string immediately after the ball is kicked. Assume that
the string is vertical.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
151
141. This question is about water wave motion.

A small sphere, mounted at the end of a vertical rod, dips below the surface of shallow water in
a tray. The sphere is driven vertically up and down by a motor attached to the rod.
The oscillations of the sphere produce travelling waves on the surface of the water.
(a)
The diagram shows how the displacement of the water surface at a particular instant in
time varies with distance from the sphere. The period of oscillation of the sphere is 0.
027 s.
Use the diagram to calculate, for the wave,

(i)
the amplitude.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
152
(ii)
the wavelength.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
the frequency.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv)
the speed.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The wave moves from region A into a region B of shallower water. The waves move
more slowly in region B. The diagram (not to scale) shows some of the wavefronts in
region A.
153
(i)
With reference to a wave, distinguish between a ray and a wavefront.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
The angle between the wavefronts and the interface in region A is 60. The
refractive index AnB is 1.4.
Determine the angle between the wavefronts and the interface in region B.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
On the diagram above, construct three lines to show the position of three
wavefronts in region B.
(2)
154
(c)
Another sphere is dipped into the water. The spheres oscillate in phase. The diagram
shows some lines in region A along which the disturbance of the water surface is a
minimum.
(i)
Outline how the regions of minimum disturbance occur on the surface.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
155
(ii)
The frequency of oscillation of the spheres is increased.

State and explain how this will affect the positions of minimum disturbance.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)
142. This question is about nuclear processes.

(a)
A nucleus of radium-91 ( 226

91 Ra ) undergoes alpha particle decay to form a nucleus of
radon (Rn).
(i)
Identify the proton number and nucleon number of the nucleus of Rn.
Proton number: .................................................................................................
Nucleon number: ..............................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
The half-life of radium-91 is 1600 years. Determine the length of time taken for
87.5 % of the radium to disintegrate.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
156
(b)
Immediately after the decay of a stationary radium nucleus, the alpha particle and the
radon nucleus move off in opposite directions and at different speeds.
Outline the reasons for these observations.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
Outline why a beta particle has a longer range in air than an alpha particle of the same
energy.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
157
143. This question is about an electrical heater.

An electrical heater consists of two heating elements E1 and E2. The elements are connected in
parallel. Each element has a switch and is connected to a supply of emf 240 V. The supply has
Element E1 is made from wire that has a cross-sectional area of 6.8 108 m2. The resistivity of
the wire at the operating temperature of the element is 1.1 106 m.
(a)
(i)
The total length of wire is 4.5 m. Show that the resistance of E1 is 73 .

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the power output of E1 with only this element connected to the supply.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
158
(iii)
Element E2 is made of wire of the same cross-section and material as E1. The
length of wire used to make E2 is 1.5 m. Determine the total power output when
both E1 and E2 are connected to the supply.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(iv)
With reference to the power output, explain why it would be inappropriate to

connect the heating elements in series.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Each element in the electrical heater is wound as a coil as shown.
Each turn of the coil may be considered to act as a current-carrying long straight wire.
159
(i)
On the diagram, draw the magnetic field around a current-carrying long straight
wire. The arrow shows the direction of the current.
(3)
(ii)
State and explain whether the turns of wire will attract or repel one another.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
144. This question is about heating a liquid.

(a)
Suggest why, in terms of the molecular model, the energy associated with melting is less
than that associated with boiling.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
160
(b)
Milk in a cup is heated to boiling point by passing steam through it. Whilst cooling
subsequently, some milk evaporates.
(i)
Distinguish between evaporation and boiling.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
The cup contains 0.30 kg of milk at an initial temperature of 18 C. Estimate the

minimum mass of steam at 100 C that is required to heat the milk to 80 C.
Specific latent heat of vaporization of water
Specific heat capacity of water
Specific heat capacity of milk
= 2.3 106 J kg1

= 4200 J kg1 K1
= 3800 J kg1 K1
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
161
(iii)
State two reasons, other than evaporation, why the answer to (b)(ii) is likely to be
different from the actual mass of condensed steam.
1: .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2: .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
145. Which of the following quantities can be determined from a speed-time graph of a particle
travelling in a straight line?
A.
Only the magnitude of the acceleration at a given instant
B.
Both the velocity and the acceleration at a given instant
C.
Only the distance travelled in a given time
D.
Both the distance travelled in a given time and the magnitude of the acceleration at a
given instant
(Total 1 mark)
146. Which of the following is a correct definition of work?

A.
Product of force and distance
B.
Product of force and distance moved in the direction of the force
C.
Product of power and time
D.
Product of force and displacement

(Total 1 mark)
162
147. Water at a temperature of 0 C is kept in a thermally insulated container. A lump of ice, also at
0 C, is placed in the water and completely submerged.
Which of the following is true in respect of both the net amount of ice that will melt and the
change in temperature of the water?
Net amount of ice
that melts
Change in
temperature of water
A.
all will melt
no change
B.
some will melt
decrease
C.
none will melt
no change
D.
all will melt
decrease
(Total 1 mark)
148. Degraded energy is energy that is

A.
stored in the Earths atmosphere.
B.
available from non-renewable energy sources.
C.
converted into work in a cyclical process.
D.
no longer available for the performance of useful work.

(Total 1 mark)
163
149. A coal-fired power station has a power output of P and its efficiency is . It burns a mass of
coal M every second. The best estimate of the energy density of the coal used is
A.
PM
B.
Me
P
C.
Pe
M
D.
P
eM
(Total 1 mark)
164

The graph shows the variation with temperature T of the resistance R of an electrical
component.
(a)
A student hypothesizes that the resistance is inversely proportional to the temperature.

Use data from the graph to show whether the hypothesis is supported.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
165
(b)
A second student suggests that the relationship is of the form

lg R = a +
b
T
where a and b are constants.

The student plots the graph below. Error bars have been included for the sake of clarity.
166
(i)
Explain how the graph drawn could be used as evidence to support the students
suggestion.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Use the graph to determine the constants a and b.

b: .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
a: .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(iii)
Using your answers to (b)(ii), determine a value for the resistance of the
component at a temperature of 260 K.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
167

An athlete trains by dragging a heavy load across a rough horizontal surface.
The athlete exerts a force of magnitude F on the load at an angle of 25 to the horizontal.
(a)
Once the load is moving at a steady speed, the average horizontal frictional force acting
on the load is 470 N.
Calculate the average value of F that will enable the load to move at constant speed.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
The load is moved a horizontal distance of 2.5 km in 1.2 hours.

Calculate
(i)
the work done on the load by the force F.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
168
(ii)
the minimum average power required to move the load.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
The athlete pulls the load uphill at the same speed as in part (a).
Explain, in terms of energy changes, why the minimum average power required is greater
than in (b)(ii).
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
152. This question is about solar heating panels.

(a)
A village consists of 120 houses. It is proposed that solar panels be used to provide hot
water to the houses.
average power needed per house to heat water = 3.0 kW
average surface solar intensity
= 650 W m2
efficiency of energy conversion of a solar panel = 18 %
Calculate the minimum surface area of the solar panels required to provide the total
power for water heating.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
169
(b)
Suggest two disadvantages of using solar power to provide energy for heating water.
1: ..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
2: ..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
153. This question is about solar radiation.

(a)
State the StefanBoltzmann law for a black body.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
The following data relate to the Earth and the Sun.

Earth-Sun distance
radius of Earth
radius of Sun
surface temperature of Sun
(i)
= 1.5 1011 m
= 6.4 106 m
= 7.0 108 m
= 5800 K
Use data from the table to show that the power radiated by the Sun is about
4 1026 W.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
170
(ii)
Calculate the solar power incident per unit area at a distance from the Sun equal to
the Earths distance from the Sun.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
The average power absorbed per unit area at the Earths surface is 240 W m2.
State two reasons why the value calculated in (b)(ii) differs from this value.
1: .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2: .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv)
Show that the value for power absorbed per unit area of 240 W m2 is consistent
with an average equilibrium temperature for Earth of about 255 K.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
171
(c)
Explain, by reference to the greenhouse effect, why the average temperature of the
surface of the Earth is greater than 255 K.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(d)
Suggest why the burning of fossil fuels may lead to an increase in the temperature of the
surface of the Earth.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
172
154. This question is about water waves.

A small sphere, mounted at the end of a vertical rod, dips below the surface of shallow water in
a tray. The sphere is driven vertically up and down by a motor attached to the rod. The
oscillations of the sphere produce travelling waves on the surface of the water.
(a)
State what is meant by a travelling (progressive) wave.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The diagram shows how the displacement of the water surface at a particular instant in
time varies with distance from the sphere. The period of oscillation of the sphere is 0.
027 s.
173
Use the diagram to calculate, for the wave,

(i)
the amplitude.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
the wavelength.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
the frequency.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv)
the speed.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
174
(c)
The wave moves from region A into a region B of shallower water. The waves move
more slowly in region B. The diagram (not to scale) shows some of the wavefronts in
region A.
(i)
On the diagram, draw three lines to complete the wavefronts in region B.

(2)
175
(ii)
Theory suggests that the wave speed c is related to the water depth d by
c=
gd
where g is a constant.
The refractive index for waves travelling from region A to region B is 1.4.
Determine the following ratio.
water depth in A
water depth in B
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(d)
Another sphere is dipped into the water. The spheres oscillate in phase. The diagram
shows some lines in region A along which the disturbance of the water surface is a
minimum.
176
(i)
Outline how the regions of minimum disturbance occur on the surface.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
The frequency of oscillation of the spheres is increased.

State and explain how this will affect the positions of minimum disturbance.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)
155. This question is about nuclear decay and ionization.

(a)
A nucleus of radium-91 ( 226

91 Ra ) undergoes alpha particle decay to form a nucleus of
radon (Rn).
Identify the proton number and nucleon number of the nucleus of Rn.
Proton number: ............................................................................................................
Nucleon number: .........................................................................................................
(2)
177
(b)
Immediately after the decay of a stationary radium nucleus, the alpha particle and the
radon nucleus move off in opposite directions and at different speeds.
(i)
Outline the reasons for these observations.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Show that the ratio
initial kinetic energy of alpha particle

initial kinetic energy of radon atom
is about 56.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
178
(c)
The initial kinetic energy of the alpha particle is 4.9 MeV. As the alpha particle passes
through air, it loses all its kinetic energy by causing the ionization of 1.7 105 air
molecules.
(i)
State what is meant by ionization.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Estimate, in joules, the average energy needed to ionize an air molecule.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
Outline why a beta particle has a longer range in air than an alpha particle of the same
energy.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 14 marks)
179
156. This question is about an electrical heater.

An electrical heater consists of two heating elements E1 and E2. The elements are connected in
parallel. Each element has a switch and is connected to a supply of emf 240 V. The supply has
Element E1 is made from wire that has a cross-sectional area of 6.8 108 m2. The resistivity of
the wire at the operating temperature of the element is 1.1 106 m.
(a)
(i)
The total length of wire is 4.5 m. Show that the resistance of E1 is 73 .

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the power output of E1 with only this element connected to the supply.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
180
(iii)
Element E2 is made of wire of the same cross-section and material as E1. The
length of wire used to make E2 is 1.5 m. Determine the total power output when
both E1 and E2 are connected to the supply.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(iv)
With reference to the power output, explain why it would be inappropriate to

connect the heating elements in series.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Each element in the electrical heater is wound as a coil as shown.
Each turn of the coil may be considered to act as a current-carrying long straight wire.
181
(i)
On the diagram, draw the magnetic field around a current-carrying long straight
wire. The arrow shows the direction of the current.
(3)
(ii)
State and explain whether the turns of wire will attract or repel one another.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
182
157. The current in a resistor is measured as 2.00 A 0.02 A. Which of the following correctly
identifies the absolute uncertainty and the percentage uncertainty in the current?
Absolute uncertainty
Percentage uncertainty
A.
0.02 A
1 %
B.
0.01 A
0.5 %
C.
0.02 A
0.01 %
D.
0.01 A
0.005 %
(Total 1 mark)
158. Which of the following lists only two vector quantities?

A.
mass, energy, work
B.
momentum, work, speed
C.
weight, force, acceleration
D.
momentum, energy, displacement

(Total 1 mark)
159. Samantha walks along a horizontal path in the direction shown. The curved part of the path is a
semi-circle.
The magnitude of her displacement from point P to point Q is approximately

A.
2 m.
B.
4 m.
C.
6 m.
D.
8 m.
(Total 1 mark)
183
160. Which of the following may be determined from a speed-time graph?

A.
Displacement
B.
Distance
C.
Power
D.
Force
(Total 1 mark)
161. Stephen pushes two boxes P and Q, that stay in contact, along a rough table, with a force F of
30 N.
Box P has a mass of 2.0 kg and box Q has a mass of 4.0 kg. Both boxes move with constant
speed.
The resultant force on box Q is

A.
0 N.
B.
5.0 N.
C.
15 N.
D.
30 N.
(Total 1 mark)
184
162. A ball moves along the inside of a horizontal semi-circular ring as shown. The diagram is a
view from above.
Which arrow represents the direction of the average force on the ball?
(Total 1 mark)
185
163. A ball is thrown vertically upwards and comes down again. Air resistance is negligible. Which
of the following graphs shows how the gravitational potential energy EP varies with time t?
(Total 1 mark)
164. A pump extracts water from a well of depth h at a constant rate of R kg s1. What is the power
required to raise the water?
A.
R
gh
B.
Rgh
C.
Rg
h
D.
hg
R
(Total 1 mark)
186
165. A box that is at rest with respect to horizontal ground contains a fixed quantity of an ideal gas.
The internal energy of the gas is U and its temperature is T. The box is now made to move at
constant speed with respect to the ground. Which of the following gives the change, if any, in
the internal energy and the temperature of the gas after the box has been moving for some time?
Internal energy
Temperature
A.
no change
no change
B.
no change
increase
C.
increase
no change
D.
increase
increase
(Total 1 mark)
166. Object P has a mass mP and specific heat capacity cP. Object Q has a mass mQ and specific heat
capacity cQ. The temperature of each object increases by the same amount. Which of the
following gives the ratio
thermal energy transferred to object P

?
thermal energy transferred to object Q
A.
B.
C.
D.
mP cQ
mQ c P
mP cP
mQ c Q
mQ cQ
mP cP
mQ c P
mP cQ
(Total 1 mark)
187
167. For two objects to be in thermal equilibrium they must

A.
be in contact with each other.
B.
radiate equal amounts of power.
C.
have the same thermal capacity.
D.
be at the same temperature.

(Total 1 mark)
168. The shock absorbers of a car, in good working condition, ensure that the vertical oscillations of
the car are
A.
undamped.
B.
lightly damped.
C.
moderately damped.
D.
critically damped.
(Total 1 mark)
188
169. The graphs show how the acceleration a of four different particles varies with their
displacement x.
Which of the particles is executing simple harmonic motion?
(Total 1 mark)
189
170. The diagram below is a snapshot of wave fronts of circular waves emitted by a point source S at
the surface of water. The source vibrates at a frequency f = 10.0 Hz.
The speed of the wave front is

A.
0.15 cm s1.
B.
1.5 cm s1.
C.
15 cm s1.
D.
30 cm s1.
(Total 1 mark)
190
171. Two coherent point sources S1 and S2 emit spherical waves.
Which of the following best describes the intensity of the waves at P and Q?
P
A.
maximum
minimum
B.
minimum
maximum
C.
maximum
maximum
D.
minimum
minimum
(Total 1 mark)
172. An alpha particle is accelerated through a potential difference of 10 kV. Its gain in kinetic
energy is
A.
10 eV.
B.
20 eV.
C.
10 keV.
D.
20 keV.
(Total 1 mark)
191
173. A copper wire, of electric resistance R, has a length L and a cross-section area S. Another
S
copper wire has a length 2L and a cross-section area of . Which of the following is the
2
resistance of this wire?
A.
R
4
B.
R
2
C.
2R
D.
4R
(Total 1 mark)
174. The circuit shows a light-dependent resistor (LDR) in series with a resistor and a cell. The emf
of the cell is . The internal resistance of the cell is negligible.
When light shines on the LDR, the potential difference across the resistor will
A.
stay the same.
B.
decrease.
C.
increase but always be less than .
D.
increase and exceed .

(Total 1 mark)
192
175. The radius of a charged spherical conductor is R. Which of the following graphs best shows
how the magnitude of the electrical field strength E varies with distance r from the centre of the
sphere?
(Total 1 mark)
176. Which of the following gives the acceleration of an electron of electric charge e and mass m in
a uniform electric field of strength E?
A.
B.
Ee
C.
Ee
m
D.
m
Ee
(Total 1 mark)
193
177. A particle, of mass m and charge q, moves with velocity v perpendicularly to a magnetic field.
The magnitude of the magnetic force acting on the particle at a particular point is F. Which of
the following gives the magnitude of the magnetic field strength at that point?
A.
F
q
B.
F
m
C.
D.
F
q
(Total 1 mark)
178. Which of the following decay sequences would result in the daughter nucleus having the same
proton number as the parent nucleus?
A.
Alpha followed by gamma
B.
Beta ( ) followed by gamma
C.
Alpha followed by beta () followed by beta ()
D.
Beta () followed by gamma followed by gamma

(Total 1 mark)
179. The difference between the mass of a
12
6C
nucleus and the sum of the masses of the individual
nucleons is 0.1 u. Which of the following is approximately the binding energy of the nucleus?
A.
90 MeV
B.
90 MeV c2
C.
8 MeV
D.
8 MeV c2
(Total 1 mark)
194
180. The process by which a heavy nucleus splits into two lighter nuclei is known as
A.
fission.
B.
fusion.
C.
radioactive decay.
D.
artificial (induced) transmutation.

(Total 1 mark)
181. Which of the following correctly shows a renewable and a non-renewable source of energy?
Renewable
Non-renewable
A.
oil
geothermal
B.
wind
biofuels
C.
ocean waves
nuclear
D.
natural gas
coal
(Total 1 mark)
182. Critical mass refers to the amount of fissile material that

A.
will allow fission to be sustained.
B.
is equivalent to 235 g of uranium.
C.
will produce a growing chain reaction.
D.
is the minimum mass necessary for fission to take place.

(Total 1 mark)
195
183. The annual variations of solar power incident per unit area at a particular point on the Earths
surface is mainly due to the change in the
A.
distance between the Earth and the Sun.
B.
angle at which the solar rays hit the surface of the Earth.
C.
average albedo of the Earth.
D.
average cloud cover of the Earth.

(Total 1 mark)
nucleus and the sum of the masses of the individual nucleons is 0.1 u. Which of the following is
approximately the binding energy of the nucleus?
A.
90 MeV
B.
90 MeV c2
C.
8 MeV
D.
8 MeV c2
(Total 1 mark)
196
184. The water in a reservoir behind a dam drops from an initial height H0 above a turbine to
produce hydroelectricity. At time t =T, h = 0.
The graph shows the variation with time t of the height h of the water above the turbine.
Which of the following is a measure of the maximum theoretical electric power available?
A.
H0 and the slope of the graph
B.
T and the slope of the graph
C.
T and the area under the graph
D.
H0 and the area under the graph

(Total 1 mark)
197
185. Each square metre of the Suns surface emits S joules per second. The radius of the Sun is r,
and the Sun is at a mean distance R from the Earth. Which of the following gives the solar
power incident per unit area of the top layer of the Earths atmosphere?
A.
r
S
R
B.
r
S
R
C.
R
S
r
D.
R
S
r
(Total 1 mark)
198
186. The diagram shows a simple climate model for Earth. The temperature of the ground is Tg and
is assumed to radiate as a black body. The temperature of the atmosphere is Ta and has an
emissivity .
In the model, the intensity radiated from the ground equals the intensity radiated from the
Tg
atmosphere towards the ground. What is the ratio
?
Ta
A.
B.
C.
e4
D.
(Total 1 mark)
199
187. Data analysis question.

Gillian carried out an experiment to investigate the craters formed when steel balls are dropped
into sand. To try and find the relationship between the diameter of the crater and the energy of
impact of steel balls of the same diameter, she dropped a steel ball from different heights h into
sand and measured the resulting diameter d of the crater. The data are shown plotted below.
(a)
The uncertainty in the measurement of d is 0.40 cm; the uncertainty in h is too small to
be shown. Draw error bars for the data point (0.2, 0.047) and the data point (2.0, 0.10).
(2)
(b)
Draw a best-fit line for the data points.

(2)
(c)
The original hypothesis, made by Gillian, was that the diameter of the crater is directly
proportional to the energy of impact of the steel balls. Explain why the data does not
support this hypothesis.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
200
(d)
Since Gillians data did not support her hypothesis, she researched to find alternative
hypotheses. She found that there are two theories used to predict a relationship between d
and h. In order to find which theory is best supported by the data, she processed the data
in two separate ways. The processed data are shown below.
(i)
Draw a line of best-fit on each graph.

(2)
201
(ii)
State and explain which theory is best supported by the students data.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
188. This question is about circular motion and global warming.

(a)
A car is travelling at constant speed of 18 m s1 around a horizontal bend in the road.

The mass of the car is 1.5 103 kg and the bend forms part of a circle of radius
2.0 103 m.
(i)
State why the car is accelerating.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Determine the frictional force between the tyres of the car and the surface of the
road that produces the acceleration.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
202
(b)
It is suggested that the use of fossil fuels to power cars has led to an enhancement of the
greenhouse effect.
(i)
State the reason for this suggestion.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Outline one mechanism by which the enhanced greenhouse effect may lead to an
increase in global warming.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
189. This question is about change of phase of a liquid and latent heat of vaporization.
(a)
State the difference between evaporation and boiling with reference to

(i)
temperature.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
surface area of a liquid.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
203
(b)
A liquid in a calorimeter is heated at its boiling point for a measured period of time.
Power rating of heater
Time for which liquid is heated at boiling point
Mass of liquid boiled away
= 15 W
= 4.5 102 s
= 1.8 102 kg
Use the data to determine the specific latent heat of vaporization of the liquid.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
State and explain one reason why the calculation in (b) will give a value of the specific
latent heat of vaporization of the liquid that is greater than the true value.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
190. This question is about fossil fuels and the greenhouse effect.
(a)
State two reasons why most of the worlds energy consumption is provided by fossil
fuels.
1. ..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
2. ..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
204
(b)
A power station has an output power of 500 MW and an overall efficiency of 27 %.

It uses natural gas as a fuel that has an energy density of 56 MJ kg1.
(i)
Define energy density.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Determine the rate of consumption of natural gas in the power station.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
Outline why the enhanced greenhouse effect may result in an increase in the temperature
of the Earths surface.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(d)
(i)
The solar intensity at the position of the Earth is 1380 W m2. The average albedo
of Earth is 0.300. State why an average value of albedo is quoted.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
205
(ii)
Show that the average reflected intensity from the Earth is about 100 W m2.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(e)
One of the expected results of global warming is an increased sea level. The increase in
volume V for a temperature increase T is given by V = VT. Show, using the
following data, that the resulting rise in sea level is about 0.5 m.
Temperature increase
Surface area of oceans on Earth
Average ocean depth
= 2.0 C
= 3.6 108 km2
= 3.0 km
= 8.8 105 K1
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 16 marks)
206
191. This question is about radioactive decay and binding energy.

(a)
Describe what is meant by radioactive decay.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
A nucleus of thallium-206 (Tl-206) undergoes radioactive decay to a nucleus of lead-206

(Pb-206). In the reaction equation below, identify the proton number Z of lead and the
particle x.
206
82 T
206
Z Pb
b- x
Z: .................................................................................................................................
x: .................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
The mass of a Tl-206 nucleus is 191 870 MeV c2. Determine the binding energy per
nucleon of Tl-206.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
207
(d)
State why the binding energy of Pb-206 is greater than that of Tl-206.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
192. This question is about oscillations and waves.

(a)
A rectangular piece of wood of length l floats in water with its axis vertical as shown in
diagram 1.
The length of wood below the surface is d. The wood is pushed vertically downwards a
distance A such that a length of wood is still above the water surface as shown in diagram
2. The wood is then released and oscillates vertically. At the instant shown in diagram 3,
the wood is moving downwards and the length of wood beneath the surface is d + x.
(i)
On diagram 3, draw an arrow to show the direction of the acceleration of the

wood.
(1)
208
(ii)
The acceleration a of the wood (in m s2) is related to x (in m) by the following
equation.
a= -
14
x
l
Explain why this equation shows that the wood is executing simple harmonic
motion.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
The period of oscillation of the wood is 1.4 s. Show that the length l of the wood is
0.70 m.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
209
(b)
The wood in (a), as shown in diagram 2, is released at time t = 0. On the axes below,
sketch a graph to show how the velocity v of the wood varies with time over one period
of oscillation.
(1)
(c)
The distance A that the wood is initially pushed down is 0.12 m.

(i)
Calculate the magnitude of the maximum acceleration of the wood.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
On your sketch graph in (b) label with the letter P one point where the magnitude
of the acceleration is a maximum.
(1)
210
(d)
The oscillations of the wood generate waves in the water of wavelength 0.45 m.
The graph shows how the displacement D, of the water surface at a particular distance
from the wood varies with time t.
Using the graph, calculate the

(i)
speed of the waves.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
ratio of the displacement at t = 1.75 s to the displacement at t = 0.35 s.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
211
(iii)
ratio of the energy of the wave at t = 1.75 s to the energy at t = 0.35 s

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 15 marks)
193. This question is about electrical resistance and electric circuits.

(a)
Define resistance and state Ohms law.

Resistance: ...................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Ohms law: ..................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
A resistor made from a metal oxide has a resistance of 1.5 . The resistor is in the form
of a cylinder of length 2.2 102 m and radius 1.2 103 m. Calculate the resistivity of
the metal oxide.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
The manufacturer of the resistor in (b) guarantees its resistance to be within 10 % of 1.

5 provided the power dissipation in the resistor does not exceed 1.0 W. Calculate the
maximum current in the resistor for the power dissipation to be equal to 1.0 W.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
212
(d)
The resistance of each of the resistors in the circuit below is measured to be 1.5 with
an accuracy of 10 %.
The cell has an emf of 2.0 V and negligible internal resistance.
(i)
Define emf.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Determine the minimum and the maximum power that could be dissipated in this
circuit.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
213
194. This question is about momentum, energy and power.

(a)
In his Principia Mathematica Newton expressed his third law of motion as to every
action there is always opposed an equal reaction. State what Newton meant by this law.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
A book is released from rest and falls towards the surface of Earth. Discuss how the
conservation of momentum applies to the Earth-book system.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
214
(c)
A large swinging ball is used to drive a horizontal iron spike into a vertical wall. The
centre of the ball falls through a vertical height of 1.6 m before striking the spike in the
position shown.
The mass of the ball is 3.5 kg and the mass of the spike is 0.80 kg. Immediately after
striking the spike, the ball and spike move together. Show that the
(i)
speed of the ball on striking the spike is 5.6 m s1.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
energy dissipated as a result of the collision is about 10 J.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
215
(d)
As a result of the ball striking the spike, the spike is driven a distance 7.3 102 m into
the wall. Calculate, assuming it to be constant, the friction force F between the spike and
wall.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(e)
The machine that is used to raise the ball has a useful power output of 18 W. Calculate
how long it takes for the machine to raise the ball through a height of 1.6 m.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
195. This question is about electric and gravitational fields

(a)
State, in terms of electrons, the difference between a conductor and an insulator.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
216
(b)
Suggest why there must be an electric field inside a current-carrying conductor.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
The magnitude of the electric field strength inside a conductor is 55 N C1. Calculate the
force on a free electron in the conductor.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
The electric force between two point charges is a fundamental force as is the
gravitational force between two point masses. State one similarity between these two
forces and one difference (other than the fact that one applies to charge and the other to
mass).
Similarity: ...................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Difference: ..................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
The force on a mass of 1.0 kg falling freely near the surface of Jupiter is 25 N. The radius
of Jupiter is 7.0 107 m.
(i)
State the value of the magnitude of the gravitational field strength at the surface of
Jupiter.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
217
(ii)
Calculate that the mass of Jupiter is about 1.8 1027 kg.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
196. A cart of mass M is on a horizontal frictionless table.
The cart is connected to an object of weight W via a pulley. Which of the following is the
acceleration of the cart?
M
A.
W
g
W
W
B.
C.
Mg
W
D.
W
g
(Total 1 mark)
218
197. The shock absorbers of a car, in good working condition, ensure that the vertical oscillations of
the car are
A.
undamped.
B.
lightly damped.
C.
moderately damped.
D.
critically damped.
(Total 1 mark)
198. The graph shows how the current I in a resistor varies with the voltage V applied across it.
Which of the following gives the resistance of the resistor, when I = I1?
A.
V1
I1
B.
The slope of the curve at the point (V1, I1)
C.
I1
V1
D.
The inverse of the slope of the curve at the point (V1, I1)
(Total 1 mark)
219
199. Two 10 resistors are connected as shown.
What is the resistance across PQ?

A.
B.
C.
10
D.
20
(Total 1 mark)
200. Which of the following is true about gravitational field lines?

A.
They are always tangential to equipotential surfaces.
B.
They are always perpendicular to equipotential surfaces.
C.
They can be both tangential or perpendicular to equipotential surfaces.
D.
They can have any angle to the equipotential surfaces.

(Total 1 mark)
201. An astronaut in orbit around Earth is said to be weightless. This is due to the fact that the
A.
gravitational force on the astronaut is zero.
B.
astronaut and the spacecraft experience the same acceleration.
C.
astronaut and the spacecraft experience the same gravitational force.
D.
gravitational field at the position of the spacecraft is zero.

(Total 1 mark)
220
202. Which of the following decay sequences would result in the daughter nucleus having the same
proton number as the parent nucleus?
A.
Alpha followed by gamma
B.
Beta () followed by gamma
C.
Alpha followed by beta () followed by beta ()
D.
Beta () followed by gamma followed by gamma

(Total 1 mark)
203. A radioactive source emits alpha particles that then travel through air. With reference to the
range of the alpha particles consider the following three quantities.
I.
The charge of the alpha particle
II.
The kinetic energy of the alpha particle
III.
The density of the air
Which of the above determines the range of the alpha particles?

A.
I only
B.
II only
C.
I and II only
D.
I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
221
204. Worldwide, the use of gas powered turbines is becoming more common than the use of oil
powered turbines. A student makes the following three statements about gas powered turbines
as compared to oil powered turbines.
I.
They are more efficient.
II.
They produce more thermal energy per unit of mass.
III.
They produce less CO2 per unit of output energy.
Which statement(s) could be a possible reason for favouring gas powered turbines?
A.
I only
B.
II only
C.
I and II only
D.
I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

Gillian carried out an experiment to investigate the craters formed when steel balls are dropped
into sand. To try and find the relationship between the diameter of the crater and the energy of
impact of steel balls of the same diameter, she dropped a steel ball from different heights h into
sand and measured the resulting diameter d of the crater. The data are shown plotted below.
222
(a)
The uncertainty in the measurement of d is 0.40 cm; the uncertainty in h is too small to
be shown. Draw error bars for the data point (0.2, 0.047) and the data point (2.0, 0.10).
(2)
(b)
Draw a best-fit line for the data points.

(2)
(c)
The original hypothesis, made by Gillian, was that the diameter of the crater is directly
proportional to the energy of impact of the steel balls. Explain why the data does not
support this hypothesis.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
223
(d)
Since Gillians data did not support her hypothesis, she researched to find alternative
hypotheses. She found that there are two theories used to predict a relationship between d
and h.
1
Theory 1 predicts that d = const (h) 3 and theory 2 predicts that d = const (h) 4 .
In order to test which theory her data supports, she plotted a graph of lg(d) against lg(h).
The plot produced a straight line that could be drawn through all the error bars.
224
The graph includes the lines of maximum and minimum gradients based on the first error
bar for the first non-zero data point and the last error bar. The last error bar is too small
to be shown. State and explain if the original data support theory 1 or theory 2.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 11 marks)
206. This question is about radioactive decay and binding energy.

(a)
Describe what is meant by radioactive decay.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
A nucleus of potassium-40 (K-40) undergoes radioactive decay to a nucleus of argon-40

(Ar-40). In the reaction equation below, identify the proton number Z of argon and the
particle x.
40
19 K
40Z Ar b - x
Z: .................................................................................................................................
x: .................................................................................................................................
(2)
225
(c)
The mass of a K-40 nucleus is 37 216 MeV c2. Determine the binding energy per
nucleon of K-40.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(d)
State why the binding energy of Ar-40 is greater than that of K-40.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
207. This question is about change of phase of a liquid and latent heat of vaporization.
(a)
State the difference between evaporation and boiling with reference to

(i)
temperature.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
226
(ii)
surface area of a liquid.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
A liquid in a calorimeter is heated at its boiling point for a measured period of time.
Power rating of heater
Time for which liquid is heated at boiling point
Mass of liquid boiled away
= 15 W
= 4.5 102 s
= 1.8 102 kg
Use the data to determine the specific latent heat of vaporization of the liquid.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
State and explain one reason why the calculation in (b) will give a value of the specific
latent heat of vaporization of the liquid that is greater than the true value.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
227
208. This question is about electric fields and electrical resistance.

(a)
State, in terms of electrons, the difference between a conductor and an insulator.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Suggest why there must be an electric field inside a current-carrying conductor.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
The magnitude of the electric field strength inside a conductor is 55 N C1. Calculate the
force on a free electron in the conductor.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
Define resistance.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
228
(e)
A resistor made from a metal oxide has a resistance of 1.5 . The resistor is in the form
of a cylinder of length 2.2 102 m and radius 1.2 103 m. Calculate the resistivity of
the metal oxide.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(f)
The manufacturer of the resistor in (e) guarantees its resistance to be within 10 % of 1.

5 provided the power dissipation in the resistor does not exceed 1.0 W. Calculate the
maximum current in the resistor for the power dissipation to be equal to 1.0 W.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(g)
Three of the resistors in (f) are connected in the circuit below.
The cell has an emf of 2.0 V and negligible internal resistance.
229
(i)
Define emf.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Determine the minimum and the maximum power that could be dissipated in this
circuit.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 14 marks)
209. This question is about oscillations and waves.

(a)
A rectangular piece of wood of length l floats in water with its axis vertical as shown in
diagram 1.
The length of wood below the surface is d. The wood is pushed vertically downwards a
distance A such that a length of wood is still above the water surface as shown in diagram
2. The wood is then released and oscillates vertically. At the instant shown in diagram 3,
the wood is moving downwards and the length of wood beneath the surface is d + x.
230
(i)
On diagram 3, draw an arrow to show the direction of the acceleration of the

wood.
(1)
(ii)
The acceleration a of the wood (in m s2) is related to x (in m) by the following
equation.
a= -
14
x
l
Explain why this equation shows that the wood is executing simple harmonic
motion.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
The period of oscillation of the wood is 1.4 s. Show that the length l of the wood is
0.70 m.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
231
(b)
The wood in (a), as shown in diagram 2, is released at time t = 0. On the axes below,
sketch a graph to show how the velocity v of the wood varies with time over one period
of oscillation.
(1)
(c)
The distance A that the wood is initially pushed down is 0.12 m.

(i)
Calculate the magnitude of the maximum acceleration of the wood.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
On your sketch graph in (b) label with the letter P one point where the magnitude of the
acceleration is a maximum.
(1)
232
(d)
The oscillations of the wood generate waves in the water of wavelength 0.45 m.
The graph shows how the displacement D, of the water surface at a particular distance
from the wood varies with time t.
Using the graph, calculate the

(i)
speed of the waves.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
ratio of the displacement at t = 1.75 s to the displacement at t = 0.35 s.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
233
(iii)
ratio of the energy of the wave at t = 1.75 s to the energy at t = 0.35 s

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 15 marks)
210. This question is about fossil fuels and the greenhouse effect.
(a)
State two reasons why most of the worlds energy consumption is provided by fossil
fuels.
1. ..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
2. ..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
A power station has an output power of 500 MW and an overall efficiency of 27 %.

It uses natural gas as a fuel that has an energy density of 56 MJ kg1.
(i)
Define energy density.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Determine the rate of consumption of natural gas in the power station.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
234
(c)
Outline why the enhanced greenhouse effect may result in an increase in the temperature
of the Earths surface.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(d)
(i)
The solar intensity at the position of the Earth is 1380 W m2. The average albedo
of Earth is 0.300. State why an average value of albedo is quoted.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Show that the average reflected intensity from the Earth is about 100 W m2.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
235
(e)
One of the expected results of global warming is an increased sea level. The increase in
volume V for a temperature increase T is given by V = VT. Show, using the
following data, that the resulting rise in sea level is about 0.5 m.
Temperature increase
Surface area of oceans on Earth
Average ocean depth
= 2.0 C
= 3.6 108 km2
= 3.0 km
= 8.8 105 K1
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 16 marks)
211. This question is about momentum, energy and power.

(a)
In his Principia Mathematica Newton expressed his third law of motion as to every
action there is always opposed an equal reaction. State what Newton meant by this law.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
A book is released from rest and falls towards the surface of Earth. Discuss how the
conservation of momentum applies to the Earth-book system.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
236
(c)
A large swinging ball is used to drive a horizontal iron spike into a vertical wall.
The centre of the ball falls through a vertical height of 1.6 m before striking the spike in
the position shown.
The mass of the ball is 3.5 kg and the mass of the spike is 0.80 kg. Immediately after
striking the spike, the ball and spike move together. Show that the
(i)
speed of the ball on striking the spike is 5.6 m s1.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
energy dissipated as a result of the collision is about 10 J.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
237
(d)
As a result of the ball striking the spike, the spike is driven a distance 7.3 102 m into
the wall. Calculate, assuming it to be constant, the friction force F between the spike and
wall.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(e)
The machine that is used to raise the ball has a useful power output of 18 W. Calculate
how long it takes for the machine to raise the ball through a height of 1.6 m.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
212. Which of the following is equivalent to the joule?

A.
N m2
B.
N m2
C.
kg m s2
D.
kg m2 s2
(Total 1 mark)
238
213. An object falls for a time of 0.25 s. The acceleration of free fall is 9.81 m s2. The displacement
is calculated. Which of the following gives the correct number of significant digits for the
calculated value of the displacement of the object?
A.
B.
C.
D.
4
(Total 1 mark)
214. A raindrop falling from rest at time t = 0 reaches terminal velocity. Which graph best represents
how the speed v varies with time t?
(Total 1 mark)
239
215. The graph shows how the displacement d of an object varies with time t. The tangent to the
curve at time t1 is also shown.
Which of the following gives the speed of the object at point P?

A.
the gradient at P
B.
the shaded area
C.
1
gradient at P
D.
d1
t1
(Total 1 mark)
240
216. A ball falls vertically and bounces off the ground. Immediately before impact with the ground
the speed of the ball is u. Immediately after leaving the ground the speed is v.
Which of the following expressions is the ratio of
A.
v
u
B.
1-
C.
v

u
D.
v
1-
u
kinetic energy lost on collision

?
kinetic energy immediately before collision
v
u
2
(Total 1 mark)
241
217. A railway engine of mass m moves along a horizontal track with uniform speed v. The total
resistive force acting on the engine is F.
Which of the following is the power of the engine?

A.
F
mv
B.
Fv
C.
mv
F
D.
v
F
(Total 1 mark)
218. A ball is tied to a string and rotated at a uniform speed in a vertical plane. The diagram shows
the ball at its lowest position. Which arrow shows the direction of the net force acting on the
ball?
(Total 1 mark)
242
219. A gas atom strikes a wall with speed v at an angle to the normal to the wall. The atom
rebounds at the same speed v and angle .
Which of the following gives the magnitude of the momentum change of the gas atom?
A.
zero
B.
2mv sin
C.
2mv
D.
2mv cos
(Total 1 mark)
243
220. A system consists of an ice cube placed in a cup of water. The system is thermally insulated
from its surroundings. The water is originally at 20 C. Which graph best shows the variation of
total internal energy U of the system with time t?
(Total 1 mark)
244
221. Thermal energy is added at a constant rate to a substance which is solid at time t = 0. The graph
shows the variation with t of the temperature T.
Which of the statements are correct?

I.
The specific latent heat of fusion is greater than the specific latent heat of
vaporization.
II.
The specific heat capacity of the solid is less than the specific heat capacity of the
liquid.
A.
I only
B.
I and II
C.
II only
D.
Neither I nor II
(Total 1 mark)
222. Which of the following is an assumption made in the kinetic model of ideal gases?
A.
Molecules have zero mass.
B.
Forces between molecules are attractive.
C.
Collisions between molecules are elastic.
D.
Molecules move at high speed.

(Total 1 mark)
245
223. An object at the end of a spring oscillates vertically with simple harmonic motion. The graph
shows the variation with time t of the displacement x. The amplitude is x0 and the period of
oscillation is T.
Which of the following is the correct expression for the displacement x?

A.
- x 0 cos
B.
x 0 cos
C.
- x 0 sin
D.
x 0 sin
2p
t
T
2p
t
T
2p
t
T
2p
t
T
(Total 1 mark)
246
224. An object at the end of a spring oscillates vertically with simple harmonic motion. The graph
shows the variation with time t of the displacement x. The amplitude is x0 and the period of
oscillation is T.
Which of the following is the correct expression for the maximum acceleration of the object?
A.
B.
C.
D.
2p
x0
T
2p
T2
x0
4p 2
T2
x0
4p 2
x0
T
(Total 1 mark)
247
225. One end of a horizontal string is fixed to a wall. A transverse pulse moves along the string as
shown.
Which of the following statements are correct for the reflected pulse compared to the forward
pulse?
I.
It moves more slowly.
II.
It has less energy.
III.
It is inverted.
A.
I and II only
B.
I and III only
C.
II and III only
D.
I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
226. Monochromatic light travels from air into water. Which of the following describes the changes
in wavelength and speed?
Wavelength
Speed
A.
increases
decreases
B.
increases
increases
C.
decreases
increases
D.
decreases
decreases
(Total 1 mark)
248
227. Two resistors, made of the same material, are connected in series to a battery. The length of
resistor X is twice that of resistor Y, and X has twice the cross-sectional area of Y.
Which of the following gives
A.
1
4
B.
1
2
C.
D.
resistance of X
?
resistance of Y
(Total 1 mark)
228. The circuit shows a resistor R connected in series with a battery and a resistor of resistance 10
. The emf of the battery is 20 V and it has negligible internal resistance. The current in the
circuit is 1.0 A.
Which of the following is the resistance of R?

A.
1.0
B.
2.0
C.
10
D.
20
(Total 1 mark)
249
229. Three identical resistors are connected to a battery as shown.
Which of the following is a correct statement?

A.
The current through X is greater than that through Z.
B.
The potential difference across Z is greater than that across Y.
C.
The potential difference across resistor X and Y together is the same as that across Z.
D.
The current through Z is less than the total current through X and Y.
(Total 1 mark)
230. A current is established in a coil of wire in the direction shown.
The direction of the magnetic field at point P is

A.
B.
C.
to the left.
D.
to the right.
(Total 1 mark)
250
231. Which arrangement of three point charges at the corner of an equilateral triangle will result in a
zero electric field strength at the centre of the triangle, point P?
(Total 1 mark)
232. The mass of a planet is twice that of Earth. Its radius is half that of the radius of Earth. The
gravitational field strength at the surface of Earth is g. The gravitational field strength at the
surface of the planet is
A.
1
g.
2
B.
g.
C.
2g.
D.
8g.
(Total 1 mark)
251
233. An electron enters the vacuum between two oppositely charged plates with velocity v. The
electron is followed by an alpha particle moving with the same initial velocity as the electron.
A uniform magnetic field is directed out of the plane of the paper.
The electrons path is undeflected. The path of the alpha particle will be
A.
deflected out of the plane of the paper.
B.
undeflected.
C.
deflected upward.
D.
deflected downward.
(Total 1 mark)
234. The GeigerMarsden experiment provides evidence for

A.
the existence of discrete atomic energy levels.
B.
the existence of the neutron.
C.
a dense positively charged nucleus.
D.
the stability of some nuclei.

(Total 1 mark)
252
235. A radioactive isotope has a half-life of two minutes. A sample contains sixteen grams of the
isotope. How much time elapses until one gram of the isotope remains?
A.
6 minutes
B.
8 minutes
C.
10 minutes
D.
12 minutes
(Total 1 mark)
236. Data concerning nuclides are plotted using the axes below.
What are the axis labels for this graph?

Y
A.
binding energy per nucleon
number of nucleons
B.
binding energy
number of protons
C.
number of protons
binding energy per nucleon
D.
number of nucleons
binding energy
(Total 1 mark)
253
237. Which of the following is true about beta minus () decay?

A.
An antineutrino is absorbed.
B.
The charge of the daughter nuclide is less than that of the parent nuclide.
C.
An antineutrino is emitted.
D.
The mass number of the daughter nuclide is less than that of the parent nuclide.
(Total 1 mark)
238. A wave generator produces a power per unit length of 4.0 kW m1 for waves of amplitude A
and speed v. The efficiency of the generator is constant. The power per unit length obtained
from waves of amplitude 2A and speed 2v would be
A.
8.0 kW m1.
B.
16 kW m1.
C.
32 kW m1.
D.
64 kW m1.
(Total 1 mark)
254
239. The diagram shows the variation with wavelength of the power per unit wavelength I radiated
from an area of 1 m2 of two different bodies.
Which of the following is a correct comparison of the temperature and of the emissivity of the
two bodies?
Temperature
Emissivity
A.
same
same
B.
same
different
C.
different
same
D.
different
different
(Total 1 mark)
240. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for a rise in global sea level?
A.
Thermal expansion of water
B.
Melting of sea ice
C.
Increase in rainfall
D.
Thermal expansion of ice

(Total 1 mark)
255
241. The diagram shows an energy balance climate model for a planet.
The intensities of the reflected and radiated radiation are given in terms of the incident intensity
I. Which of the following is the albedo of this planet?
A.
0.15
B.
0.25
C.
0.40
D.
0.60
(Total 1 mark)
256

A student performs an experiment with a paper toy that rotates as it falls slowly through the air.
After release, the paper toy quickly attains a constant vertical speed as measured over a fixed
vertical distance.
The aim of the experiment was to find how the terminal speed of the paper toy varies with its
weight. The weight of the paper toy was changed by using different numbers of paper sheets in
its construction.
257
The graph shows a plot of the terminal speed v of the paper toy (calculated from the raw data)
and the number of paper sheets n used to construct the toy. The uncertainty in v for n = 1 is
shown by the error bar.
(a)
The fixed distance is 0.75 m and has an absolute uncertainty of 0.01 m. The percentage
uncertainty in the time taken to fall through the fixed distance is 5 %.
(i)
Calculate the absolute uncertainty in the terminal speed of the paper toy for n = 6.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
On the graph, draw an error bar on the point corresponding to n = 6.

(1)
258
(b)
On the graph, draw a line of best-fit for the data points.

(1)
(c)
The student hypothesizes that v is proportional to n. Use the data points for n = 2 and
n = 4 from the graph opposite to show that this hypothesis is incorrect.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
259
(d)
Another student hypothesized that v might be proportional to
n . To verify this
hypothesis he plotted a graph of v2 against n as shown below.
Explain how the graph verifies the hypothesis that v is proportional to
n.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
260
243. In 1997 a high-speed car of mass 1.1 104 kg achieved the world land speed record. The car
accelerated uniformly in two stages as shown in the table. The car started from rest.
Time / s
Speed attained at end of stage / m s1
Stage 1
0.0 4.0
44
Stage 2
4.0 12
280
Use the data to calculate the

(a)
average acceleration of the car in stage 1.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
average net force required to accelerate the car in stage 2.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
total distance travelled by the car in 12 s.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
261
244. (a)
Draw the complete diagram of the circuit that uses a potential divider, ammeter,
voltmeter and cell to measure the current-voltage characteristics for component X.
(3)
262
(b)
The graph shows the current-voltage characteristics for the component X.
Component X is now connected across the terminals of a cell of emf 2.0 V and negligible
internal resistance. Use the graph to show that the resistance of X is 0.83 .
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
A resistor of constant resistance 1.0 is connected in series with the cell in (b) and with
X. Use the graph to deduce that the current in the circuit is 1.3 A.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
263
245. This question is about a simple pendulum.

(a)
A pendulum consists of a bob suspended by a light inextensible string from a rigid

support. The pendulum bob is moved to one side and then released. The sketch graph
shows how the displacement of the pendulum bob undergoing simple harmonic motion
varies with time over one time period.
On the sketch graph above,

(i)
label with the letter A a point at which the acceleration of the pendulum bob is a
maximum.
(1)
(ii)
label with the letter V a point at which the speed of the pendulum bob is a
maximum.
(1)
(b)
Explain why the magnitude of the tension in the string at the midpoint of the oscillation
is greater than the weight of the pendulum bob.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
264
(c)
The pendulum bob is moved to one side until its centre is 25 mm above its rest position
and then released.
(i)
Show that the speed of the pendulum bob at the midpoint of the oscillation is 0.
70 m s1.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
The mass of the pendulum bob is 0.057 kg. The centre of the pendulum bob is 0.80
m below the support. Calculate the magnitude of the tension in the string when the
pendulum bob is vertically below the point of suspension.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
265
(d)
The point of suspension of the pendulum bob is moved from side to side with a small
amplitude and at a variable driving frequency f.
For each value of the driving frequency a steady constant amplitude A is reached. The
oscillations of the pendulum bob are lightly damped.
(i)
On the axes below, sketch a graph to show the variation of A with f.
(2)
(ii)
Explain, with reference to the graph in (d)(i), what is meant by resonance.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
266
(e)
The pendulum bob is now immersed in water and the variable frequency driving force in
(d) is again applied. Suggest the effect this immersion of the pendulum bob will have on
the shape of your graph in (d)(i).
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 16 marks)
267
246. This question is about the Rutherford model of the atom.

(a)
Most alpha particles used to bombard a thin gold foil pass through the foil without a
significant change in direction. A few alpha particles are deviated from their original
direction through angles greater than 90. Use these observations to describe the
Rutherford atomic model.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(5)
268
(b)
199
The isotope gold-197 ( 197
79 Au ) is stable but the isotope gold-199 ( 79 Au ) is not.
(i)
Outline, in terms of the forces acting between nucleons, why, for large stable
nuclei such as gold-197, the number of neutrons exceeds the number of protons.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
A nucleus of
199
79
Au decays to a nucleus of
199
80
Hg with the emission of an electron
and another particle. State the name of this other particle.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
247. This question is about a lightning discharge.

(a)
Define electric field strength.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
269
(b)
A thundercloud can be modelled as a negatively charged plate that is parallel to the

ground.
The magnitude of the charge on the plate increases due to processes in the atmosphere.
Eventually a current discharges from the thundercloud to the ground.
On the diagram, draw the electric field pattern between the thundercloud base and the
ground.
(3)
270
(c)
The magnitude of the electric field strength E between two infinite charged parallel
plates is given by the expression
E=
e0
where is the charge per unit area on one of the plates.

A thundercloud carries a charge of magnitude 35 C spread over its base. The area of the
base is 1.2 107 m2.
(i)
Determine the magnitude of the electric field between the base of the thundercloud
and the ground.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
State two assumptions made in (c)(i).

1. .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
271
(iii)
When the thundercloud discharges, the average discharge current is 1.8 kA.
Estimate the discharge time.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(iv)
The potential difference between the thundercloud and the ground before
discharge is 2.5 108 V. Determine the energy released in the discharge.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 17 marks)
248. This question is about fuel for heating.

(a)
Define the energy density of a fuel.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
272
(b)
A room heater burns liquid fuel and the following data are available.
Density of liquid fuel
Energy produced by 1 m3 of liquid fuel
Rate at which fuel is consumed
Latent heat of vaporization of the fuel
(i)
= 8.0 102 kg m3
= 2.7 1010 J
= 0.13 g s1
= 290 kJ kg1
Use the data to calculate the power output of the room heater, ignoring the power
required to convert the liquid fuel into a gas.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Show why, in your calculation in (b)(i), the power required to convert the liquid
fuel into a gas at its boiling point can be ignored.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
State, in terms of molecular structure and their motion, two differences between a liquid
and a gas.
1. ..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
2. ..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
273
249. This question is about the production of energy in nuclear fission.

(a)
A possible fission reaction is

235
92 U
(i)
141
1
01 n 92
36 Kr 56 Ba x 0 n .
State the value of x.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Show that the energy released when one uranium nucleus undergoes fission in the
reaction in (a) is about 2.8 1011 J.
Mass of neutron
Mass of U-235 nucleus
Mass of Kr-92 nucleus
Mass of Ba-141 nucleus
= 1.00867 u
= 234.99333 u
= 91.90645 u
= 140.88354 u
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(iii)
State how the energy of the neutrons produced in the reaction in (a) is likely to
compare with the energy of the neutron that initiated the reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
274
(b)
Outline the role of the moderator.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
A nuclear power plant that uses U-235 as fuel has a useful power output of 16 MW and
an efficiency of 40 %. Assuming that each fission of U-235 gives rise to 2.8 1011 J of
energy, determine the mass of U-235 fuel used per day.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 12 marks)
250. This question is about collisions.

(a)
State the principle of conservation of momentum.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
275
(b)
In an experiment, an air-rifle pellet is fired into a block of modelling clay that rests on a
table.
(not to scale)
The air-rifle pellet remains inside the clay block after the impact.
As a result of the collision, the clay block slides along the table in a straight line and
comes to rest. Further data relating to the experiment are given below.
Mass of air-rifle pellet
Mass of clay block
Velocity of impact of air-rifle pellet
Stopping distance of clay block
(i)
= 2.0 g
= 56 g
= 140 m s1
= 2.8 m
Show that the initial speed of the clay block after the air-rifle pellet strikes it is
4.8 m s1.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
276
(ii)
Calculate the average frictional force that the surface of the table exerts on the clay
block whilst the clay block is moving.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(c)
Discuss the energy transformations that occur in the clay block and the air-rifle pellet
from the moment the air-rifle pellet strikes the block until the clay block comes to rest.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(d)
The clay block is dropped from rest from the edge of the table and falls vertically to the
ground. The table is 0.85 m above the ground. Calculate the speed with which the clay
block strikes the ground.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
277
251. Two lengths, a and b, are measured to be 511 cm and 491 cm respectively. In which of the
following quantities is the percentage uncertainty the largest?
A.
a+b
B.
ab
C.
ab
D.
a
b
(Total 1 mark)
252. A net force of magnitude 4.0 N acts on a body of mass 3.0 kg for 6.0 s. The body is initially at
rest. Which of the following is the speed of the body after the 6.0 s interval?
A.
0.50 m s1
B.
2.0 m s1
C.
4.5 m s1
D.
8.0 m s1
(Total 1 mark)
278
253. A car moves from X to Y along a semicircular path. The radius of the path is 250 m and the
time taken to complete the trip is 50 s.
Which of the following correctly shows the magnitude of the average velocity and the
magnitude of the average speed?
Average velocity
Average speed
A.
10 m s1
10 m s1
B.
10 m s1
16 m s1
C.
16 m s1
10 m s1
D.
16 m s1
16 m s1
(Total 1 mark)
254. A ball is tied to a string and rotated at a uniform speed in a vertical plane. The diagram shows
the ball at its lowest position. Which arrow shows the direction of the net force acting on the
ball?
(Total 1 mark)
279
255. Two steel balls, of mass M and 2M, fall at constant speeds in a tube filled with oil.
Which of the following correctly compares the magnitudes of the net force and of the drag
(resistance) force on the two balls?
Net force
Drag force
A.
same
same
B.
same
different
C.
different
same
D.
different
different
(Total 1 mark)
256. An ice cube and an iceberg are both at a temperature of 0 C. Which of the following is a
correct comparison of the average random kinetic energy and the total kinetic energy of the
molecules of the ice cube and the iceberg?
Average random kinetic energy
Total kinetic energy
A.
same
same
B.
same
different
C.
different
same
D.
different
different
(Total 1 mark)
280
257. Which of the following graphs shows the variation with displacement x of the speed v of a
particle performing simple harmonic motion.
(Total 1 mark)
258. A particle performs simple harmonic oscillations. Which of the following quantities will be
unaffected by a reduction in the amplitude of oscillations?
A.
The total energy
B.
The maximum speed
C.
The maximum acceleration
D.
The period
(Total 1 mark)
281
259. Monochromatic light travels from air into water. Which of the following describes the changes
in wavelength and speed?
Wavelength
Speed
A.
increases
decreases
B.
increases
increases
C.
decreases
increases
D.
decreases
decreases
(Total 1 mark)
260. A wave generator produces a power per unit length of 4.0 kW m1 for waves of amplitude A
and speed v. The efficiency of the generator is constant. The power per unit length obtained
from waves of amplitude 2A and speed 2v would be
A.
8.0 kW m1.
B.
16 kW m1.
C.
32 kW m1.
D.
64 kW m1.
(Total 1 mark)
261. Which of the following statements, relating to the production of nuclear power, is correct?
A.
The fuel has high energy density.
B.
Supplies of nuclear fuels are unlimited.
C.
Greenhouse gas emissions are significant.
D.
Waste products are not significant.

(Total 1 mark)
282

A student performs an experiment with a paper toy that rotates as it falls slowly through the air.
After release, the paper toy quickly attains a constant vertical speed as measured over a fixed
vertical distance.
The aim of the experiment was to find how the terminal speed of the paper toy varies with its
weight. The weight of the paper toy was changed by using different numbers of paper sheets in
its construction.
283
The graph shows a plot of the terminal speed v of the paper toy (calculated from the raw data)
and the number of paper sheets n used to construct the toy. The uncertainty in v for n = 1 is
shown by the error bar.
(a)
The fixed distance is 0.75 m and has an absolute uncertainty of 0.01 m. The percentage
uncertainty in the time taken to fall through the fixed distance is 5 %.
(i)
Calculate the absolute uncertainty in the terminal speed of the paper toy for n = 6.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
On the graph, draw an error bar on the point corresponding to n = 6.

(1)
284
(b)
On the graph, draw a line of best-fit for the data points.

(1)
(c)
The student hypothesizes that v is proportional to n. Use the data points for n = 2 and
n = 4 from the graph above to show that this hypothesis is incorrect.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
285
(d)
Another student hypothesized that v might be proportional to
n . To verify this
hypothesis he plotted a graph of lg v against lg n as shown below.
Show that the graph verifies the hypothesis that v is proportional to
n.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 12 marks)
263. This question is about fuel for heating.

(a)
Define the energy density of a fuel.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
286
(b)
A room heater burns liquid fuel and the following data are available.
Density of liquid fuel
Energy produced by 1 m3 of liquid fuel
Rate at which fuel is consumed
Temperature at which air enters heater
Temperature at which air leaves heater
Specific heat capacity of air
(i)
= 8.0 102 kg m3
= 2.7 1010 J
= 0.13 g s1
= 12 C
= 32 C
= 990 J kg1 K1
Use the data to calculate the power output of the room heater, ignoring the power
required to convert the liquid fuel into a gas.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
All the energy output of the room heater raises the temperature of the air moving
through it. Use the data to calculate the mass of air that moves through the room
heater in one second.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
287
264. This question is about digital data storage.

(a)
Describe, with reference to the structure of a DVD, how stored digital data are read.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(b)
The Blu-ray storage system uses a laser diode that emits a wavelength of 405 nm,
whereas the older DVD system uses radiation of wavelength 650 nm. Explain the
advantages of using a smaller wavelength.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
288
265. This question is about the Rutherford model of the atom.

(a)
Most alpha particles used to bombard a thin gold foil pass through the foil without a
significant change in direction. A few alpha particles are deviated from their original
direction through angles greater than 90. Use these observations to describe the
Rutherford atomic model.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(5)
289
(b)
199
The isotope gold-197 ( 197
79 Au ) is stable but the isotope gold-199 ( 79 Au ) is not.
(i)
Outline, in terms of the forces acting between nucleons, why, for large stable
nuclei such as gold-197, the number of neutrons exceeds the number of protons.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
A nucleus of
199
79
Au decays to a nucleus of
199
80
Hg . State the two particles, other
than -photon, emitted in this decay.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
266. This question is about the simple pendulum.

(a)
A pendulum consists of a bob suspended by a light inextensible string from a rigid

support. The pendulum bob is moved to one side and then released. The sketch graph
shows how the displacement of the pendulum bob undergoing simple harmonic motion
varies with time over one time period.
290
On the sketch graph above,

(i)
label with the letter A a point at which the acceleration of the pendulum bob is a
maximum.
(1)
(ii)
label with the letter V a point at which the speed of the pendulum bob is a
maximum.
(1)
(b)
Explain why the magnitude of the tension in the string at the midpoint of the oscillation
is greater than the weight of the pendulum bob.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
The pendulum bob is moved to one side until its centre is 25 mm above its rest position
and then released.
291
(i)
Show that the speed of the pendulum bob at the midpoint of the oscillation is
0.70 m s1.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
The mass of the pendulum bob is 0.057 kg. The centre of the pendulum bob is 0.80
m below the support. Calculate the magnitude of the tension in the string when the
pendulum bob is vertically below the point of suspension.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(d)
The point of suspension of the pendulum bob is moved from side to side with a small
amplitude and at a variable driving frequency f.
For each value of the driving frequency a steady constant amplitude A is reached. The
oscillations of the pendulum bob are lightly damped.
292
(i)
On the axes below, sketch a graph to show the variation of A with f.
(2)
(ii)
Explain, with reference to the graph in (d)(i), what is meant by resonance.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
The pendulum bob is now immersed in water and the variable frequency driving force in
(d) is again applied. Suggest the effect this immersion of the pendulum bob will have on
the shape of your graph in (d)(i).
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 16 marks)
293
267. This question is about a lightning discharge.

(a)
Define electric field strength.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
A thundercloud can be modelled as a negatively charged plate that is parallel to the

ground.
The magnitude of the charge on the plate increases due to processes in the atmosphere.
Eventually a current discharges from the thundercloud to the ground.
On the diagram, draw the electric field pattern between the thundercloud base and the
ground.
(3)
294
(c)
The current discharges when the magnitude of the electric field between the ground and
the thundercloud base is 0.33 MN C1. The thundercloud base is 750 m above the
ground.
(i)
Calculate, just before discharge, the potential difference between the thundercloud
base and the ground.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
The potential difference V, between the thundercloud base and the ground, is given
by
V=
Qd
Ae 0
where Q is the charge on the thundercloud base, A is the area of the base, and d is
the distance between the base and the ground. The area of the base is 1.2 107 m2.
Calculate, just before discharge, the charge on the base of the thundercloud.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
295
(iii)
Determine the energy released in the discharge.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 14 marks)
268. This question is about nuclear fission.

(a)
A possible fission reaction is

235
92
(i)
141
1
U 01 n 92
36 Kr 56 Ba x 0 n .
State the value of x.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
296
(ii)
Show that the energy released when one uranium nucleus undergoes fission in the
reaction in (a) is about 2.8 1011 J.
Mass of neutron
Mass of U-235 nucleus
Mass of Kr-92 nucleus
Mass of Ba-141 nucleus
= 1.00867 u
= 234.99333 u
= 91.90645 u
= 140.88354 u
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(iii)
State how the energy of the neutrons produced in the reaction in (a) is likely to
compare with the energy of the neutron that initiated the reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Outline the role of the moderator.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
297
(c)
(i)
A nuclear power plant that uses U-235 as fuel has a useful power output of 16 MW
and an efficiency of 40 %. Assuming that each fission of U-235 gives rise to
2.8 1011 J of energy, determine the mass of U-235 fuel used per day.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(ii)
Describe how some reactors are used to produce plutonium-239.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
State the importance of plutonium-239.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
298
(d)
Some nuclear reactors have a heat exchanger that uses a gas that is kept at constant
volume. The first law of thermodynamics can be represented as Q = U + W.
(i)
State the meanings of Q and W.

Q: ......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
W: ......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Describe how the first law of thermodynamics applies in the operation of the heat
exchanger.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
299
(iii)
Discuss the entropy changes that take place in the gas and in the surroundings.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 25 marks)
269. A volume is measured to be 52 mm3. This volume in m3 is

A.
5.2 103 m3.
B.
5.2 101 m3.
C.
5.2 101 m3.
D.
5.2 108 m3.

(Total 1 mark)
300
270. The masses and weights of different objects are independently measured. The graph is a plot of
weight versus mass that includes error bars.
These experimental results suggest that the

A.
measurements show a significant systematic error but small random error.
B.
measurements show a significant random error but small systematic error.
C.
measurements are precise but not accurate.
D.
weight of an object is proportional to its mass.

(Total 1 mark)
271. A skydiver jumped out of an airplane. On reaching a terminal speed of 60 m s1, she opened her
parachute. Which of the following describes her motion after opening her parachute?
A.
She went upwards for a short time, before falling to Earth at a speed of 60 m s1.
B.
She continued downwards at 60 m s1, but hit the ground with less force.
C.
She continued to fall but reached a new terminal speed of less than 60 m s1.
D.
She went upwards for a short time, before falling to Earth at a speed of less than 60 m
s1.
(Total 1 mark)
301
272. The graph is a speed versus time graph for an object that is moving in a straight line.
The distance travelled by the object during the first 4.0 seconds is
A.
80 m.
B.
40 m.
C.
20 m.
D.
5 m.
(Total 1 mark)
302
273. The diagram shows a girl attempting (but failing) to lift a heavy suitcase of weight W. The
magnitude of the vertical upwards pull of the girl on the suitcase is P and the magnitude of the
vertical reaction of the floor on the suitcase is R.
Which equation correctly relates W, P and R?

A.
W=P+R
B.
W>P+R
C.
W<P+R
D.
W=P=R
(Total 1 mark)
274. Objects A and B collide together. They end up joined together and stationary. During the
collision, a force +F is exerted on object A by object B. According to Newtons third law, there
will also be a force of
A.
F acting on object B.
B.
F acting on object A.
C.
+F acting on object B.
D.
+F acting on object A.
(Total 1 mark)
303
275. A lift (elevator) is operated by an electric motor. It moves between the 10th floor and the 2nd
floor at a constant speed. One main energy transformation during this journey is
A.
gravitational potential energy kinetic energy.
B.
electrical energy kinetic energy.
C.
kinetic energy thermal energy.
D.
electrical energy thermal energy.

(Total 1 mark)
276. A communications satellite is moving at a constant speed in a circular orbit around Earth. At
any given instant in time, the resultant force on the satellite is
A.
zero.
B.
equal to the gravitational force on the satellite.
C.
equal to the vector sum of the gravitational force on the satellite and the centripetal force.
D.
equal to the force exerted by the satellites rockets.

(Total 1 mark)
277. A temperature of 23 K is equivalent to a temperature of

A.
300 C.
B.
250 C.
C.
+250 C.
D.
+300 C.
(Total 1 mark)
304
278. The ratio
thermal capacity of a sample of copper

specific heat capacity of copper
A.
does not have any unit.
B.
has unit J kg1 K1.
C.
has unit J kg1.
D.
has unit kg.

(Total 1 mark)
279. In the kinetic model of an ideal gas, it is assumed that

A.
the forces between the molecules of the gas and the container are always zero.
B.
the intermolecular potential energy of the molecules of the gas is constant.
C.
the kinetic energy of a given molecule of the gas is constant.
D.
the momentum of a given molecule of the gas is constant.

(Total 1 mark)
305
280. Which graph correctly shows how the acceleration, a of a particle undergoing SHM varies with
its displacement, x from its equilibrium position?
(Total 1 mark)
306
281. A mass on the end of a horizontal spring is displaced from its equilibrium position by a distance
A and released. Its subsequent oscillations have total energy E and time period T.
An identical mass is attached to an identical spring. The maximum displacement is 2A.

Assuming this spring obeys Hookes law, which of the following gives the correct time period
and total energy?
New time period
New energy
A.
4E
B.
2E
C.
2T
4E
D.
2T
2E
(Total 1 mark)
282. In which of the following regions of the electromagnetic spectrum is radiation of wavelength
600 nm located?
A.
microwaves
B.
radio waves
C.
visible light
D.
X-rays
(Total 1 mark)
307
283. What is the best estimate for the refractive index of a medium in which light travels at a speed
of 2.7 108 m s1?
A.
0.9
B.
1.0
C.
1.1
D.
2.7
(Total 1 mark)
284. Two rectangular blocks, X and Y, of the same material have different dimensions but the same
overall resistance. Which of the following equations is correct?
A.
resistivity of X length of X = resistivity of Y length of Y
B.
length of X
length of Y
cross sectional area of X cross sectional area of Y
C.
resistivity of X cross sectional area of X = resistivity of Y cross sectional area of Y
D.
length of X
length of Y
cross sectional area of Y cross sectional area of X

(Total 1 mark)
308
285. Two 6 resistors are connected in series with a 6 V cell. A student incorrectly connects an
ammeter and a voltmeter as shown below.
The readings on the ammeter and on the voltmeter are

Ammeter reading / A
Voltmeter reading / V
A.
0.0
0.0
B.
0.0
6.0
C.
1.0
0.0
D.
1.0
6.0
(Total 1 mark)
309
286. The diagram shows a potential divider circuit.
In order to increase the reading on the voltmeter the

A.
temperature of R should be increased.
B.
temperature of R should be decreased.
C.
light intensity on R should be increased.
D.
light intensity on R should be decreased.

(Total 1 mark)
310
287. The mass of Earth is ME, its radius is RE and the magnitude of the gravitational field strength at
g
the surface of Earth is g. The universal gravitational constant is G. The ratio
is equal to
G
A.
ME
R E2
B.
R E2
ME
C.
M E RE
D.
1
(Total 1 mark)
288. Which diagram best represents the electric field due to a negatively charged conducting sphere?
(Total 1 mark)
311
289. A point mass carries a positive charge +Q and is at rest in a magnetic field. The field is in the
direction shown.
The magnetic force acting on the charge is

A.
from left to right in the plane of the page.
B.
from top to bottom in the plane of the page.
C.
into the plane of the page.
D.
zero.
(Total 1 mark)
290. The number of neutrons and the number of protons in a nucleus of an atom of the isotope of
uranium 235
92 U are
Neutrons
Protons
A.
92
143
B.
143
92
C.
235
92
D.
92
235
(Total 1 mark)
312
291. A sample contains an amount of radioactive material with a half-life of 3.5 days. After 2 weeks
the fraction of the radioactive material remaining is
A.
94 %.
B.
25 %.
C.
6 %.
D.
0 %.
(Total 1 mark)
292. The rest mass of a proton is 938 MeV c2. The energy of a proton at rest is
A.
9.38 J.
B.
9.38 108 (3 108)2 J.
C.
9.38 108 eV.
D.
9.38 108 (3 108)2 eV.

(Total 1 mark)
293. The efficiency of a modern natural gas power station is approximately

A.
10 %.
B.
50 %.
C.
5 %.
D.
90 %.
(Total 1 mark)
313
294. The energy source that currently provides the greatest proportion of the worlds total energy
demand is
A.
coal.
B.
oil.
C.
natural gas.
D.
uranium.
(Total 1 mark)
295. In a nuclear power station, uranium is used as the energy source and plutonium-239 is
produced.
Which of the following is true?
A.
Plutonium-239 is produced by nuclear fusion.
B.
A moderator is used to absorb plutonium-239.
C.
Control rods are used to slow down plutonium-239.
D.
Plutonium-239 can be used as a fuel in another type of nuclear reactor.

(Total 1 mark)
296. One disadvantage of using photovoltaic cells to power a domestic water heater is that
A.
solar energy is a renewable source of energy.
B.
the power radiated by the Sun varies significantly depending on the weather.
C.
a large area of photovoltaic cells would be needed.
D.
photovoltaic cells contain CFCs, which contribute to the greenhouse effect.

(Total 1 mark)
314
297. Greenhouse gases

A.
reflect infrared radiation but absorb ultraviolet radiation.
B.
reflect ultraviolet radiation but absorb infrared radiation.
C.
transmit infrared radiation but absorb ultraviolet radiation.
D.
transmit ultraviolet radiation but absorb infrared radiation.

(Total 1 mark)
298. The rate of global warming might be reduced by

A.
replacing the use of coal and oil with natural gas.
B.
a reduction in the Earths albedo.
C.
a reduction in carbon fixation.
D.
an increase in deforestation.
(Total 1 mark)
315
299. This question is about electrical resistance of the metal mercury.

The resistance R of a sample of mercury was measured as a function of the temperature T of the
sample. The sample was cooled and data points were taken at temperature intervals of 0.2 K.
The uncertainties in R and T are too small to be shown on the graph.
The hypothesis is that resistance is proportional to absolute temperature for temperatures

greater than 4.5 K.
(a)
(i)
Suggest whether the data supports the hypothesis.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Draw a line of best fit through the data.

(2)
(b)
State the value of R for which the rate of change of resistance of the sample with
temperature is least.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
316
(c)
At a temperature TC the resistance suddenly becomes zero.

(i)
Use the graph to determine the possible range of the temperature TC.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
State, to the correct number of significant figures, the value of TC and its
uncertainty.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Outline how the temperature TC could be measured more precisely.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
Outline two reasons why you could not use the data to determine an accurate value for R
at room temperature.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
317
300. This question is about impulse.

(a)
A net force of magnitude F acts on a body. Define the impulse I of the force.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
A ball of mass 0.0750 kg is travelling horizontally with a speed of 2.20 m s1. It strikes a
vertical wall and rebounds horizontally.
Due to the collision with the wall, 20 % of the balls initial kinetic energy is dissipated.
(i)
Show that the ball rebounds from the wall with a speed of 1.97 m s1.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Show that the impulse given to the ball by the wall is 0.313 N s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
318
(c)
The ball strikes the wall at time t = 0 and leaves the wall at time t = T.
The sketch graph shows how the force F that the wall exerts on the ball is assumed to
vary with time t.
The time T is measured electronically to equal 0.0894 s.

Use the impulse given in (b)(ii) to estimate the average value of F.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 9 marks)
301. This question is about energy transfers.

(a)
Energy degradation takes place in the energy transformations which occur in the
generation of electrical power. Explain what is meant in this context by energy
degradation.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
319
Some of the energy transformations that take place in a coal-fired power station are represented
by the Sankey diagram below.
(b)
(i)
State what is represented by the width w.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
At the three places marked A, B and C on the diagram, energy is degraded.

Identify the process by which the energy is degraded in each of the places.
A: ......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
B: ......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
C: ......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
320
302. This question is about greenhouse effect

(a)
The graph shows part of the absorption spectrum of nitrogen oxide (N2O) in which the
intensity of absorbed radiation A is plotted against frequency f.
(i)
State the region of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the resonant frequency
of nitrogen oxide belongs.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Using your answer to (a)(i), explain why nitrogen oxide is classified as a

greenhouse gas.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
321
(b)
Define emissivity and albedo.

Emissivity: ...................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Albedo: ........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
The diagram shows a simple energy balance climate model in which the atmosphere and
the surface of Earth are two bodies each at constant temperature. The surface of the Earth
receives both solar radiation and radiation emitted from the atmosphere. Assume that the
Earths surface behaves as a black body.
The following data are available for this model.

average temperature of the atmosphere of Earth
emissivity, e of the atmosphere of Earth
average albedo, of the atmosphere of Earth
solar intensity at top of atmosphere
average temperature of the surface of Earth
= 242 K
= 0.720
= 0.280
= 344 W m2
= 288 K
322
Use the data to show that the

(i)
power radiated per unit area of the atmosphere is 140 W m2.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
solar power absorbed per unit area at the surface of the Earth is 248 W m2.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
It is hypothesized that, if the production of greenhouse gases were to stay at its present
level then the temperature of the Earths atmosphere would eventually rise by 6.0 K.
Calculate the power per unit area that would then be
(i)
radiated by the atmosphere.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
absorbed by the Earths surface.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
323
(e)
Estimate, using your answer to (d)(ii), the increase in temperature of Earths surface.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 14 marks)
303. This question is about motion of a ball falling in oil.

(a)
Distinguish between average speed and instantaneous speed.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
324
(b)
A small steel ball of mass M is dropped from rest into a long vertical tube that contains
oil.
The sketch graph shows how the speed v of the ball varies with time t.
Explain how you would use the graph to find the average speed of the ball between t = 0
and t = t1.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
The gradient of the graph at t = t1 is k. Deduce an expression in terms of k, M and g, the

acceleration of free fall, for the magnitude of the frictional force F acting on the ball at t
= t1.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
325
(d)
State and explain the magnitude of the frictional force acting on the ball at t = t2.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
304. This question is about simple harmonic motion and waves.

(a)
A particle of mass m that is attached to a light spring is executing simple harmonic

motion in a horizontal direction.
State the condition relating to the net force acting on the particle that is necessary for it to
execute simple harmonic motion.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
326
(b)
The graph shows how the kinetic energy EK of the particle in (a) varies with the
displacement x of the particle from equilibrium.
(i)
Using the axes above, sketch a graph to show how the potential energy of the
particle varies with the displacement x.
(2)
(ii)
The mass of the particle is 0.30 kg. Use data from the graph to show that the
frequency f of oscillation of the particle is 2.0 Hz.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
327
(c)
The particles of a medium M1 through which a transverse wave is travelling, oscillate

with the same frequency and amplitude as that of the particle in (b).
(i)
Describe, with reference to the propagation of energy through the medium, what is
meant by a transverse wave.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
The speed of the wave is 0.80 m s1. Calculate the wavelength of the wave.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
The diagram shows wavefronts of the waves in (c) incident on a boundary XY between
medium M1 and another medium M2.
The angle between the normal, and the direction of travel of the wavefronts is 30.
328
(i)
The speed of the wave in M1 is 0.80 m s1. The speed of the waves in M2 is
1.2 m s1.
Calculate the angle between the direction of travel of the wavefronts in M2 and the
normal.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
On the diagram, sketch the wavefronts in M2.

(1)
(Total 15 marks)
305. This question is about decay of radium-226.

(a)
A nucleus of the isotope radium-226 (Ra) undergoes -decay with a half-life of

1.6 103 yr to form a nucleus of radon (Rn).
Define the terms isotope and half-life.
Isotope: ........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Half-life: ......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
329
(b)
Using the grid below, sketch a graph to show how the activity A of a sample of
radium-226 (Ra) would be expected to vary with time t over a period of about 5.0 103
yr.
The activity of the sample at time t = 0 is A0.
(3)
(c)
The nuclear reaction equation for the decay of radium-226 (Ra) may be written as
226
88 Ra
(i)
Rn
State the value of the proton number and neutron number of the isotope of radon
(Rn).
Proton number: .................................................................................................
Neutron number: ...............................................................................................
(1)
330
(ii)
Outline why the binding energy of Ra is less than that of Rn.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)

mass of Ra
mass of Rn
mass of
= 226.0254 u
= 222.0175 u
= 4.0026 u
Show that the energy released in the decay of a Ra nucleus is 4.94 MeV.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
306. This question is about internal energy, heat and ideal gases.
(a)
The internal energy of a piece of copper is increased by heating.

(i)
Explain what is meant, in this context, by internal energy and heating.

Internal energy: .................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Heating: ............................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
331
(ii)
The piece of copper has mass 0.25 kg. The increase in internal energy of the
copper is 1.2 103 J and its increase in temperature is 20 K. Estimate the specific
heat capacity of copper.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
An ideal gas is kept in a cylinder by a piston that is free to move. The gas is heated such
that its internal energy increases and the pressure remains constant. Use the molecular
model of ideal gases to explain
(i)
the increase in internal energy.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
how the pressure remains constant.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
332
307. This question is about electric fields and electric circuits.

(a)
Two parallel, charged metal plates A and B are in a vacuum.
At a particular instant an electron is at point P.
On the diagram, draw

(i)
the electric field pattern due to the plates.

(3)
(ii)
an arrow to represent the direction of the force on the electron at P.

(1)
(b)
The acceleration of the electron at P is 8.8 1014 m s2. Determine the magnitude of the
electric field strength at the point P.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
The electric potential energy of the electron changes by 1.9 1017 J as it moves from
one plate to the other. Show that the potential difference between the plates is 120 V.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
333
(d)
A resistor R and a filament lamp L are connected in series with a battery. The battery has
an emf of 12 V and internal resistance 4.0 . The potential difference across the filament
of the lamp is 3.0 V and the current in the filament is 0.25 A.
(i)
Define emf and describe the concept of internal resistance.

emf:
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Internal resistance:
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Calculate the total power supplied by the battery.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
334
(iii)
Calculate the power dissipated in the external circuit.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv)
Determine the resistance of the resistor R.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 16 marks)
308. A lift (elevator) is operated by an electric motor. It moves between the 10th floor and the 2nd
floor at a constant speed. One main energy transformation during this journey is
A.
gravitational potential energy kinetic energy.
B.
electrical energy kinetic energy.
C.
kinetic energy thermal energy.
D.
electrical energy thermal energy.

(Total 1 mark)
335
309. A communications satellite is moving at a constant speed in a circular orbit around Earth. At
any given instant in time, the resultant force on the satellite is
A.
zero.
B.
equal to the gravitational force on the satellite.
C.
equal to the vector sum of the gravitational force on the satellite and the centripetal force.
D.
equal to the force exerted by the satellites rockets.

(Total 1 mark)
310. A student is sitting on a chair. One force that is acting on the student is the pull of gravity.
According to Newtons third law, there must be another force which is
A.
the upward push of the chair on the student.
B.
the downward force on the student.
C.
the downward push of the chair on Earth.
D.
the upward force on Earth.

(Total 1 mark)
336
311. The graph below represents the variation with time of the displacement of an oscillating
particle.
The motion of the object is

A.
over damped.
B.
critically damped.
C.
lightly damped.
D.
not damped.
(Total 1 mark)
337
312. A current carrying wire is in the same plane as a uniform magnetic field. The angle between the
wire and the magnetic field is .
The magnetic force on the current carrying wire is

A.
zero.
B.
C.
D.
at an angle to the direction of the magnetic field.

(Total 1 mark)
338
313. This question is about electrical resistance of the metal mercury.

The resistance R of a sample of mercury was measured as a function of the temperature T of the
sample. The sample was cooled and data points were taken at temperature intervals of 0.2 K.
The uncertainties in R and T are too small to be shown on the graph.
The hypothesis is that resistance is proportional to absolute temperature for temperatures

greater than 4.5 K.
(a)
(i)
Suggest whether the data supports the hypothesis.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Draw a line of best fit through the data.

(2)
(b)
State the value of R for which the rate of change of resistance of the sample with
temperature is least.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
339
(c)
At a temperature TC the resistance suddenly becomes zero.

(i)
Use the graph to determine the possible range of the temperature TC.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
State, to the correct number of significant figures, the value of TC and its
uncertainty.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Outline how the temperature TC could be measured more precisely.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
Outline two reasons why you could not use the data to determine an accurate value for R
at room temperature.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
340
314. This question is about impulse.

(a)
A net force of magnitude F acts on a body. Define the impulse I of the force.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
A ball of mass 0.0750 kg is travelling horizontally with a speed of 2.20 m s1. It strikes a
vertical wall and rebounds horizontally.
Due to the collision with the wall, 20 % of the balls initial kinetic energy is dissipated.
(i)
Show that the ball rebounds from the wall with a speed of 1.97 m s1.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Show that the impulse given to the ball by the wall is 0.313 N s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
341
(c)
The ball strikes the wall at time t = 0 and leaves the wall at time t = T.
The sketch graph shows how the force F that the wall exerts on the ball is assumed to
vary with time t.
The time T is measured electronically to equal 0.0894 s.

Use the impulse given in (b)(ii) to estimate the average value of F.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 9 marks)
342
315. This question is about internal energy, heat and ideal gases.
(a)
The internal energy of a piece of copper is increased by heating.

(i)
Explain what is meant, in this context, by internal energy and heating.

Internal energy: ................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Heating: ............................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
The piece of copper has mass 0.25 kg. The increase in internal energy of the
copper is 1.2 103 J and its increase in temperature is 20 K. Estimate the specific
heat capacity of copper.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
One mole of an ideal gas is heated at constant pressure. The increase in temperature of
the gas is 30.0 K. The energy transferred to the gas is 623 J and the work done is 249 J.
Determine
(i)
the change in internal energy of the gas.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
343
(ii)
the thermal capacity of the gas.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Another mole of the same gas is heated at constant volume starting from the same state as
that in (b). Suggest whether the thermal capacity in this case is equal to, greater than or
less than the answer in b(ii).
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 13 marks)
316. This question is about energy transfers.

(a)
Energy degradation takes place in the energy transformations which occur in the
generation of electrical power. Explain what is meant in this context by energy
degradation.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
344
Some of the energy transformations that take place in a coal-fired power station are represented
by the Sankey diagram below.
(b)
(i)
State what is represented by the width w.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
At the three places marked A, B and C on the diagram, energy is degraded.

Identify the process by which the energy is degraded in each of the places.
A: ......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
B: ......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
C: ......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
345
317. This question is about electric fields and electric circuits.

(a)
Two parallel, charged metal plates A and B are in a vacuum.
At a particular instant an electron is at point P.
On the diagram, draw

(i)
the electric field pattern due to the plates.

(3)
(ii)
an arrow to represent the direction of the force on the electron at P.

(1)
(b)
The acceleration of the electron at P is 8.8 1014 m s2. Determine the magnitude of the
electric field strength at the point P.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
The electric potential energy of the electron changes by 1.9 1017 J as it moves from
one plate to the other. Show that the potential difference between the plates is 120 V.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
346
(d)
A resistor R and a filament lamp L are connected in series with a battery. The battery has
an emf of 12 V and internal resistance 4.0 . The potential difference across the filament
of the lamp is 3.0 V and the current in the filament is 0.25 A.
(i)
Calculate the total power supplied by the battery.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the power dissipated in the external circuit.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
347
(iii)
Determine the resistance of the resistor R.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 14 marks)
318. This question is about the greenhouse effect.

(a)
The graph shows part of the absorption spectrum of nitrogen oxide (N2O) in which the
intensity of absorbed radiation A is plotted against frequency f.
348
(i)
State the region of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the resonant frequency
of nitrogen oxide belongs.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Using your answer to (a)(i), explain why nitrogen oxide is classified as a

greenhouse gas.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Define emissivity and albedo.

Emissivity: ...................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Albedo: ........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
349
(c)
The diagram shows a simple energy balance climate model in which the atmosphere and
the surface of Earth are two bodies each at constant temperature. The surface of the Earth
receives both solar radiation and radiation emitted from the atmosphere. Assume that the
Earths surface behaves as a black body.
The following data are available for this model.

average temperature of the atmosphere of Earth
emissivity, e of the atmosphere of Earth
average albedo, of the atmosphere of Earth
solar intensity at top of atmosphere
average temperature of the surface of Earth
= 242 K
= 0.720
= 0.280
= 344 W m2
= 288 K
Use the data to show that the

(i)
power radiated per unit area of the atmosphere is 140 W m2.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
350
(ii)
solar power absorbed per unit area at the surface of the Earth is 248 W m2.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
It is hypothesized that, if the production of greenhouse gases were to stay at its present
level then the temperature of the Earths atmosphere would eventually rise by 6.0 K.
Calculate the power per unit area that would then be
(i)
radiated by the atmosphere.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
absorbed by the Earths surface.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
Estimate, using your answer to (d)(ii), the increase in temperature of Earths surface.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 14 marks)
351

(a)
A particle of mass m that is attached to a light spring is executing simple harmonic

motion in a horizontal direction.
State the condition relating to the net force acting on the particle that is necessary for it to
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
The graph shows how the kinetic energy EK of the particle in (a) varies with the
displacement x of the particle from equilibrium.
(i)
Using the axes above, sketch a graph to show how the potential energy of the
particle varies with the displacement x.
(2)
352
(ii)
The mass of the particle is 0.30 kg. Use data from the graph to show that the
frequency f of oscillation of the particle is 2.0 Hz.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(c)
The particles of a medium M1 through which a transverse wave is travelling, oscillate

with the same frequency and amplitude as that of the particle in (b).
(i)
Describe, with reference to the propagation of energy through the medium, what is
meant by a transverse wave.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
The speed of the wave is 0.80 m s1. Calculate the wavelength of the wave.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
353
(d)
The diagram shows wavefronts of the waves in (c) incident on a boundary XY between
medium M1 and another medium M2.
The angle between the normal, and the direction of travel of the wavefronts is 30.
(i)
The speed of the wave in M1 is 0.80 m s1. The speed of the waves in M2 is
1.2 m s1.
Calculate the angle between the direction of travel of the wavefronts in M2 and the
normal.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
On the diagram, sketch the wavefronts in M2.

(1)
(Total 15 marks)
354
320. The magnitude of the mass of the universe is of the order of

A.
1020 kg.
B.
1030 kg.
C.
1040 kg.
D.
1050 kg.
(Total 1 mark)
321. Which of the following is a valid statement?

A.
A measurement that is not precise can be accurate.
B.
A measurement that is precise is always accurate.
C.
A measurement that is not precise will always be inaccurate.
D.
Repeated measurements will always increase accuracy and precision.

(Total 1 mark)
355
322. A ball, initially at rest, is dropped in the air from a great height. Air resistance is not negligible.
Which of the following graphs best shows the variation with time t of the acceleration a of the
ball?
(Total 1 mark)
356
323. The graph below shows the variation with time t of the velocity v of an object moving along a
straight line.
The displacement of the object between t = 0 s and t = 6.0 s is

A.
2.0 m.
B.
12 m.
C.
20 m.
D.
24 m.
(Total 1 mark)
357
324. A constant force of magnitude F is applied to a mass m for a time interval t. The magnitude of
the impulse given to the mass equals
A.
F
.
m
B.
F
.
Dt
C.
Ft.
D.
FDt
.
m
(Total 1 mark)
325. Two carts of different mass m and M are connected by a spring. They are pushed together such
that the spring is compressed.
After the carts are released, the cart of mass m moves with velocity v. The change in the
momentum of mass M is
A.
mv.
B.
mv.
C.
Mv.
D.
Mv.
(Total 1 mark)
358
326. A lamp of weight W is suspended by a wire fixed to the ceiling. With reference to Newtons
third law of motion, the force that is equal and opposite to W is the
A.
tension in the wire.
B.
force applied by the ceiling.
C.
force exerted by the lamp on the Earth.
D.
force exerted by the Earth on the lamp.

(Total 1 mark)
327. A constant force acts on a mass that is initially at rest. Which of the following graphs best
shows how the kinetic energy EK of the mass changes with the work W done on the mass?
Friction is negligible.
(Total 1 mark)
359
328. Two objects near each other are at the same temperature. Which of the following statements has
to be true?
A.
The objects have the same internal energy.
B.
The objects have the same thermal capacity.
C.
No thermal energy is exchanged between the objects.
D.
The net thermal energy exchanged between the objects is zero.

(Total 1 mark)
329. The temperature of an ideal gas is a measure of the molecules average

A.
velocity.
B.
momentum.
C.
kinetic energy.
D.
frequency of collisions.
(Total 1 mark)
330. For a system executing simple harmonic motion, the restoring force acting on the system is
proportional to the
A.
displacement of the system from equilibrium.
B.
amplitude of oscillation.
C.
elastic potential energy.
D.
frequency of oscillation.
(Total 1 mark)
360
331. A cart, connected to two identical springs, is oscillating with simple harmonic motion between
two points X and Y that are equidistant from point O.
The cart is in equilibrium at

A.
all points between X and Y.
B.
point O only.
C.
points X and Y only.
D.
points O, X and Y only.

(Total 1 mark)
332. During one complete oscillation, the amplitude of a damped harmonic motion changes from 1.
5 cm to 0.30 cm. The total energy at the end of the oscillation is E2 and the total energy at the
E
beginning of the oscillation is E1. The ratio 2 is
E1
A.
1
.
5
B.
1
.
25
C.
5.
D.
25.
(Total 1 mark)
361
333. Plane wavefronts are incident on a boundary between two media labelled 1 and 2 in the
diagram.
The diagram of the wavefronts is drawn to scale.
The ratio of the refractive index of medium 2 to that of medium 1 is

A.
0.50.
B.
0.67.
C.
1.5.
D.
2.0.
(Total 1 mark)
362
334. A wave pulse is travelling to the right along a string.
Which of the following best represents the direction of the velocity of the point P?
A.
B.
C.
D.
(Total 1 mark)
335. The tungsten filament of a lamp has a cross-sectional area A and length L. For a potential
difference V across the filament, the current in the filament is I. The resistivity of the tungsten
equals
A.
VA
.
IL
B.
IL
.
VA
C.
VL
.
IA
D.
IA
VL
(Total 1 mark)
363
336. Which of the following is a correct unit of electromotive force (emf)?

A.
A 1
B.
A1
C.
C J1
D.
J C1
(Total 1 mark)
337. Which of the following correctly gives the resistance of an ideal ammeter and resistance of an
ideal voltmeter?
Ammeter
Voltmeter
A.
infinite
infinite
B.
zero
zero
C.
zero
infinite
D.
infinite
zero
(Total 1 mark)
338. The gravitational force between two unit masses separated by a distance r is Fg. The electric
force between two unit charges separated by a distance r is Fe. The Coulomb constant is k and
the universal gravitational constant is G. The ratio Fg / Fe is
A.
one.
B.
k
.
G
C.
G
.
k
D.
Gk.
(Total 1 mark)
364
339. A hollow metallic sphere is negatively charged. Which of the following correctly represents the
electric field?
(Total 1 mark)
340. In the diagram, a long current-carrying wire is normal to the plane of the paper. The current in
the wire
is directed into the plane of the paper.
Which of the arrows gives the direction of the magnetic field at point P?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Z
(Total 1 mark)
365
341. The Geiger-Marsden experiment (scattering of alpha particles) provided evidence for
A.
the nature of alpha particles.
B.
orbital electrons in the atom.
C.
very small and relatively massive nucleus.
D.
the existence of atomic energy levels.

(Total 1 mark)
342. A nuclear reaction is represented by the following equation.

1
0n
198
197
80 Hg 79 Au
21 H
This reaction is an example of

A.
fission.
B.
fusion.
C.
natural transmutation.
D.
artificial (induced) transmutation.

(Total 1 mark)
366
343. Which of the following graphs best shows the variation with nucleon number N of the binding
energy per nucleon E?
(Total 1 mark)
344. The unit of energy density of a fuel is

A.
J m2.
B.
J m3.
C.
J kg1.
D.
kg J1.
(Total 1 mark)
367
345. Which of the following is the best estimate for the overall efficiency of a typical coal power
station?
A.
5%
B.
30 %
C.
60 %
D.
90 %
(Total 1 mark)
346. When sunlight is incident on a solar cell an electric current is produced. This is due to
A.
a temperature gradient within the cell.
B.
very long wavelength infrared radiation.
C.
very short ultraviolet radiation.
D.
the photoelectric effect.

(Total 1 mark)
347. The power per unit length P of an oscillating water column (OWC) is due to the action of a
surface wave of amplitude A. Which of the following correctly relates P and A, and correctly
identifies the nature of the energy of the water column?
Relation between P and A
Nature of energy
A.
P A
kinetic
B.
P A
kinetic and potential
C.
P A2
kinetic
D.
P A2
kinetic and potential

(Total 1 mark)
368
348. The average temperature of the surface of the Sun is about 20 times more than the average
surface temperature of the Earth. The average power per unit area radiated by the Earth is P.
The average power per unit area radiated by the Sun is
A.
20 P.
B.
400 P.
C.
8000 P.
D.
160 000 P.
(Total 1 mark)
349. Global warming reduces the ice and snow cover on Earth. Which of the following correctly
describes the changes in albedo and rate of energy absorption by Earth?
Albedo
Rate of energy absorption
A.
increase
increase
B.
decrease
increase
C.
increase
decrease
D.
decrease
decrease
(Total 1 mark)
369
350. This question is about liquid flow.

The diagram shows a storage container for liquids.
The container is filled from above. The distance between the base of the container and the
ground is h0.
370
The container, which is initially empty, is then filled at a constant rate. The height h of the
liquid surface above the ground is measured as a function of time t. The results of the
measurements are shown plotted below.
(a)

(1)
(b)
It is hypothesized that h is directly proportional to t. State and explain whether this

hypothesis is correct for the periods
(i)
t = 0 to t = 120 s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
371
(ii)
t > 120 s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Use data from the graph to determine the value of h0.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
The area of the base of the container is 1.8 m2. Deduce that the volume of liquid entering
the storage container each second is approximately 0.02 m3 s1.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(e)
The container is completely filled after 850 s. Calculate the total volume of the container.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
372
(f)
The empty container is now filled at half the rate in (d). Using the axes, sketch a graph to
show the variation of h with t in the range t = 0 to t = 900 s.
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

(a)
A heating coil is to be made of wire of diameter 3.5 104 m. The heater is to dissipate
980 W when connected to a 230 V d.c. supply. The material of the wire has resistivity
1.3 106 m at the working temperature of the heater.
(i)
Define electrical resistance.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
373
(ii)
Calculate the resistance of the heating coil at its normal working temperature.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Show that the length of wire needed to make the heating coil is approximately 4 m.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Three identical electrical heaters each provide power P when connected separately to a
supply S which has zero internal resistance. On the diagram below, complete the circuit
by drawing two switches so that the power provided by the heaters may be either P or
2P or 3P.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
374
352. This question is about force fields.

(a)
Outline what is meant by a field of force.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Five particles A to E are each placed in a different type of field. Complete the table to
identify the nature of the field in which each particle is situated.
Particle
Charge on
particle
Initial direction of
motion of particle
Direction of
force on particle
uncharged
stationary
in direction of
field
.....................................
negative
along direction of
field
opposite to
direction of field
.....................................
positive
normal to direction
of field
normal to
direction of field
.....................................
positive
normal to direction
of field
in direction of
field
.....................................
uncharged
opposite to direction
of field
in direction of
field
.....................................
Type of field
(5)
(Total 7 marks)
375
353. This question is about dynamics and energy.

A bullet of mass 32 g is fired from a gun. The graph shows the variation of the force F on the
bullet with time t as it travels along the barrel of the gun.
The bullet is fired at time t = 0 and the length of the barrel is 0.70 m.
(a)
State and explain why it is inappropriate to use the equation s = ut +
1
2
at 2 to calculate
the acceleration of the bullet.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
376
(b)
Use the graph to

(i)
determine the average acceleration of the bullet during the final 2.0 ms of the
graph.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
show that the change in momentum of the bullet, as the bullet travels along the
length of the barrel, is approximately 9 N s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
Use the answer in (b)(ii) to calculate the

(i)
speed of the bullet as it leaves the barrel.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
377
(ii)
average power delivered to the bullet.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(d)
Use Newtons third law to explain why a gun will recoil when a bullet is fired.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
378
354. This question is about fossil fuels.

(a)
A Sankey diagram for the generation of electrical energy using fossil fuel as the primary
energy source is shown.
(i)
State what is meant by a fuel.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
State two examples of fossil fuels.

1. .......................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................
(2)
379
(iii)
Explain why fossil fuels are said to be non-renewable.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv)
Use the Sankey diagram to estimate the efficiency of production of electrical

energy and explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Despite the fact that fossil fuels are non-renewable and contribute to atmospheric
pollution there is widespread use of such fuels. Suggest three reasons for this widespread
use.
1. ..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
2. ..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
3. ..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
380

An object is vibrating in air. The variation with displacement x of the acceleration a of the
object is shown below.
381
(a)
State and explain two reasons why the graph opposite indicates that the object is
executing simple harmonic motion.
1. ..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
2. ..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(b)
Use data from the graph to show that the frequency of oscillation is 350 Hz.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(c)
State the amplitude of the vibrations.

......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
The motion of the object gives rise to a longitudinal progressive (travelling) sound wave.
(i)
State what is meant by a longitudinal progressive wave.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
382
(ii)
The speed of the wave is 330 m s1. Using the answer in (b), calculate the
wavelength of the wave.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
356. This question is about -particle scattering and nuclear processes.

-particle scattering
Radium-226 decays with the emission of -particles to radon (Rn).
(a)
Complete the nuclear reaction equation.

226
88 Ra
Rn +
(2)
(b)
Experimental evidence that supports a nuclear model of the atom was provided by
-particle scattering. The diagram represents the path of an -particle as it approaches
and then recedes from a stationary gold nucleus.
(i)
On the diagram, draw lines to show the angle of deviation of the -particle.
Label this angle D.
(1)
383
(ii)
The gold nucleus is replaced by another gold nucleus that has a larger nucleon
number. Suggest and explain the change, if any, in the angle D of an -particle
with the same energy and following the same initial path as in (b)(i).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
The diagram shows the initial path of an -particle that approaches the gold nucleus
along a line joining their centres. On the diagram draw the subsequent path of the
-particle.
(1)
Nuclear processes
(d)
The main nuclear process that gives rise to energy emission from the Sun may be
simplified to
4H He + energy.
(i)
State the name of this nuclear process.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
384
(ii)
The total mass of four hydrogen (H) nuclei is 6.693 1027 kg and the mass of a
helium (He) nucleus is 6.645 1027 kg. Show that the energy released in this
reaction is 4.3 1012 J.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
The Sun has a radius R of 7.0 108 m and emits energy at a rate of 3.9 1026 W.
The nuclear reactions take place in the spherical core of the Sun of radius 0.25R.
Use these data and the answer in (d)(ii) to determine the number of nuclear
reactions occurring per cubic metre per second in the core of the Sun.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
357. This question is about wave power.

(a)
Outline how the energy of a wave can be converted to electrical energy.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
385
(b)
A wave on the surface of water is assumed to be a square-wave of height 2A, as shown.
The wave has wavelength , speed v and has a wavefront of length L. For this wave,
(i)
show that the gravitational potential energy EP stored in one wavelength of the
wave is given by
EP =
1
2
A 2 grL
where is the density of the water and g is the acceleration of free fall.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
deduce that the gravitational wave power P per unit length of the wavefront is
given by
P=
1
2
A2vg
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
386
(c)
The density of sea-water is 1.2 103 kg m3. Using the expression in (b)(ii), estimate the
gravitational power per metre length available in a wave of height 0.60 m.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
In practice a water wave is approximately sinusoidal in cross-section. Outline whether a

sine wave of the same height as in (b) transfers a greater or a smaller amount of power
than that derived in (b)(ii).
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
List two advantages of the utilization of wave power rather than photovoltaic cells for
the generation of electric power.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
358. This question is about the albedo of the Earth.

(a)
Outline the mechanism by which a gas, such as carbon dioxide, absorbs infra-red
radiation.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
387
(b)
State, with reference to your answer in (a), why carbon dioxide is known as a greenhouse
gas.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
State the name of another greenhouse gas.

......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
In the last fifty years the amount of carbon dioxide in the Earths atmosphere has
increased significantly. Explain
(i)
why this increase could account for global warming.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
what effect this has had on the average albedo of the Earth.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
388
(e)
It has been estimated that doubling the amount of carbon dioxide in the Earths
atmosphere changes the albedo of the Earth by 0.01. Use the data to show that this
doubling will lead to a change of about 3 W m2 in the intensity being reflected by the
Earth into space.
Average intensity received at Earth from the Sun = 340 W m2
Average albedo = 0.30
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(f)
State one reason why the answer to (e) is an estimate.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
389
359. The Moon orbits the Earth.
Which of the following diagrams correctly represents the force(s) acting on the Moon?
(Total 1 mark)
360. The temperature of an ideal gas is a measure of the molecules average

A.
velocity.
B.
momentum.
C.
kinetic energy.
D.
frequency of collisions.
(Total 1 mark)
361. For a system executing simple harmonic motion, the restoring force acting on the system is
proportional to the
A.
displacement of the system from equilibrium.
B.
amplitude of oscillation.
C.
elastic potential energy.
D.
frequency of oscillation.
(Total 1 mark)
390
362. The electronvolt is a unit of

A.
force.
B.
potential difference.
C.
energy.
D.
electric field strength.

(Total 1 mark)
363. The design of a thermal fission reactor includes the following.

I.
Fuel rods
II.
Control rods
III.
Moderator
Which part(s) help maintain a constant rate of fission in the core of a reactor?
A.
I, II and III
B.
I and II only
C.
II only
D.
III only
(Total 1 mark)
364. The binding energy of a nucleus is defined to be the

A.
energy released when a nucleus is formed from its individual constituents.
B.
energy released when the nucleus is separated into its individual constituents.
C.
total energy of the nucleus.
D.
total energy of the protons inside the nucleus.

(Total 1 mark)
391
365. Most climate scientists agree that the enhanced greenhouse effect is due to
A.
cyclical changes of the Earths orbit.
B.
volcanic activity.
C.
the burning of fossil fuels.
D.
increased solar activity.

(Total 1 mark)
366. This question is about liquid flow.

The diagram shows a storage container for liquids.
The container is filled from above. The distance between the base of the container and the
ground is h0.
392
The container, which is initially empty, is then filled at a constant rate. The height h of the
liquid surface above the ground is measured as a function of time t. The results of the
measurements are shown plotted below.
(a)

(1)
(b)
State and explain whether h is directly proportional to t for the periods

(i)
t = 0 to t = 120 s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
393
(ii)
t > 120 s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Use data from the graph to determine the value of h0.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
The area of the base of the container is 1.8 m2. Deduce that the volume of liquid entering
the storage container each second is approximately 0.02 m3 s1.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(e)
The container is completely filled after 850 s. Calculate the total volume of the container.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
394
(f)
It is hypothesized that for t > 400 s the relation between t and h is of the form
h = ktn
where k and n are constants.
(i)
Outline how, using a graphical technique, you would verify this hypothesis.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Explain how you would determine the value of n.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
395
(g)
The empty container is now filled at half the rate in (d). Using the axes, sketch a graph to
show the variation of h with t in the range t = 0 to t = 900 s.
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

(a)
A heating coil is to be made of wire of diameter 3.5 104 m. The heater is to dissipate
980 W when connected to a 230 V d.c. supply. The material of the wire has resistivity
1.3 106 m at the working temperature of the heater.
(i)
Define electrical resistance.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
396
(ii)
Calculate the resistance of the heating coil at its normal working temperature.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Show that the length of wire needed to make the heating coil is approximately 4 m.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Three identical electrical heaters each provide power P when connected separately to a
supply S which has zero internal resistance. On the diagram below, complete the circuit
by drawing two switches so that the power provided by the heaters may be either P or
2P or 3P.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
397
368. This question is about force fields.

(a)
Outline what is meant by a field of force.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Three particles A, B, and C are each placed in a different type of field. Complete the
table to identify the nature of the field in which each particle is situated.
Particle
Charge on
particle
Initial direction of
motion of particle
Direction of
force on particle
uncharged
stationary
in direction of
field
.....................................
negative
along direction of
field
opposite to
direction of field
.....................................
positive
normal to direction
of field
normal to
direction of field
.....................................
Type of field
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
369. This question is about wave power.

(a)
Outline how the energy of a wave can be converted to electrical energy.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
398
(b)
A wave on the surface of water is assumed to be a square-wave of height 2A, as shown.
The wave has wavelength , speed v and has a wavefront of length L. For this wave,
(i)
show that the gravitational potential energy EP stored in one wavelength of the
wave is given by
EP =
1 2
A gL
2
where is the density of the water and g is the acceleration of free fall.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
deduce that the gravitational wave power P per unit length of the wavefront is
given by
P=
1 2
A vg
2
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
399
(c)
The density of sea-water is 1.2 103 kg m3. Using the expression in (b)(ii), estimate the
gravitational power per metre length available in a wave of height 0.60 m.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
In practice a water wave is approximately sinusoidal in cross-section. Outline whether a

sine wave of the same height as in (b) transfers a greater or a smaller amount of power
than that derived in (b)(ii).
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
400
370. This question is about dynamics and energy.

A bullet of mass 32 g is fired from a gun. The graph shows the variation of the force F on the
bullet with time t as it travels along the barrel of the gun.
The bullet is fired at time t = 0 and the length of the barrel is 0.70 m.
(a)
State and explain why it is inappropriate to use the equation s = ut +
1 2
at to calculate
2
the acceleration of the bullet.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
401
(b)
Use the graph to

(i)
determine the average acceleration of the bullet during the final 2.0 ms of the
graph.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
show that the change in momentum of the bullet, as the bullet travels along the
length of the barrel, is approximately 9 N s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
Use the answer in (b)(ii) to calculate the

(i)
speed of the bullet as it leaves the barrel.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
402
(ii)
average power delivered to the bullet.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(d)
Use Newtons third law to explain why a gun will recoil when a bullet is fired.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
371. This question is about fossil fuels.

(a)
State two examples of fossil fuels.

1. ..................................................................................................................................
2. ..................................................................................................................................
(2)
403
(b)
Explain why fossil fuels are said to be non-renewable.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
A Sankey diagram for the generation of electrical energy using fossil fuel as the primary
energy source is shown.
Use the Sankey diagram to estimate the efficiency of production of electrical energy and
explain your answer.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
404
(d)
Despite the fact that fossil fuels are non-renewable and contribute to atmospheric
pollution there is widespread use of such fuels. Suggest three reasons for this widespread
use.
1. ..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
2. ..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
3. ..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
405

An object is vibrating in air. The variation with displacement x of the acceleration a of the
object is shown below.
406
(a)
State and explain two reasons why the graph opposite indicates that the object is
executing simple harmonic motion.
1. ..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
2. ..................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(b)
Use data from the graph to show that the frequency of oscillation is 350 Hz.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(c)
The motion of the object gives rise to a longitudinal progressive (travelling) sound wave.
(i)
State what is meant by a longitudinal progressive wave.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
407
(ii)
The speed of the wave is 330 m s1. Using the answer in (b), calculate the
wavelength of the wave.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
373. This question is about the albedo of the Earth.

(a)
Outline the mechanism by which a gas, such as carbon dioxide, absorbs infra-red
radiation.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
State, with reference to your answer in (a), why carbon dioxide is known as a greenhouse
gas.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
State the name of another greenhouse gas.

......................................................................................................................................
(1)
408
(d)
In the last fifty years the amount of carbon dioxide in the Earths atmosphere has
increased significantly. Explain
(i)
why this increase could account for global warming.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
what effect this has had on the average albedo of the Earth.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(e)
It has been estimated that doubling the amount of carbon dioxide in the Earths
atmosphere changes the albedo of the Earth by 0.01. Use the data to show that this
doubling will lead to a change of about 3 W m2 in the intensity being reflected by the
Earth into space.
Average intensity received at Earth from the Sun = 340 W m2
Average albedo = 0.30
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
409
(f)
State one reason why the answer to (e) is an estimate.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
374. The time elapsed since the beginning of the universe is of the order of
A.
108 s.
B.
1018 s.
C.
1028 s.
D.
1038 s.
(Total 1 mark)
410
375. In an experiment to measure the acceleration of free fall at the surface of the Earth the
following results were obtained.
Acceleration of free fall / m s2
7.69
7.70
7.69
7.68
7.70
The results are
A.
accurate and precise.
B.
inaccurate but precise.
C.
accurate but imprecise.
D.
inaccurate and imprecise.

(Total 1 mark)
376. Two balls of different mass are dropped from the top of a tall building one after the other. The
distance between the balls
A.
increases with time.
B.
depends on the initial velocity only.
C.
remains constant.
D.
depends on the mass of the balls.

(Total 1 mark)
411
377. The graph shows how the velocity of a particle varies with time.
Which of the following graphs correctly shows how the acceleration of the particle varies with
time?
(Total 1 mark)
412
378. An aircraft is flying at constant speed in a horizontal circle. Which of the following diagrams
best illustrates the forces acting on the aircraft in the vertical plane?
(Total 1 mark)
379. For a particle moving at constant speed in a horizontal circle, the work done by the centripetal
force is
A.
zero.
B.
directly proportional to the particle mass.
C.
directly proportional to the particle speed.
D.
directly proportional to the (particle speed)2.

(Total 1 mark)
413
380. A vehicle is driven up a hill at constant speed. Which of the following best describes the energy
changes involved?
A.
Chemical energy is converted into gravitational potential energy.
B.
Chemical energy is converted into gravitational potential energy, sound and thermal
energy.
C.
Gravitational potential energy is converted into chemical energy.
D.
Gravitational potential energy is converted into chemical energy, sound and thermal
energy.
(Total 1 mark)
381. A rubber ball, travelling in a horizontal direction, strikes a vertical wall. It rebounds at right
angles to the wall. The graph below illustrates the variation of the balls momentum p with time
t when the ball is in contact with the wall.
Which of the following statements is true?

A.
The shaded area is equal to the force exerted by the wall on the ball.
B.
The shaded area is equal to the force exerted by the ball on the wall.
C.
The gradient is equal to the force exerted by the wall on the ball.
D.
The gradient is equal to the force exerted by the ball on the wall.
(Total 1 mark)
414
382. In the table below, which row shows the correct conversion between the Kelvin and Celsius
temperature scales?
Kelvin temperature / K
Celsius temperature / C
A.
373
B.
100
173
C.
173
100
D.
373
100
(Total 1 mark)
383. Carbon has a relative atomic mass of 12 and oxygen has a relative atomic mass of 16. A sample
of 6 g of carbon has twice as many atoms as
A.
32 g of oxygen.
B.
8 g of oxygen.
C.
4 g of oxygen.
D.
3 g of oxygen.
(Total 1 mark)
384. Tanya heats 100 g of a liquid with an electric heater which has a constant power output of 60
W. After 100 s the rise in temperature is 40 K. The specific heat capacity of the liquid in J kg1
K1 is calculated from which of the following?
A.
60 100
0.1 40
B.
60 0.1
40
C.
0.1 40
60
D.
60
40
(Total 1 mark)
415
385. A ray of light is incident on a boundary between glass and air.
Which of the following is the refractive index of glass?

A.
sin 1
sin 3
B.
sin 1
sin 4
C.
sin 3
sin 2
D.
sin 4
sin 1
(Total 1 mark)
416
386. The graph below shows how the displacement x of a particle undergoing simple harmonic
motion varies with time t. The motion is undamped.
Which of the following graphs correctly shows how the velocity v of the particle varies with t?
(Total 1 mark)
417
387. The graph below shows how the displacement x of a particle undergoing simple harmonic
motion varies with time t. The motion is undamped.
Which of the following graphs shows how the total energy E of the particle varies with time t?
(Total 1 mark)
418
388. An orchestra playing on boat X can be heard by tourists on boat Y, which is situated out of
sight of boat X around a headland.
The sound from X can be heard on Y due to

A.
refraction.
B.
reflection.
C.
diffraction.
D.
transmission.
(Total 1 mark)
389. A cell of emf and internal resistance r delivers current to a small electric motor.
450 C of charge flows through the motor and 9000 J of energy are converted in the motor. 1800
J are dissipated in the cell. The emf of the cell is
A.
4.0 V.
B.
16 V.
C.
20 V.
D.
24 V.
(Total 1 mark)
419
390. A cylindrical conductor of length l, diameter D and resistivity has resistance R. A different
cylindrical conductor of resistivity 2 , length 2l and diameter 2D has a resistance
A.
2R.
B.
R.
C.
R
.
2
D.
R
.
4
(Total 1 mark)
391. In the circuits below the cells have the same emf and zero internal resistance. The resistors all
have the same resistance.
Which of the following gives the ratio
A.
1
4
B.
1
2
C.
D.
power dissipated in X
?
power dissipated in Y
(Total 1 mark)
420
392. A small sphere X of mass M is placed a distance d from a point mass. The gravitational force
on sphere X is 90 N. Sphere X is removed and a second sphere Y of mass 4M is placed a
distance 3d from the same point mass. The gravitational force on sphere Y is
A.
480 N.
B.
160 N.
C.
120 N.
D.
40 N.
(Total 1 mark)
393. Which of the following diagrams illustrates the electric field pattern of a negatively charged
sphere?
(Total 1 mark)
421
394. A positively charged particle enters the space between two charged conducting plates, with a
constant velocity directed parallel to the plates, as shown.
The top plate is positively charged and the bottom plate is negatively charged. There is a
magnetic field in the shaded region PQRS. The particle continues to move in a horizontal
straight line between the plates. Which of the following correctly describes the magnetic field
direction?
A.
Into plane of paper
B.
Out of plane of paper
C.
Up
D.
Down
(Total 1 mark)
395. The relationship between proton number Z, neutron number N and nucleon number A is
A.
A = Z N.
B.
Z = A + N.
C.
N = A Z.
D.
N = A +Z.
(Total 1 mark)
422
396. In the GeigerMarsden experiment -particles are scattered by gold nuclei. The experimental
results provide evidence that
A.
-particles have discrete amounts of kinetic energy.
B.
most of the mass and positive charge of an atom is concentrated in a small volume.
C.
the nucleus contains protons and neutrons.
D.
gold atoms have a high binding energy per nucleon.

(Total 1 mark)
397. A radio-isotope has an activity of 400 Bq and a half-life of 8 days. After 32 days the activity of
the sample is
A.
200 Bq.
B.
100 Bq.
C.
50 Bq.
D.
25 Bq.
(Total 1 mark)
398. Which of the following energy sources results from the solar energy incident on Earth?
A.
Nuclear fission
B.
Wind energy
C.
Nuclear fusion
D.
Geothermal energy
(Total 1 mark)
423
399. Which of the following is a renewable and non-renewable energy source?

Renewable
Non-renewable
A.
uranium
coal
B.
tidal
uranium
C.
uranium
biogas
D.
natural gas
biogas
(Total 1 mark)
400. A thermal power station is 20 % efficient and generates useful electrical power at 1000 MW.
The fossil fuel used has an energy density of 50 MJ kg1. The mass of fuel in kg consumed
every second is given by which of the following?
A.
0.01
B.
0.25
C.
D.
100
(Total 1 mark)
401. Which of the following is likely to increase greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere?
A.
Using natural gas instead of coal to generate electrical energy
B.
Incineration of waste to generate electrical energy
C.
Increased use of wind turbines to generate electrical energy
D.
Carbon dioxide capture and storage at the power station

(Total 1 mark)
424
402. Venus and Earth may be regarded as behaving as black bodies. The mean temperature at the
surface of Venus is about 600 K and at the surface of Earth is about 300 K. Which of the
following is the best estimate for the ratio
power radiated per unit area on Earth

?
power radiated per unit area on Venus
A.
1
2
B.
1
4
C.
1
8
D.
1
16
(Total 1 mark)
403. In a nuclear power station, a moderator is required to

A.
control the rate of fission.
B.
reduce heat losses to the surroundings.
C.
reduce the energy of high energy neutrons.
D.
increase the energy of low energy neutrons.

(Total 1 mark)
425

The frequency f of the fundamental vibration of a standing wave of fixed length is measured for
different values of the tension T in the string, using the apparatus shown.
In order to find the relationship between the speed v of the wave and the tension T in the string,
the speed v is calculated from the relation
v=2fL
where L is the length of the string.
The data points are shown plotted on the axes below. The uncertainty in v is 5 m s1 and the
uncertainty in T is negligible.
(a)
Draw error bars on the first and last data points to show the uncertainty in speed v.
(1)
426
(b)
The original hypothesis is that the speed is directly proportional to the tension T.
Explain why the data do not support this hypothesis.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
It is suggested that the relationship between speed and tension is of the form
v=k T
where k is a constant.
To test whether the data support this relationship, a graph of v2 against T is plotted as
shown below.
The best-fit line shown takes into account the uncertainties for each data point.
The uncertainty in v2 for T = 3.5 N is shown as an error bar on the graph.
(i)
State the value of the uncertainty in v2 for T = 3.5 N.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
427
(ii)
At T = 1.0 N the speed v = 27 5 m s1. Calculate the uncertainty in v2.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(d)
Use the graph in (c) to determine k without its uncertainty.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 11 marks)
405. This question is about thermal energy transfer.

(a)
A piece of copper is held in a flame until it reaches thermal equilibrium. The time it takes
to reach thermal equilibrium will depend on the thermal capacity of the piece of copper.
(i)
Define thermal capacity.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
428
(ii)
Outline what is meant by thermal equilibrium in this context.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The piece of copper is transferred quickly to a plastic cup containing water. The thermal
capacity of the cup is negligible. The following data are available.
Mass of copper
Mass of water
Rise in temperature of water
Final temperature of copper
Specific heat capacity of copper
(i)
= 0.12 kg
= 0.45 kg
= 30 K
= 308 K
= 390 J kg K1
= 4200 J kg K1
Use the data to calculate the temperature of the flame.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Explain whether the temperature of the flame is likely to be greater or less than
your answer to (b)(i).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
429
406. This question is about gravitational and electric fields.

(a)
The equation for the magnitude of the gravitational field strength due to a point mass
may be written as below.
Y=
KX
s2
The equation for the magnitude of the electric field strength can also be written in the
same form.
In the table identify the symbols used in the equation.
Symbol
Gravitational field quantity
Electrical field quantity
Y
K
X
s
(4)
(b)
The magnitude of the electrostatic force between the proton and electron in a hydrogen
atom is FE. The magnitude of the gravitational force between them is FG.
Determine the ratio
FE
.
FG
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
430
407. This question is about a pumped-storage power station.

(a)
The diagram, not to scale, shows a pumped-storage power station used for the generation
of electrical energy.
Water stored in the tank is allowed to fall through a pipe to a lake via a turbine. The
turbine is connected to an electrical generator. The pumped-storage ac generator system
is reversible so that water can be pumped from the lake to the tank.
The tank is 50 m deep and has a uniform area of 5.0 104 m2. The height from the
bottom of the tank to the turbine is 310 m. The density of water is 1.0 103 kg m3.
(i)
Show that the maximum energy that can be delivered to the turbine by the falling
water is about 8 1012 J.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
The flow rate of water in the pipe is 400 m3 s1. Calculate the power delivered by
the falling water.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
431
(b)
The energy losses in the power station are shown in the following table.
Source of energy loss
Percentage loss of energy
friction and turbulence of water in pipe
27
friction in turbine and ac generator
15
electrical heating losses
(i)
Calculate the overall efficiency of the conversion of the gravitational potential

energy of water in the tank into electrical energy.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Sketch a Sankey diagram to represent the energy conversion in the power station.
(2)
(c)
The electrical power produced at the power station is transmitted by cables to the
consumer.
(i)
Outline how the energy losses in transmission are minimized.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
432
(ii)
State one advantage and one disadvantage that a pumped-storage system has
compared to a tidal water storage system.
Advantage: .......................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Disadvantage: ...................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
408. This question is about force and energies.

(a)
A system consists of a bicycle and cyclist travelling at a constant velocity along a

horizontal road.
(i)
State the value of the net force acting on the cyclist.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
433
(ii)
On the diagram draw labelled arrows to represent the vertical forces acting on the
bicycle.
(2)
(iii)
With reference to the horizontal forces acting on the system, explain why the
system is travelling at constant velocity.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
The total resistive force acting on the system is 40 N and its speed is 8.0 m s1. Calculate
the useful power output of the cyclist.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
The cyclist stops pedalling and the system comes to rest. The total mass of the system is
70 kg.
(i)
Calculate the magnitude of the initial acceleration of the system.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Estimate the distance taken by the system to come to rest from the time the cyclist
stops pedalling.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
434
(iii)
State and explain one reason why your answer to (c)(ii) is only an estimate.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
409. This question is about simple harmonic motion.

(a)
In terms of the acceleration, state two conditions necessary for a system to perform
simple harmonic motion.
1. ..................................................................................................................................
2. ..................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
A tuning fork is sounded and it is assumed that each tip vibrates with simple harmonic
motion.
The extreme positions of the oscillating tip of one fork are separated by a distance d.
(i)
State, in terms of d, the amplitude of vibration.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
435
(ii)
On the axes below, sketch a graph to show how the displacement of one tip of the
tuning fork varies with time.
(1)
(iii)
On your graph, label the time period T and the amplitude a.

(2)
(c)
The frequency of oscillation of the tips is 440 Hz and the amplitude of oscillation of each
tip is 1.2 mm. Determine the maximum
(i)
linear speed of a tip.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
acceleration of a tip.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
436
410. This question is about electric circuits

The components shown below are to be connected in a circuit to investigate how the current I
in a tungsten filament lamp varies with the potential difference V across it.
(a)
Construct a circuit diagram to show how these components should be connected together
in order to obtain as large a range as possible for values of potential difference across the
lamp.
(4)
(b)
On the axes, sketch a graph of I against V for a filament lamp in the range V = 0 to its
normal working voltage.
(2)
437
(c)
The lamp is marked with the symbols 1.25 V, 300 mW. Calculate the current in the
filament when it is working normally.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
The resistivity of tungsten at the lamps working temperature is 4 107 m. The total
length of the tungsten filament is 0.80 m. Estimate the radius of the filament.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(e)
The cell is connected to two identical lamps connected in parallel. The lamps are rated at
1.25 V, 300 mW. The cell has an emf of 1.5 V and an internal resistance of 1.2 .
Determine whether the lamps will light normally.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 15 marks)
438
411. This question is about nuclear fission and fusion.

(a)
The graph shows the variation of binding energy per nucleon for nuclides with a nucleon
number greater than 40.
(i)
Define binding energy.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
On the graph, label with the letter S the position of the most stable nuclide.
(1)
(iii)
State why the nuclide you have labelled is the most stable.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
439
(b)
In a nuclear reactor, a nucleus of uranium(U)-235 fissions into barium(Ba)-141 and

krypton(Kr)-92. The equation for this fission is
235
92
(i)
92
1
U 141
56 Ba 36 Kr x 0 n .
Use the graph to show that the fission of one nucleus of uranium-235 will release
about 200 MeV of energy.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(ii)
State the value of x in the equation.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
The mass defect in this reaction is 3.1 1028 kg. Calculate the number of
uranium-235 nuclei that must fission in order to release 1.0 kJ of energy.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
440
(iv)
Outline how this fission reaction can lead to a chain reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Intensive scientific effort is devoted to developing nuclear fusion as a future energy

source. Discuss what could be the social and environmental benefits of using nuclear
fusion as compared with nuclear fission as an energy source.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
441
412. This question is about global warming.

(a)
One reason often suggested for global warming is the enhanced greenhouse effect.
(i)
State what is meant by the enhanced greenhouse effect.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
State two other possible causes of global warming.

1. .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
One effect of global warming is to melt the Antarctic ice sheet. The following data are
available for the Antarctic ice sheet and the Earths oceans.
Area of ice sheet
Average thickness of ice
Density of ice
Density of water
Area of Earths oceans
= 1.4 107 km2

= 1.5 103 m
= 920 kg m3
= 1000 kg m3
= 3.8 108 km2
Using the data, determine the

(i)
mass of the Antarctic ice.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
442
(ii)
change in mean sea level if all the Antarctic ice sheet were to melt and flow into
the oceans.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
Outline the difference, if any, that the melting of oceanic ice sheets makes to the mean
sea level of the Earth.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
443
413. Two cars, X and Y, are travelling towards a junction. The velocity of car X is VX and car Y is
VY.
Which of the following vectors represent the velocity of Y relative to X?
(Total 1 mark)
414. If a moving object is subject to a constant force, which of the following can be correctly
deduced from Newtons first law?
A.
The object continues to move with a changing velocity.
B.
The object continues to move with a constant velocity.
C.
The object continues to move with a changing direction.
D.
The object continues to move in the same direction.

(Total 1 mark)
444
415. A vehicle is driven up a hill at constant speed. Which of the following best describes the energy
changes involved?
A.
Chemical energy is converted into gravitational potential energy.
B.
Chemical energy is converted into gravitational potential energy, sound and thermal
energy.
C.
Gravitational potential energy is converted into chemical energy.
D.
Gravitational potential energy is converted into chemical energy, sound and thermal
energy.
(Total 1 mark)
416. Which of the following represents a scalar and a vector quantity?

Scalar
Vector
A.
electric potential
electric potential gradient
B.
electric potential
C.
electric potential
electric potential difference
D.
electric field
(Total 1 mark)
445
417. Diagram 1 represents equally spaced beads on a spring. The beads are 1 cm apart.
Diagram 1
A longitudinal wave propagates along the spring. Diagram 2 shows the position of the beads at
a particular instant.
Diagram 2
Which of the following is the best estimate of the wavelength?

A.
2 cm
B.
4 cm
C.
8 cm
D.
16 cm
(Total 1 mark)
446
418. Diagram 1 represents equally spaced beads on a spring. The beads are 1 cm apart.
Diagram 1
A longitudinal wave propagates along the spring. Diagram 2 shows the position of the beads at
a particular instant.
Diagram 2
Which of the following is the best estimate of the amplitude?

A.
0.4 cm
B.
0.8 cm
C.
1.6 cm
D.
3.2 cm
(Total 1 mark)
447
419. The diagram below shows a particle with positive charge q accelerating between two
conducting plates at potentials V1 and V2.
Which of the following is the kinetic energy gained by the charge in moving between the
plates?
A.
V2q
B.
V1q
C.
(V1 V2)q
D.
(V2 V1)q
(Total 1 mark)
420. A cylindrical conductor of length l, diameter D and resistivity has resistance R. A different
cylindrical conductor of resistivity 2, length 2l and diameter 2D has a resistance
A.
2R.
B.
R.
C.
R
.
2
D.
R
.
4
(Total 1 mark)
448
421. A test charge is a

A.
charged object with a very small mass.
B.
charged object with a very small charge.
C.
point charge which has no effect on the electric field in which it is placed.
D.
point charge which slightly changes the electric field in which it is placed.
(Total 1 mark)
422. Which of the following energy sources results from the solar energy incident on Earth?
A.
Nuclear fission
B.
Wind energy
C.
Nuclear fusion
D.
Geothermal energy
(Total 1 mark)
423. A thermal power station is 20 % efficient and generates useful electrical power at 1000 MW.
The fossil fuel used has an energy density of 50 MJ kg1. The mass of fuel in kg consumed
every second is given by which of the following?
A.
0.01
B.
0.25
C.
D.
100
(Total 1 mark)
449
424. Venus and Earth may be regarded as behaving as black bodies. The mean temperature at the
surface of Venus is about 600 K and at the surface of Earth is about 300 K. Which of the
following is the best estimate for the ratio
power radiated per unit area on Earth

?
power radiated per unit area on Venus
A.
1
2
B.
1
4
C.
1
8
D.
1
16
(Total 1 mark)
425. The volume of the Pacific Ocean is V and the volume expansivity of seawater is . If the
average temperature of the Pacific Ocean increases by T, what would be the fractional
increase in volume of the Pacific Ocean?
A.
B.
C.
D.
V T
V
DT
T
DT
(Total 1 mark)
450

The frequency f of the fundamental vibration of a standing wave of fixed length is measured for
different values of the tension T in the string, using the apparatus shown.
In order to find the relationship between the speed v of the wave and the tension T in the string,
the speed v is calculated from the relation
v=2fL
where L is the length of the string.
The data points are shown plotted on the axes below. The uncertainty in v is 5 m s1 and the
uncertainty in T is negligible.
(a)
Draw error bars on the first and last data points to show the uncertainty in speed v.
(1)
451
(b)
The original hypothesis is that the speed is directly proportional to the tension T.
Explain why the data do not support this hypothesis.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
It is suggested that the relationship between speed and tension is of the form
v=k T
where k is a constant.
To test whether the data support this relationship, a graph of v2 against T is plotted as
shown below.
The best-fit line shown takes into account the uncertainties for each data point.
The uncertainty in v2 for T = 3.5 N is shown as an error bar on the graph.
(i)
State the value of the uncertainty in v2 for T = 3.5 N.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
452
(ii)
At T = 1.0 N the speed v = 27 5 m s1. Calculate the uncertainty in v2.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(d)
Use the graph in (c) to determine k without its uncertainty.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 11 marks)
427. This question is about thermal energy transfer.

(a)
A piece of copper is held in a flame until it reaches thermal equilibrium. The time it takes
to reach thermal equilibrium will depend on the thermal capacity of the piece of copper.
(i)
Define thermal capacity.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
453
(ii)
Outline what is meant by thermal equilibrium in this context.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The piece of copper is transferred quickly to a plastic cup containing water. The thermal
capacity of the cup is negligible. The following data are available.
Mass of copper
Mass of water
Rise in temperature of water
Final temperature of copper
Specific heat capacity of copper
(i)
= 0.12 kg
= 0.45 kg
= 30 K
= 308 K
= 390 J kg K1
= 4200 J kg K1
Use the data to calculate the temperature of the flame.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Explain whether the temperature of the flame is likely to be greater or less than
your answer to (b)(i).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
454
428. This question is about gravitational and electric fields.

(a)
The equation for the magnitude of the gravitational field strength due to a point mass
may be written as below.
Y=
KX
s2
The equation for the magnitude of the electric field strength can also be written in the
same form.
In the table identify the symbols used in the equation.
Symbol
Gravitational field quantity
Electrical field quantity
Y
K
X
s
(4)
(b)
The magnitude of the electrostatic force between the proton and electron in a hydrogen
atom is FE. The magnitude of the gravitational force between them is FG.
Determine the ratio
FE
.
FG
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
455

A solid iron ball of mass 770 kg is used on a building site. The ball is suspended by a rope from
a crane. The distance from the point of suspension to the centre of mass of the ball is 12 m.
(a)
Calculate the tension in the rope when the ball hangs vertical and stationary.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The ball is pulled back from the vertical and then released. It falls through a vertical
height of 1.6 m and strikes a wall.
(i)
Calculate the speed of the ball just before impact.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Calculate the tension in the rope just before impact.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
456
(c)
The ball is brought to rest in 0.15 s. The sketch graph below shows how the force the ball
exerts on the wall varies with time.
(i)
State what quantity is represented by the area under the graph.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Determine the maximum force Fmax exerted by the ball on the wall.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
457
430. This question is about the generation of electrical energy and global warming.
(a)
The diagram, not to scale, shows a pumped-storage power station used for the generation
of electrical energy.
Water stored in the tank is allowed to fall through a pipe to a lake via a turbine. The
turbine is connected to an electrical generator. The pumped-storage ac generator system
is reversible so that water can be pumped from the lake to the tank.
The tank is 50 m deep and has a uniform area of 5.0 104 m2. The height from the
bottom of the tank to the turbine is 310 m. The density of water is 1.0 103 kg m3.
(i)
Show that the maximum energy that can be delivered to the turbine by the falling
water is about 8 1012 J.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
The flow rate of water in the pipe is 400 m3 s1. Calculate the power delivered by
the falling water.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
458
(b)
The energy losses in the power station are shown in the following table.
Source of energy loss
Percentage loss of energy
friction and turbulence of water in pipe
27
friction in turbine and ac generator
15
electrical heating losses
(i)
Calculate the overall efficiency of the conversion of the gravitational potential

energy of water in the tank into electrical energy.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Sketch a Sankey diagram to represent the energy conversion in the power station.
(2)
459
(c)
An ac generator is connected to the turbine used in the pumped-water power station.

The diagrams show two positions of one winding of the coil in the generator. The
magnetic field acts horizontally in the direction shown. The coil rotates clockwise.
(i)
By considering the motion of XY, explain why the emf induced between X and Y
has a maximum value in position 2.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
In position 2 the vertical speed of XY is 160 m s1. The magnetic field strength is
0.015 T and XY = 1.5 m. Determine the induced emf between X and Y at this
position.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
460
(iii)
Side XY is part of the rectangular generator coil that has 1500 windings connected
in series. Calculate the total emf across the ends of the coil at the moment when
XY moves vertically downwards at 90 to the magnetic field direction.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
The electrical power produced at the power station is transmitted by cables to the
consumer.
(i)
Outline how the energy losses in transmission are minimized.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
State one advantage and one disadvantage that a pumped-storage system has
compared to a tidal water storage system.
Advantage: ........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Disadvantage: ....................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
One effect of global warming is to melt the Antarctic ice sheet. The following data are
available for the Antarctic ice sheet and the Earths oceans.
Area of ice sheet
Average thickness of ice
Density of ice
Density of water
Area of Earths oceans
= 1.4 107 km2

= 1.5 103 m
= 920 kg m3
= 1000 kg m3
= 3.8 108 km2
461
Using the data, determine the

(i)
mass of the Antarctic ice.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
change in mean sea level if all the Antarctic ice sheet were to melt and flow into
the oceans.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 25 marks)
431. This question is about nuclear fission and fusion.

(a)
The graph shows the variation of binding energy per nucleon for nuclides with a nucleon
number greater than 40.
462
(i)
Define binding energy.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
On the graph, label with the letter S the position of the most stable nuclide.
(1)
(iii)
State why the nuclide you have labelled is the most stable.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
In a nuclear reactor, a nucleus of uranium(U)-235 fissions into barium(Ba)-141 and

krypton(Kr)-92. The equation for this fission is
235
92
(i)
92
1
U 141
56 Ba 36 Kr x 0 n .
Use the graph to show that the fission of one nucleus of uranium-235 will release
about 200 MeV of energy.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
463
(ii)
State the value of x in the equation.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
The mass defect in this reaction is 3.1 1028 kg. Calculate the number of
uranium-235 nuclei that must fission in order to release 1.0 kJ of energy.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv)
Outline how this fission reaction can lead to a chain reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
464
(c)
Intensive scientific effort is devoted to developing nuclear fusion as a future energy

source. Discuss what could be the social and environmental benefits of using nuclear
fusion as compared with nuclear fission as an energy source.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
432. This question is about simple harmonic motion.

(a)
In terms of the acceleration, state two conditions necessary for a system to perform
1. ..................................................................................................................................
2. ..................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
A tuning fork is sounded and it is assumed that each tip vibrates with simple harmonic
motion.
The extreme positions of the oscillating tip of one fork are separated by a distance d.
465
(i)
State, in terms of d, the amplitude of vibration.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
On the axes below, sketch a graph to show how the displacement of one tip of the
tuning fork varies with time.
(1)
(iii)
On your graph, label the time period T and the amplitude a.

(2)
(c)
The frequency of oscillation of the tips is 440 Hz and the amplitude of oscillation of each
tip is 1.2 mm. Determine the maximum
(i)
linear speed of a tip.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
acceleration of a tip.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
466
(d)
The sketch graph below shows how the velocity of a tip varies with time.
On the axes, sketch a graph to show how the acceleration of the tip varies with time.
(2)
(e)
In practice, the motion of the tips of the tuning fork is damped.

(i)
Describe what is meant by damped motion.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest one reason why the motion of the tips is damped.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 14 marks)
433. This question is about electric circuits.

The components shown below are to be connected in a circuit to investigate how the current I
in a tungsten filament lamp varies with the potential difference V across it.
467
(a)
Construct a circuit diagram to show how these components should be connected together
in order to obtain as large a range as possible for values of potential difference across the
lamp.
(4)
(b)
On the axes, sketch a graph of I against V for a filament lamp in the range V = 0 to its
normal working voltage.
(2)
468
(c)
The lamp is marked with the symbols 1.25 V, 300 mW. Calculate the current in the
filament when it is working normally.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
The resistivity of tungsten at the lamps working temperature is 4 107 m. The total
length of the tungsten filament is 0.80 m. Estimate the radius of the filament.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(e)
The cell is connected to two identical lamps connected in parallel. The lamps are rated at
1.25 V, 300 mW. The cell has an emf of 1.5 V and an internal resistance of 1.2 .
Determine whether the lamps will light normally.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 15 marks)
469
434. The order of magnitude of the weight of an apple is

A.
104 N.
B.
102 N.
C.
1 N.
D.
102 N.
(Total 1 mark)
435. The density of a metal cube is given by the expression
M
where M is the mass and V is the
V
volume of the cube. The percentage uncertainties in M and V are as shown below.
M
12 %
4.0 %
The percentage uncertainty in the calculated value of the density is

A.
3.0 %.
B.
8.0 %.
C.
16 %.
D.
48 %.
(Total 1 mark)
470
436. A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the ground. The graph shows the variation with time t
of the vertical displacement d of the ball.
471
Which of the following gives the final displacement after time T and the average speed between
time t = 0 and time t = T?
Displacement
Average speed
2D
T
2D
2D
T
2D
A.
B.
C.
D.
(Total 1 mark)
437. A general expression for Newtons second law of motion is
Dp
.
Dt
What condition is applied so that the law may be expressed in the form F = ma?
A.
The mass m is constant.
B.
The acceleration a is constant.
C.
The force F is constant.
D.
The direction of the force F is constant.

(Total 1 mark)
472
438. Mandy stands on a weighing scale inside a lift (elevator) that accelerates vertically upwards as
shown in the diagram below. The forces on Mandy are her weight W and the reaction force
from the scale R.
The reading of the scale is

A.
R + W.
B.
W.
C.
R.
D.
R W.
(Total 1 mark)
439. Two spheres of masses m1 and m2 are moving towards each other along the same straight-line
with speeds v1 and v2 as shown.
The spheres collide. Which of the following gives the total change in linear momentum of the
spheres as a result of the collision?
A.
B.
m1v1 + m2v2
C.
m1v1 m2v2
D.
m2v2 m1v1
(Total 1 mark)
473
440. A brick is placed on the surface of a flat horizontal disc as shown in the diagram below. The
disc is rotating at constant speed about a vertical axis through its centre. The brick does not
move relative to the disc.
Which of the diagrams below correctly represents the horizontal force or forces acting on the
brick?
(Total 1 mark)
474
441. A frictionless trolley of mass m moves down a slope with a constant acceleration a. A second
similar frictionless trolley has mass 2m. The acceleration of the second trolley as it moves down
the slope is
A.
1
a.
2
B.
a.
C.
2a.
D.
4a.
(Total 1 mark)
442. The internal energy of a solid substance is equal to the

A.
average kinetic energy of the molecules.
B.
total kinetic energy of the molecules.
C.
total potential energy of the molecules.
D.
total potential and total kinetic energy of the molecules.

(Total 1 mark)
B.
C.
D.
a.
2a.
4a.
(Total 1 mark)
475
443. A gas is contained in a cylinder fitted with a piston as shown below.
When the gas is compressed rapidly by the piston its temperature rises because the molecules
of the gas
A.
are squeezed closer together.
B.
collide with each other more frequently.
C.
collide with the walls of the container more frequently.
D.
gain energy from the moving piston.

(Total 1 mark)
444. The specific heat capacity c of a solid block of mass m is determined by heating the block and
measuring its temperature. The graph below shows the variation of the temperature T of the
block with the thermal energy Q transferred to the block.
The gradient of the line is equal to

A.
c
.
m
B.
m
.
c
C.
mc.
D.
1
.
mc
(Total 1 mark)
476
445. The graph below shows the variation with time t of the displacement x of a particle undergoing
Which graph correctly shows the variation with time t of the acceleration a of the particle?
(Total 1 mark)
477
446. A wooden block is at rest on a horizontal frictionless surface. A horizontal spring is attached
between the block and a rigid support.
The block is displaced to the right by an amount X and is then released. The period of
oscillations is T and the total energy of the system is E.
For an initial displacement of
X
which of the following shows the best estimate for the period
2
of oscillations and the total energy of the system?

Period
Total energy
A.
E
2
B.
E
4
C.
T
2
E
2
D.
T
2
E
4
(Total 1 mark)
447. Which of the following correctly describes the change, if any, in the speed, wavelength and
frequency of a light wave as it passes from air into glass?
Speed
Wavelength
Frequency
A.
decreases
decreases
unchanged
B.
decreases
unchanged
decreases
C.
unchanged
increases
decreases
D.
increases
increases
unchanged
(Total 1 mark)
478
479
448. The diagram below shows a pulse travelling along a rope from X to Y. The end Y of the rope is
tied to a fixed support.
When the pulse reaches end Y it will

A.
disappear.
B.
cause the end of the rope at Y to oscillate up and down.
C.
be reflected and be inverted.
D.
be reflected and not be inverted.

(Total 1 mark)
449. In the circuit below, the battery has negligible internal resistance. Three identical lamps L, M
and N of constant resistance are connected as shown.
The filament of lamp N breaks. Which of the following shows the subsequent changes to the
brightness of lamp L and lamp M?
Lamp L
Lamp M
A.
stays the same
decreases
B.
increases
stays the same
C.
increases
decreases
D.
decreases
increases
(Total 1 mark)
480
450. In the circuit below, the voltmeter has a resistance 100 kW. The battery has negligible internal
resistance and emf 6 V.
The reading on the voltmeter is

A.
0 V.
B.
2 V.
C.
3 V.
D.
4 V.
(Total 1 mark)
481
451. In the circuit shown below, the cell has negligible internal resistance.
Which of the following equations is correct?

A.
I1 = 2I2
B.
I1 = 2I3
C.
I2 = 2I3
D.
I3 = 2I1
(Total 1 mark)
452. In Newtons universal law of gravitation the masses are assumed to be

A.
extended masses.
B.
masses of planets.
C.
point masses.
D.
spherical masses.
(Total 1 mark)
482
453. The electric field strength at a point may be defined as

A.
the force exerted on unit positive charge placed at that point.
B.
the force per unit positive charge on a small test charge placed at that point.
C.
the work done on unit positive charge to move the charge to that point from infinity.
D.
the work done per unit positive charge to move a small test charge to that point from
infinity.
(Total 1 mark)
454. An electron is moving in air at right angles to a uniform magnetic field. The diagram below
shows the path of the electron. The electron is slowing down.
Which of the following correctly gives the direction of motion of the electron and the direction
of the magnetic field?
Direction of motion
Direction of magnetic field
A.
clockwise
into plane of paper
B.
clockwise
out of plane of paper
C.
anti-clockwise
into plane of paper
D.
anti-clockwise
out of plane of paper

(Total 1 mark)
483
455. The binding energy per nucleon of the nucleus 73 Li is approximately 5 MeV. The total energy
required to completely separate the nucleons of this nucleus is approximately
A.
15 MeV.
B.
20 MeV.
C.
35 MeV.
D.
50 MeV.
(Total 1 mark)
456. The initial activity of a sample of a radioactive isotope of half-life 10 hours is A. What is the
age of the sample when its activity is
A.
30 hours
B.
40 hours
C.
50 hours
D.
320 hours
A
?
32
(Total 1 mark)
484
457. When the isotope aluminium-27 is bombarded with alpha particles, the following nuclear
reaction can take place.
4
2
He
27
13
Al X neutron
Which of the following correctly gives the atomic (proton) number and mass (nucleon) number
of the nucleus X?
Proton number
Nucleon number
A.
15
30
B.
16
31
C.
30
15
D.
31
16
(Total 1 mark)
458. The volume of a given mass of water at a temperature of T1 is V1. The volume increases to V2 at
temperature T2. The coefficient of volume expansion of water may be calculated from
A.
V2 V1
- .
T2 T1
B.
V2 - V1
.
T2 - T1
C.
V2 - V1
.
V1 T2 - T1
D.
V2 - V1
.
V2 T2 - T1
(Total 1 mark)
485
459. The commercial production of energy by nuclear fusion is not yet possible mainly due to
difficulties with
A.
obtaining plentiful supplies of a suitable fuel.
B.
reaching the high temperatures required.
C.
confining the hot plasma.
D.
disposing of the radioactive waste products.

(Total 1 mark)
460. A wind generator produces 5.0 kW of power for a wind speed of 6.0 m s1. The best estimate
for the power produced for a wind speed of 12.0 m s1 is
A.
10 kW.
B.
25 kW.
C.
40 kW.
D.
125 kW.
(Total 1 mark)
461. It is hypothesized that global warming may lead to significant changes in the average sea-level.
This hypothesis assumes that
A.
average rainfall will increase.
B.
icebergs will melt.
C.
glaciers will melt.
D.
the rate of evaporation of seawater will increase.

(Total 1 mark)
486
462. Two black bodies X and Y are at different temperatures. The temperature of body Y is higher
than that of body X. Which of the following shows the black body spectra for the two bodies?
(Total 1 mark)
487
463. The diagram below shows a simplified model of the energy balance for Earth.
The albedo of the Earth according to this model is equal to

A.
2
.
340
B.
100
.
340
C.
238
.
340
D.
240
.
340
(Total 1 mark)
488
464. This question is about the electrical power available from a wind turbine.
The maximum electrical power generated by a wind turbine, Pout, was measured over a range of
incident wind speeds, vin.
The graph below shows the variation with vin of Pout. Uncertainties for the data are not shown.
(a)
It is suggested that Pout is proportional to

(i)
v in .
Draw the line of best-fit for the data points.

(1)
(ii)
State one reason why the line you have drawn does not support this hypothesis.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
The uncertainty in the power at 15 m s1 is 5 %. Draw an error bar on the graph to

represent this uncertainty.
(2)
489
(b)
The theoretical relationship between the available power in the wind, Pin, and incident
wind speed is shown in the graph below.
4000
3500
3000
2500
Pm / kW
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
10
15
Vm / ms
20
25
Using both graphs,
(i)
determine the efficiency of the turbine for an incident wind speed of 14 m s1.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
490
(ii)
suggest, without calculation, how the efficiency of the turbine changes with
increasing wind speed.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of using wind turbines to generate electrical
energy.
Advantage:
...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
Disadvantage: ...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
491
465. This question is about an electric circuit.

A particular filament lamp is rated at 12 V, 6.0 mA. It just lights when the potential difference
across the filament is 6.0 V.
A student sets up an electric circuit to measure the I-V characteristic of the filament lamp.
In the circuit, shown below, the student has connected the voltmeter and the ammeter into the
circuit incorrectly.
The battery has emf 12 V and negligible internal resistance. The ammeter has negligible
resistance and the resistance of the voltmeter is 100 kW. The maximum resistance of the
variable resistor is 15W.
(a)
Explain, without doing any calculations, whether there is a position of the slide S at
which the lamp will be lit.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Estimate the maximum reading of the ammeter.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
492
(c)
Complete the circuit diagram below showing the correct position of the voltmeter and of
the ammeter in order to determine the I-V characteristic of the filament lamp.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
466. This question is about gravitational fields.

(a)
Define gravitational field strength.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
493
(b)
The gravitational field strength at the surface of Jupiter is 25 N kg1 and the radius of
Jupiter is 7.1 ? 107 m.
(i)
Derive an expression for the gravitational field strength at the surface of a planet in
terms of its mass M, its radius R and the gravitational constant G.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Use your expression in (b)(i) above to estimate the mass of Jupiter.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
467. Simple harmonic motion and the greenhouse effect

(a)
A body is displaced from equilibrium. State the two conditions necessary for the body to
1.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
494
(b)
In a simple model of a methane molecule, a hydrogen atom and the carbon atom can be
regarded as two masses attached by a spring. A hydrogen atom is much less massive than
the carbon atom such that any displacement of the carbon atom may be ignored.
The graph below shows the variation with time t of the displacement x from its
equilibrium position of a hydrogen atom in a molecule of methane.
The mass of hydrogen atom is 1.7 ? 1027 kg. Use data from the graph above
(i)
to determine its amplitude of oscillation.

.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
to show that the frequency of its oscillation is 9.1 ? 1013 Hz.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
495
(iii)
to show that the maximum kinetic energy of the hydrogen atom is 6.2 ? 1018 J.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
On the grid below, sketch a graph to show the variation with time t of the velocity v of
the hydrogen atom for one period of oscillation starting at t = 0. (There is no need to add
values to the velocity axis.)
(3)
(d)
Assuming that the motion of the hydrogen atom is simple harmonic, its frequency of
oscillation f is given by the expression
f
1
2p
k
,
mp
where k is the force per unit displacement between a hydrogen atom and the carbon atom
and mp is the mass of a proton.
(i)
Show that the value of k is approximately 560 N m1.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
496
(ii)
Estimate, using your answer to (d)(i), the maximum acceleration of the hydrogen
atom.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
Methane is classified as a greenhouse gas.

(i)
Describe what is meant by a greenhouse gas.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Electromagnetic radiation of frequency 9.1 ? 1013 Hz is in the infrared region of

the electromagnetic spectrum. Suggest, based on the information given in (b)(ii),
why methane is classified as a greenhouse gas.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 17 marks)
497
468. Specific heat and a domestic shower

(a)
Define specific heat capacity.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Equal masses of two different solid substances A and B are at the same temperature. The
specific heat capacity of substance A is greater than the specific heat capacity of
substance B. The two substances now have their temperatures raised by the same amount.
Explain which substance will have the greater increase in internal energy assuming both
remain in the solid phase.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
The diagram below shows part of the heating circuit of a domestic shower.
Cold water enters the shower unit and flows over an insulated heating element. The
heating element is rated at 7.2 kW, 240 V. The water enters at a temperature of 14 ?C and
leaves at a temperature of 40 ?C. The specific heat capacity of water is
4.2 ? 103 J kg1 K1.
498
(i)
Estimate the flow rate of the water.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)
(ii)
Suggest one reason why your answer to (c)(i) is only an estimate.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
469. This question is about nuclear power production.

(a)
The purpose of a nuclear power station is to produce electrical energy from nuclear
energy. The diagram below is a representation of the principal components of a nuclear
reactor pile used in a certain type of nuclear power station that uses uranium as a fuel.
The function of the moderator is to slow down the neutrons produced in a reaction such
as that described above.
499
Explain,
(i)
why it is necessary to slow down the neutrons.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
the function of the control rods.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
With reference to the concept of fuel enrichment in a nuclear reactor explain,

(i)
the advantage of enriching the uranium used in a nuclear reactor.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
500
(ii)
from an international point of view, a possible risk to which fuel enrichment could
lead.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
A particular nuclear reactor uses uranium-235 as its fuel source. When a nucleus of
uranium-235 absorbs a neutron, the following reaction can take place.
235
92
U 01 n 144
54 Xe
90
38
Sr 2 01 n

rest mass of
235
92
U = 2.1895 ? 105 MeV c2
rest mass of
144
54
Xe = 1.3408 ? 105 MeV c2
rest mass of
90
38
Sr = 8.3749 ? 104 MeV c2
rest mass of 01 n = 939.56 MeV c2
(i)
Show that the energy released in the reaction is approximately 180 MeV.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
State the form in which the energy appears.

.........................................................................................................................
(1)
501
(d)
The energy released by 1 atom of carbon-12 during combustion is approximately 4 eV.

(i)
Using the answer to (c)(i), estimate the ratio
energy density of uranium- 235

.
energy density of carbon-12
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Suggest, with reference to your answer in (d)(i), one advantage of uranium-235

compared with fossil fuels.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
When a uranium-238 nucleus absorbs a neutron the following reaction can take place.
238
92
U 01 n
239
92
The isotope uranium-239 is radioactive and decays with a half-life of 23 minutes to form
an isotope of neptunium-239 (Np-239).
(i)
Define radioactive half-life and explain what is meant by an isotope.

Radioactive half-life:
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
Isotope:
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
502
(ii)
Complete the reaction equation for this decay.

239
92
U
(3)
(iii)
The isotope neptunium-239 undergoes radioactive b - decay to form an isotope of

plutonium. Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of this decay in relation to
nuclear power production.
Advantage:
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
Disadvantage:
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 25 marks)
470. Mechanical power

(a)
Define power.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
503
(b)
A car is travelling with constant speed v along a horizontal straight road. There is a total
resistive force F acting on the car.
Deduce that the power P to overcome the force F is P = Fv.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
A car drives up a straight incline that is 4.8 km long. The total height of the incline is 0.
30 km.
The car moves up the incline at a steady speed of 16 m s1. During the climb, the average
friction force acting on the car is 5.0 ? 102 N. The total weight of the car and the driver is
1.2 ? 104 N.
(i)
Determine the time it takes the car to travel from the bottom to the top of the
incline.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Determine the work done against the gravitational force in travelling from the
bottom to the top of the incline.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
504
(iii)
Using your answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii), calculate a value for the minimum power
output of the car engine needed to move the car from the bottom to the top of the
incline.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)
(d)
From the top of the incline, the road continues downwards in a straight line. At the point
where the road starts to go downwards, the driver of the car in (c), stops the car to look at
the view. In continuing his journey, the driver decides to save fuel. He switches off the
engine and allows the car to move freely down the hill. The car descends a height of 0.30
km in a distance of 6.4 km before levelling out.
The average resistive force acting on the car is 5.0 ? 102 N.
505
Estimate
(i)
the acceleration of the car down the incline.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(5)
(ii)
the speed of the car at the bottom of the incline.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
In fact, for the last few hundred metres of its journey down the hill, the car travels at
constant speed. State the value of the frictional force acting on the car whilst it is moving
at constant speed.
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 18 marks)
506
471. Radioactive decay

(a)
Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 5500 years. It is produced in the

atmosphere by neutron bombardment of nitrogen. The equation for this reaction is
14
7
(i)
N 01 n 146 C X.
Explain what is meant by isotopes.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Identify the particle X.

.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Each gram of a living tree contains approximately 4 ? 1010 atoms of carbon-14.

On the axes below, draw a graph to show the variation with time of the number of
carbon-14 atoms in one gram of wood from a tree. Your graph should indicate the
number of atoms for a period of 1.8 ? 104 years after the tree has died. (Half-life of
carbon-14 = 5500 years)
(3)
507
(c)
The activity of a radioactive sample is proportional to the number of atoms in the sample.
The activity per gram of carbon from a living tree is 9.6 disintegrations per minute. The
activity per gram of carbon in burnt wood found at an ancient campsite is 1.9
disintegrations per minute.
(i)
Estimate the number of atoms of carbon-14 in the burnt wood.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
From the graph you have drawn in (b), estimate the age of the burnt wood.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
472. The volume V of a cylinder of height h and radius r is given by the expression
V = pr2h.
In a particular experiment, r is to be determined from measurements of V and h. The
uncertainties in V and in h are as shown below.
V
?7 %
?3 %
The approximate uncertainty in r is

A.
10 %.
B.
5 %.
C.
4 %.
D.
2 %.
(Total 1 mark)
508
473. The graph below shows the variation with time t of the velocity v of an object moving on a
straight-line.
Which of the graphs below best represents the variation with time t of the acceleration a of the
object?
(Total 1 mark)
509
474. The variation with time of the vertical speed of a ball falling in air is shown below.
During the time from 0 to T, the ball gains kinetic energy and loses gravitational potential
energy DEp. Which of the following statements is true?
A.
DEp is equal to the gain in kinetic energy.
B.
DEp is greater than the gain in kinetic energy.
C.
DEp is equal to the work done against air resistance.
D.
DEp is less than the work done against air resistance.

(Total 1 mark)
475. The internal energy of a solid substance is equal to the

A.
average kinetic energy of the molecules.
B.
total kinetic energy of the molecules.
C.
total potential energy of the molecules.
D.
total potential and total kinetic energy of the molecules.

(Total 1 mark)
510
476. A gas is contained in a cylinder fitted with a piston as shown below.
When the gas is compressed rapidly by the piston its temperature rises because the molecules
of the gas
A.
are squeezed closer together.
B.
collide with each other more frequently.
C.
collide with the walls of the container more frequently.
D.
gain energy from the moving piston.

(Total 1 mark)
511
477. The graph below shows the variation with time t of the displacement x of a particle undergoing
Which graph correctly shows the variation with time t of the acceleration a of the particle?
(Total 1 mark)
512
478. The two graphs show the variation with time of the individual displacements of two waves as
they pass through the same point.
The displacement of the resultant wave at the point at time T is equal to

A.
x1 + x2 .
B.
x1 x2 .
C.
A1 + A2.
D.
A1 A2.
(Total 1 mark)
513
479. This question is about the electrical power available from a wind turbine.
The maximum electrical power generated by a wind turbine, Pout , was measured over a range
of incident wind speeds, vin.
The graph below shows the variation with vin of Pout. Uncertainties for the data are not shown.
(a)
It is suggested that Pout is proportional to

(i)
v in .
Draw the line of best-fit for the data points.

(1)
(ii)
State one reason why the line you have drawn does not support this hypothesis.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
The uncertainty in the power at 15 m s1 is 5 %. Draw an error bar on the graph to

represent this uncertainty.
(2)
514
(b)
The theoretical relationship between the available power in the wind, Pin, and incident
wind speed is shown in the graph below.
Using both graphs,

(i)
determine the efficiency of the turbine for an incident wind speed of 14 m s1.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
515
(ii)
suggest, without calculation, how the efficiency of the turbine changes with
increasing wind speed.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of using wind turbines to generate electrical
energy.
Advantage:
...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
Disadvantage: ...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
480. This question is about gravitational fields.

(a)
Define gravitational field strength.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
516
(b)
The gravitational field strength at the surface of Jupiter is 25 N kg1 and the radius of
Jupiter is 7.1 ? 107 m.
(i)
Derive an expression for the gravitational field strength at the surface of a planet in
terms of its mass M, its radius R and the gravitational constant G.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Use your expression in (b)(i) above to estimate the mass of Jupiter.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
481. Simple harmonic motion and the greenhouse effect

(a)
A body is displaced from equilibrium. State the two conditions necessary for the body to
1.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
517
(b)
In a simple model of a methane molecule, a hydrogen atom and the carbon atom can be
regarded as two masses attached by a spring. A hydrogen atom is much less massive than
the carbon atom such that any displacement of the carbon atom may be ignored.
The graph below shows the variation with time t of the displacement x from its
equilibrium position of a hydrogen atom in a molecule of methane.
The mass of hydrogen atom is 1.7 ? 1027 kg. Use data from the graph above
(i)
to determine its amplitude of oscillation.

.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
to show that the frequency of its oscillation is 9.1 ? 1013 Hz.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
to show that the maximum kinetic energy of the hydrogen atom is 6.2 ? 1018 J.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
518
(c)
Assuming that the motion of the hydrogen atom is simple harmonic, its frequency of
oscillation f is given by the expression
f
1
2p
k
,
mp
where k is the force per unit displacement between a hydrogen atom and the carbon atom
and mp is the mass of a proton.
(i)
Show that the value of k is approximately 560 N m1.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Estimate, using your answer to (c)(i), the maximum acceleration of the hydrogen
atom.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
519
(d)
Methane is classified as a greenhouse gas.

(i)
Describe what is meant by a greenhouse gas.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Electromagnetic radiation of frequency 9.1 ? 1013 Hz is in the infrared region of

the electromagnetic spectrum. Suggest, based on the information given in (b)(ii),
why methane is classified as a greenhouse gas.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
520
482. Nuclear power production

(a)
With reference to the concept of fuel enrichment in a nuclear reactor explain,

(i)
the advantage of enriching the uranium used in a nuclear reactor.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
from an international point of view, a possible risk to which fuel enrichment could
lead.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
521
(b)
A particular nuclear reactor uses uranium-235 as its fuel source. When a nucleus of
uranium-235 absorbs a neutron, the following reaction can take place.
235
92
U 01 n 144
54 Xe
90
38
Sr 2 01 n

rest mass of
235
92
U = 2.1895 ? 105 MeV c2
rest mass of
144
54
Xe = 1.3408 ? 105 MeV c2
rest mass of
90
38
Sr = 8.3749 ? 104 MeV c2
rest mass of 01 n = 939.56 MeV c2

(i)
Show that the energy released in the reaction is approximately 180 MeV.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
State the form in which the energy appears.

.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
The energy released by one atom of carbon-12 during combustion is approximately 4 eV.
(i)
Using the answer to (b)(i), estimate the ratio
energy density of uranium- 235

.
energy density of carbon-12
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
522
(ii)
Suggest, with reference to your answer in (c)(i), one advantage of uranium-235

compared with fossil fuels.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
A sample of waste produced by the reactor contains 1.0 kg of strontium-90 (Sr-90). Sr-90
has a half-life of 9.1 ? 108 s.
For the strontium in the sample,
(i)
show that its initial activity is 5.1 ? 1015 Bq.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
calculate its activity after a period of 70 years. (1 yr =3.2 ? 107 s)

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
523
(e)
Based on your answers to (d), comment on a problem associated with using uranium-235
as an energy source.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 20 marks)
483. Mechanical power

(a)
A car drives up a straight incline that is 4.8 km long. The total height of the incline is 0.
30 km.
The car moves up the incline at a steady speed of 16 m s1. During the climb, the average
friction force acting on the car is 5.0 ? 102 N. The total weight of the car and the driver is
1.2 ? 104 N.
(i)
Determine the time it takes the car to travel from the bottom to the top of the
incline.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
524
(ii)
Determine the work done against the gravitational force in travelling from the
bottom to the top of the incline.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Using your answers to (a)(i) and (a)(ii), calculate a value for the minimum power
output of the car engine needed to move the car from the bottom to the top of the
incline.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)
525
(b)
From the top of the incline, the road continues downwards in a straight line. At the point
where the road starts to go downwards, the driver of the car in (a), stops the car to look at
the view. In continuing his journey, the driver decides to save fuel. He switches off the
engine and allows the car to move freely down the hill. The car descends a height of 0.30
km in a distance of 6.4 km before levelling out.
The average resistive force acting on the car is 5.0 ? 102 N.

Estimate
(i)
the acceleration of the car down the incline.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(5)
(ii)
the speed of the car at the bottom of the incline.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
In fact, for the last few hundred metres of its journey down the hill, the car travels at
constant speed. State the value of the frictional force acting on the car whilst it is moving
at constant speed.
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 15 marks)
484. Domestic shower

526
(a)
The diagram below shows part of the heating circuit of a domestic shower.
Cold water enters the shower unit and flows over an insulated heating element. The
heating element is rated at 7.2 kW, 240 V. The water enters at a temperature of 14 ?C and
leaves at a temperature of 40 ?C. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 ? 103 J kg1
K1.
(i)
Define specific heat capacity.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Estimate the flow rate of the water.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)
527
(iii)
Suggest two reasons why your answer to (a)(ii) is only an estimate.

1.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
2.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(iv)
Calculate the current in the heating element when the element is operating at 7.2
kW.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(v)
Explain why, when the shower unit is switched on, the initial current in the heating
element is greater than the current calculated in (a)(iv).
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
528
(b)
In some countries, shower units are operated from a 110 V supply. A heating element
operating with a 240 V supply has resistance R240 and an element operating from a 110 V
supply has resistance R110.
Show that for heating elements to have identical power outputs
R110
0.21.
R240
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 14 marks)
529
530
531
532

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1.

The net (resultant) force on the car is

The magnitude of the change in momentum of the ball is

Has developed the greatest power

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Data analysis question.

State one piece of evidence that shows that D is not proportional to n.

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State the unit for the constant k.

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speed of the electron after acceleration is 9.4 106 m s1.

radius of the path is 4.5 104 m.

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State and explain whether the ball is in equilibrium.

Determine the speed of rotation of the ball.

This question is about a nuclear reactor.

Uranium is used as a fuel in a small research nuclear reactor. The concentration of

in a sample of uranium must be increased before it can be used as a fuel.

The reactor produces 24 MW of power. The efficiency of the reactor is 32 %. In the

State the name of the process represented by reaction (II).

Comment on the international implications of the product of these reactions.

This question is about simple harmonic oscillations.

calculate the magnitude of its maximum acceleration.

calculate its speed at t = 0.12 s.

state its direction of motion at t = 0.12 s.

Determine for the longitudinal wave, using graph 1 and graph 2,

Graph 2 reproduced to assist with answering (c)(i).

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After 10 s the ball has fallen 190 m.

State an assumption made in the estimate in (c)(ii).

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Define binding energy of a nucleus.

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Calculate the number x of neutrons produced.

Use the graph to estimate the energy released in this reaction.

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electromotive force (emf ) of a battery.

electrical resistance of a conductor.

A battery of emf and negligible internal resistance is connected in series to two

State an equation giving the total power delivered by the battery.

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determine the emf of the battery.

calculate the total power dissipated in the circuit.

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