Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Introduction
Thanks be to the Lord of the worlds, such thanks that
are equivalent to His incalculable beneficence. And thanks be
to God who has guided us and, without whose guidance we
would not have been rightly guided. O Lord, do not change
our heart after you have guided us, and grant us from your
mercy. O great benefactor. I testify that there is no God but
Allah, alone, without any partners, possessor of sovereignty,
and to Him be praise. Giver of life and Giver of death, and He
is eternally Alive. In His hands is beneficence, and He is
capable of all things.
I testify that Muhammad is His servant and His
truthful messenger, teacher of this Umma, its leader to good
deeds, and educator of the select of humanity, prayers be upon
him his kin, and his companions, evermore.
I have not, in this book, brought anything new. We, the
generation of this day, are dependent on the accomplishments
of our earlier pioneering Ulemas and sheikhs. We are
nourished from the banquets of those pioneers, whom God
had endowed with such learning and light. What we are doing
here, is to exhibit it in a manner which would be appropriate
to the generality of people, and in concise form, which would
compensate for the paucity of interest and motivation in
seeking knowledge.
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Jihad from the gate of Jihad, and the people of alms, from
the gate of alms, and the people of fasting from the gate of
fasting and, the gate of Rayyan. Abu Bakr remarked: what
need is there to make the summons from all these doors,
adding: would anyone be called from all those gates, O
messenger of God? He answered yes, and I hope that you
will be one of them O Abu Bakr. Narrated by Bukhari.
8- On the authority of Ibn Abbas, may God be pleased with
him, the Prophet (upon whom be peace) said: if I were to
take from my Umma a companion, I would have taken Abu
Bakr, but he is my brother and friend. Narrated by AlBukhari.
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14- On the authority of Abi Sa`id, may God bless him said,
the messenger of God has said: the people of elevated
status shall be seen by the people below them, as you
can see a star rising in the horizons of the skies. Abu
Bakr and Umar are amongst them and they shall be
blessed. Narrated by Tirmithi.
15- On the authority of Ibn Umar said, the messenger of
God has said to Abi Bakr: you are my companion in
the basin, and my companion in the cave. Narrated by
Tirmithi.
16- On the authority of Ali, may God bless him. He said,
the Prophet (upon whom be peace) has said: Gabriel
came to me and I asked him: who will immigrate with
me? And he answered: Abu Bakr, and he shall succeed
you in running the affairs of your Umma after you.
Narrated by Dailami.
17- On the authority of Aisha, may God bless her- She
said: when the illness of the messenger of God (upon
whom be peace) became more grave, he said to Abdul
Rahman Ibn Abi Bakr: fetch me a board on which to
write a message to Abu Bakr, about which there shall
be no controversy. When Abdul Rahman stood up to
go, the Prophet said: God Forbid, and also the faithful,
that anyone would find anything controversial about
you, O Abu Bakr. Narrated by Ahmad and Tayalsi.
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Period of Caliphate.
Ten years, six months and four days. He gave to the
rulers of the world in particular, and to humankind in general,
a lesson in truthfulness and honesty, and a lesson unequaled in
dedication to duty, during this period of the Caliphate.
His Martyrdom:
The Just Caliph and the rightly-guided Imam was
martyred, in consequence of a vile crime, perpetrated in the
dark of night by a slave of al-Mughira Ibn Shuba, when
lulua Fairuz the Magian, advanced towards one of the
corners of the mosque, awaiting the arrival of the commander
of the faithful, for his morning prayers.
He Had a premeditated plan to murder him and armed
himself with a two-pronged dagger, at his waste, positioned
and poisoned. Umar was in the habit of asking worshippers
when passing through their lines: stand in line. And after
assuring himself that they were standing in straight lines, he
would advance to lead in prayers. As soon as he had said
Allahu Akbar, the murderer Abu Lulua jumped out and
attacked Umar and thrice thrust the dagger into his body. One
was under the navel which was the fatal strike that led to his
death at the age of sixty three. He was buried on a Sunday
morning, the first of the month of Muharram, in the year
twenty four Hijra, and was buried beside his companion Abu
Bakr, may God bless them.
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Ali, may God bless him said: God, most High, has
made of Abi Bakr and Umar an authority and
witness against rulers who would succeed them, until
the Day of Judgment. Narrated by Ibn al-Jawzi, in his
History of Umar.
Malik Ibn Anas, may God bless him said: the
forefathers used to teach their sons the love of Abu
Bakr and Umar.
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Ali, may God bless him said: the best of this nation
after its Prophet is Abu Bakr, and after Abu Bakr is
Umar. Narrated by Ibn al-Jawzi, in History of Umar.
And also by Ibn Maja and Abu Naim, in Al-Hillya.
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14- On the authority of Ibn Abbas, may God bless, said, the
Prophet said: God has inspired me to give my two
daughters in marriage to Uthman. Narrated by al-Dra
Qutni and Ibn Asakir.
15- On the authority of Anas, may God bless him. He said,
the Prophet peace be upon him, has said; whoever
enlarges this mosque of ours, God shall build for him a
house in Paradise! Uthman thereupon bought the
house [adjacent to the mosque] and thus enlarged the
mosque. Narrated by Ibn Assaker.
16- On the authority of Anas, may God bless, said, the
messenger of God (upon whom be peace) has said: I
entered Paradise and picked up an apple, I split it and
there emerged a beauty, whose eyelashes resembled
the feathers of an eagle. I asked: to whom does it
belong? And the answer was, to Uthman Ibn Affan.
Narrated by Ibn Asaker.
17- On the authority of isha, may God bless. She said,
the messenger of God has said: I wish I had with me
some of my friends. She said: o messenger of God shall
we call for you Abu Bakr, and the Prophet kept his
silence, I said Umar? And he kept silent, and I said
Ali and he kept silent, and then I said Uthman and he
answered, yes. Then we sent after Uthman Ibn Affan.
Narrated by Tirmithi and Abu Hatim.
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Ibn Umar, may God bless said: the one who stays
up the night in devotional prayers, prostrating and
standing, fearful of the Hereafter and hopeful of
Gods mercy, is Uthman Ibn Affan. Safwat alSafwa.
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Uthman said: whoever does not increase his good deeds day
by day, then he is a man who prepares himself, not unaware,
for the fire of Hell.
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And met there Ibn Muljim Shabeeb Ibn Bajra alAshjai, told him of his plan and, invited him to join in. The
man agreed, and both took their swords and lurked near the
platform from which Ali passes to perform his prayers.
When Ali emerged, Shabeeb attacked but missed. Ibn
Muljem then hit Ali on the head and Ali said: Do not let
the dog get away. The people surrounded him from every
corner and arrested him. Shabeeb fled, and Ali, may God
bless him said: catch him and if I should die kill him, and if I
dont die, the matter shall rest with me, concerning whether
he should be punished or acquitted. When Ali died, his sons
set upon Ibn Muljim and killed him.
Ali, may God glorify him, passed away on a Sunday
night, the 19th of Ramadan in the Hejira year 40 at fifty eight
years old and, in another report, he was sixty three. He was
buried in Kufa, may God have mercy on him and on his
whole household.
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2-
Sahl Ibn Sad, may God bless, said, that the messenger
of God said, on the day of Khaibar: I shall give this flag
to a man, to whom God shall grant victory. One who loves
God and his Prophet and God and his Prophet love him.
The people spent the night wondering who shall be the
standard-bearer. In the morning, they went to the
messenger of God, all hoping to be the recipient of the
flag. The Prophet said: where is Ali Ibn Abi Tlib? And
he was told that Ali was complaining of a malady in his
eyes. The Prophet asked that Ali be summoned and,
when he came, the Prophet spit in his eyes and supplicated
for his recovery. Ali recovered and the Prophet gave him
the flag. Ali, then asked: o messenger of God, shall I
fight them until they became like us? The Prophet
answered: go until you reach their plaza, and invite them
to embrace Islam and, inform them of what are the things
due to God from them. For, by God, if God shall guide
one man through you, is far preferable to you than to have
the most desirable of delights. Agreed upon tradition.
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7- Sad Ibn Abi Waqqss, may God bless said: when the
verse say, Come, let us call our sons and your sons,
and our women, Quran: (3: 61), was revealed, the
messenger of God (upon whom be peace) called Ali,
Fatima, Hassan and Hussein saying: Allahumma those
are my kinship. Narrated by Moslim.
8- Abu Bakr, may God bless said: whoever wishes to
look at the one nearest in lineage to the messenger of
God (upon whom be peace), and the most
indispensable to him, and the one enjoying the highest
esteem, let him look at, and he pointed his finger
towards Ali Ibn Abi Talib. (Ibn al-Samman).
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10- Abdul Rahman quoted his father Habib, may God bless
him, as saying: when Ali had finished giving his will,
he said: I read to you the peace, mercy and blessing of
God (as salaamu alaykum wa rahmatu Allah wa
barakatuh). Then Ali did not utter any words except
(there is no God But God) until he died. May God
bestow mercy and blessings on him. (Asad al-Ghabah).
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Conversion to Islam:
He was one of the first eight to embrace Islam, and his
conversion is described in a story which he narrates as
follows: I attended the market of Busra when I heard a priest
in a hermitage state: ask those attending this market season, is
there amongst then one heading from the Haram (Kabah)?
Talha replied: I am. The priest then said: has Ahmad appeared
yet? I answered: who is Ahmad, and he replied: Ibn Abdullah
Ibn Abdul Muttaleb, and this is the month of his appearance,
and he shall be the seal of the Prophets and, shall depart from
Mecca to a city of palm trees. Beware lest anything hinder
you from going to him. Talha added: this talk touched my
heart and I departed in haste to Mecca. When I arrived, I
inquired: has any thing happened? And they answered: yes,
Muhammad Ibn Abdullah, the honest, has assumed
Prophethood and Ibn Abi Quhfah (Abu Bakr) has followed
him. He added: I went straight to the home of Abu Bakr, may
God bless and asked him: have you followed that man? He
replied, yes, adding: go to him, meet him and follow him, for
he is advocating the truth. Talha informed Abu Bakr of what
the priest had said at the market place, and the messenger of
God (upon whom be peace) was pleased of what he had
heard. Narrated by al-Hakem, in al-Mustadrak. When Abu
Bakr and Talha had embraced Islam, Nawfal Ibn Khuwailed
took them and tied them together, and they were not aided by
Banu Tamim (tribe). This is why they were nicknamed (alQareenayn) The Companions.
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Character:
He had many lofty and praiseworthy characteristics
including bravery, generosity, piety, and eloquence. He was
quoted to have said: the messenger of God (upon whom be
peace) when seated in his council would inquire: why is it
that I do not see the beaming, radiant and eloquent one here?
Narrated by Ibn Asker) in his history, and mentioned by
Tabari in his book, Al-Riydh al-Nadhira. He, therefore, is
regarded as one of the most eloquent of the companions of the
Prophet, for his eloquence and versatility, by the testimony of
the messenger of God.
An example of his unique and telling statements is:
not least of a mans shortcomings, is staying at home.
Another of his sayings was: good attire is a
recognition of Gods bounty, and the application of ointments
removes depression, and benevolence to servants silences
detractors.
Some of his characteristics: incisiveness and sound
judgment of people. He would never consult a miser on
family giving, nor a coward on question of war, or a youth on
a slave concubine.
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His virtues:
He was one of the Sayyids (notables) of Quraish, during
the pre-Islamic Jahiliyah and after the advent of Islam. He
was a close confidant of the Prophet, because of his virtues,
piety and his early conversion to Isam, as well as his
sacrifices, in the cause of its triumph. There are many
hadiths of the Prophet commending Talha.
- Amongst them: the hadith of the Prophet on those
companions given the promise of paradise. Sad Ibn Zayd,
may God bless him, said: The messenger of God (Upon
whom be peace) said :Ten shall have their abode in paradise:
Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali, Talha, al-Zubayr, Sad,
Abdul Rahman Ibn Awf, and Abu Ubaida. Those numbered
nine and when asked who was the tenth? Said went quiet
but they persisted saying: we beseech you by God, o Abu
Aawar, tell us who is the tenth? Said said: you beseeched
me by God, then I should tell you Abu al-Aawar (meaning
himself) is in paradise [i.e. the tenth) Narrated by Tirmithi.
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Death:
He died on the day of al-Jamal encounter, when an
arrow hit him in the leg. He bled profusely until he died
in the year thirty six Hejira, at the age of sixty two.
It has been related that after his death: his next of kin
saw him in their slumber thirty years after his death
saying: Will you not relieve me of this water? For the
seepage has done me harm. And so they exhumed him
and removed the water from him, and nothing had
changed of him except some hair on one of the sides of
his beard, and they bought for him a house and
entombed him in it. May God bestow on him his mercy
and may He muster us with his group. Amen
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His Character:
He possessed, may God be pleased with him, all the lofty
features of a man of faith- piety, concern for kinship duties.
He was generous, courageous, magnanimous in trade
dealings, and noble instincts. But, two of such attributes stand
out: (generosity and bravery). He was foremost, amongst the
companions, with his generosity and readiness to spend in the
cause of God.
- Traditions narrate that he owned a thousand slaves who
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Family:
He married four wives, they are: Asm bint Abi Bakr, atika
bint Zayd Ibn Amr, Ibn Nufayl, and Umm Khaled bint
Khaled Ibn Sad, Umm Misab al-Kalbiyah.
Offspring:
Eleven males and nine females, and he used to give to his
children the names of the companions.
Death:
He died in the month of Rajab, in the year 36h, in the battle of
al-Jamal, but this happened after the fighting was over, at the
hand of a man named Jarmoose. Imam Ali, may God bless
him, narrated a saying by the messenger of God (upon whom
be peace) that the fate of the murderer of Zubayr, shall be in
the inferno. He died at the age of 64.
The mercy of God be upon him. We pray that we will be in
his company in the Hereafter, in Paradise. For he was truly
one of the most chivalrous Muslims, and the commander
endowed with sound judgment, weighty reason and,
stoutness in fighting enemies.
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Ali, may God bless him, said: I have not heard the
messenger of God (peace be upon him) invoke both
his own parents to anyone, except to Sad. He also
said: to God is a house, in which lived Sad Ibn
Malek and Abdullah Ibn Umar. By God, if their
staying away from the insurrection be a sin, then it is
small and forgivable, and if it is good, then its reward
shall be great.
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Marital status:
He married, may God bless, ten women, and his offspring
numbered thirty four children seventeen boys and an equal
number of girls.
Death:
Sad Ibn Abi Waqqss, may God bless, died in the year 55h,
according to Waqidi, which is the prevalent opinion. Abu Nam
al-Fadhli Ibn Dakeen, narrated that he died in the year 58h. AlZubayr, Amr Ibn Ali and al-Hassan Ibn Uthman expressed
the opinion that Sad died in the year 54h.
His death occurred in al-Aqiq, seven miles from Medina. He
was carried on the shoulders of men to Medina, where he was
brought to the mosque. Marwan and the wives of the Prophet
(peace be upon him) said prayers for him. At Baqee cemetery
lies the remains of the knight of Islam Sad Ibn Abi Waqqss,
may God be pleased with him, at the age of eighty.
His son Amer said: Sad was the last of the immigrants to
die. At his deathbed, he requested that a woolen garment be
brought saying: bury me enclosed with it, for when I
encountered the disbelievers at the battle of Badr, I was
wearing one, and I had preserved it for such a moment.
Ali Ibn al-Medini said: Sad, may God bless, was the last of
the ten (men of Paradise) to die.
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Pre-Islamic Upbringing:
He was brought up in a puritanical environment. He was
wise and of sound judgment. He did not indulge in the life
style of the Jahiliya and its customs. He was one who
advocated abstinence from alcoholic drinks and wrote poetry
to this effect:
I have witnessed that the drinker of wine is concerned with
The echo of speech or decisive words
Conversion to Islam:
He was one of the earliest converts to Islam, and before the
messenger of God entered the house of al Arqam Ibn alArqam. He embraced Islam at the hands of Abu Bakr alSiddiq. The story of his conversion to Islam is one that is
worth narrating. This is how Abdul Rahman narrates it: I
traveled to Yemen one year or so before the advent of the
message of the messenger of God. I stayed at the home of
Asln Ibn Awken, the Himyarite, and he was a man well
advanced in age.
If the old man becomes deaf without speech
And cant hear but a little bit
Such is the ailment without a cure
Except for death bespeaking affliction
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Immigration:
He immigrated twice, in the cause of Islam: the first
one was to Abyssinia, along with those early immigrants who
went there. The second was when the ill-treatment and even
torture, perpetrated by the disbelievers intensified. But, he did
not stay away for long, because he was keen to be near the
messenger of God (peace be upon him), and to hear the
recitation of the verses of the Quran as they were being
revealed to him.
No sooner had he heard that a truce had been
concluded between Quraysh and the messenger of God (peace
be upon him), than he decided to return to Mecca. But it was
quickly discovered to have been a rumor, without basis in
fact.
The second time: his hijra to Medina- when he
returned to Mecca, Quraysh reverted to its malpractice of
torturing the faithful. When he heard that the messenger of
God had immigrated to Medina, he decided to follow suit.
When he arrived in Medina, he went straight to meet the
messenger of God (peace be upon him). The Prophet could
hardly recognize him, because accumulation of dust had
covered him during the journey. The messenger of God
welcomed him and fraternized him with Muhammad Ibn
Salam al-Ansari.
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Great stand:
When the Caliph Umar, ordered Abu Ubaida, to assume
overall command of the Muslim armies in Bilad el-Sham
(Syria) in place of Khaled Ibn al-Waleed, Abu Ubaida, upon
receiving the special envoy of Umar, with instructions to
this effect, requested the envoy to keep the order secret, until
Khaled had victoriously completed his conquest. After this
had been achieved, Abu Ubaida, with tact and gentleness
communicated to Khaled the order of the Caliph Umar,
dismissing him from command.
Khaled asked him: what prevented you, Abu Ubaida, from
communicating the dismissal order, when you first received
it? The trustee of the Umma, Abu Ubaida replied: I hated to
undermine the momentum of your battle. We do not seek
worldly gains, nor are we working for worldly gains. All of
us are dedicated to the service of God.
His virtues and his standing with the messenger of God
(peace be upon him):
He was foremost in the trust and esteem of the messenger of
God (peace be upon him), and his record in the cause of
Islam was outstanding. He was one of the ten companions of
the Prophet promised the reward of Paradise. The virtues of
Abu Ubaida, included:
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Ibn Umar was asked: what was Ibn al-Jarrah like? And he
replied: he had the most pleasant of countenances, the best
character and the most shy.
His character and statements, may God bless:
He took the messenger of God (peace be upon him) as his
ideal, in character and morals. He therefore, embodied the
highest Islamic and humanistic characteristics such as piety,
faith, fear of God, truthfulness, honesty, bravery, modesty,
generosity, knowledge, wisdom, magnanimity, mercy,
kindness and modesty in living. We can discern some of these
attributes from his statements and his behavior.
His modesty in living:
When the caliph Umar came to Jerusalem and was received
by the Emirs and the commanders, he inquired saying: where
is my brother Abu Ubaida? They replied: he shall be coming
to you now. He came riding an unsaddled camel, drawn by a
rope. He saluted him and asked the throng to leave. Umar
then went with Abu Ubaida to his abode where both
dismounted. When Umar entered the abode, he did not see
any furnishing, and the only thing he saw was his sword, his
shield and his beast of burden. Umar was overwhelmed with
emotions at the sight of Abu Ubaida, living in this barren
home, notwithstanding the fact that he was commander in
chief of the Muslim armies. On his part, Abu Ubaida told
Umar that easy life would destroy us.
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His generosity:
Umar Ibn al-Khattab, may God bless him, sent four
thousand dinars, in some narrations four hundred, and told his
emissary: see what he will do with this money. The emissary
came back and told Umar that, Abu Ubaida distributed the
sum in its entirety, in the cause of God. Umar, upon hearing
this said: thanks be to God, who has ordained people in Islam,
to behave in this manner.
His modesty:
Thabet al-Banni narrated that, Abu Ubaida had said: o
you people, I am one of Quraysh, and no one amongst you,
whether red or black, who is more virtuous than I am, would I
not wish to be in his skin.
When Umar Ibn al-Khattab wrote to Abu Ubaida,
asking him to return to Medina, to spare him the plague of
Emmus in Palestine, Abu Ubaida replied: I have understood
your intent, so pray, release me from your order. For, I am but a
soldier amongst the soldiers of Islam, and I would not wish to
be preferred over them.
His fear of God
Qutada quoted Abu Ubaida as saying: I wish I were a ram for
sacrifice in the cause of Islam.
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Embracing Islam:
He and his wife Um Jameel Fatima bint al-Khattab
sister of Umar, embraced Islam early on. In fact, his
conversion to Islam preceded that of Umar. Indeed, Umars
conversion was prompted by that of his sister and his brother
in-law, as is narrated in his Sira (biography).
His Immigration:
Said Ibn Zayd, may God bless him, remained in
Medina, to face the persecution which the disbelievers
inflicted on the faithful. But he was patient and steadfast,
and immigrated to Medina with his wife, as soon as he was
given the signal to do so. The messenger of God (peace be
upon him) fraternized between him and Ubay Ibn Kab.
His struggle in the cause of Islam:
Some historians have narrated that he had taken part
in all the encounters, in the company of the messenger of
God (peace be upon him) except the battle of Badr. But, alWqidi has narrated that the messenger of God (peace be
upon him) had sent him, along with Talha Ibn Ubaidillah to
Damascus, to gather intelligence on the situation there.
When they returned to Medina, the battle of Badr had
already been engaged, and therefore, they could not
participate in it. But, nonetheless, they were regarded as
Badriyyeen (people of Badr) and were allocated a share of
its booty.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Books
Sahih Al-Bukhari
Sahih Muslim
Jami` Al-Tirmidhi
Sunan Abi Daoud
Sunan Al-Nissa`i
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Authors
Imam Bukhari
Imam Muslim
Imam Tirmidhi
Imam Abu Daoud
Imam Nissa`i
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Hayat Al-Sahaba
Al-Bidaya W`al Nihaya
Kanz Al-`Ummal Fi Sunan AlAkwal W`al Aff`aal
Al-Muntadham Fi Tarikh AlUmam W`al Muluk
Sifat Al-Safwah
Tarikh Umar Ibn Al-Khattab
Assad Al-Ghaba Fi Ma`rifat AlSahaba
Tarikh Al-Khulafa`a
Siyar A`laam Al-Nubala`a
Tahthib Al-Tahthib
23.
136
Al-
Al-
25.
Shatharat Al-Thahab
28.
Al-A`laam
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
Al-Ikmal
Al-Wafi B`il Wafiyyat
Fawat Al-Wafiyyat
Wafiyyat Al-A`yan
Fursan Min Asr Al-Sahabah
34.
Al-Mu`jam
Tabarani
35.
Al-Hilya
137
Al-Kabir
L`il
138