ANALYSIS OF A HIGH RISE BUILDING

NAME

: K.Muhilan

INDEX No

: 090335L

DATE OF SUBMISSION

: 24/01/2014

1. INTRODUCTION
This assignment analyze behavior of a high-rise building for lateral loads, which is proposed in
Colombo city limits. It is a reinforced concrete structure with a proposed deep foundation
system. It is a 29-storey office building which includes two differently arranged floors at the
bottom, which will be functioning as business complex.

Building has a ground coverage of 50m x 38m and has height of 105.6m above ground
level.
Building consist of wall frame structure with moment resistant frame and shear walls.
Shear walls are arranged around the service core and four corners of building to avoid
lower torsional mode of frequency by having shear walls only at center.
Main structural members are having dimensions as follows
Table1. Selected members dimensions

Beam

650 mm x 450 mm

Column (above transfer plate)

750 mm x 750 mm

Column (Below transfer plate)

1500 mm x 1500 mm

Slab

150 mm thickness

Shear wall

250 mm thickness

Transfer plate

1000 mm thickness

SHEAR WALL
SHEAR WALL

38.0m

SERVICE CORE

50.0m

Fig.1.1 - Arrangement of Typical floors

2. LOADS
The loads are applied to beams directly as uniformly distributed loads by using table
3.16:BS8110:Part1:1985. Loads are considered as follows.

Table2. Loading of Building

Live load of office space
Dead load of Slab
Finishes and Partition
External Wall

2.5 kN/m2
3.6 kN/m2
0.75 kN/m2
10 kN/m

Shear coefficient for slabs are calculated and by using the following equations, the loads are
calculated and applied only on 75% of the mid span as mentioned in BS 8110: part1: 1985.
V sx = vx l x
V sy = vy l x
Vsx End shear on strips of unit width and span lx due to unit surface pressure on panel
Vsy End shear on strips of unit width and span ly due to unit surface pressure on panel
lx Shorter span of the slab panel
3D model of the building is done with SAP2000 and the calculated unit loads are applied to
building and factored with appropriate values in defining of the load cases. Modal is analyzed
and end support loads are calculated to separately for dead and live loads, which is used to
seismic load calculations later.

1.2

1.82
1.44

4.13

1.44

4.13

4.13

1.44

4.13

4.13

5.3

1.44

1.82

4.75

4.75

4.14

1.2

1.44

4.13

4.13
4.13

4.13
4.13
4.13

4.14

3.45

4.75

1.68

4.75

4.75

4.75
4.13

3.86
3.86
3.86
3.86

1.68

4.14

3.3

4.8

5.04

5.3

1.44

4.8

5.3

4.14

3.3

4.56

1.82

4.14

3.3

4.56

4.56

3.45

4.75

4.14

5.04

4.75
4.13

3.3

4.13

4.14

1.44
1.82

5.3

4.13

4.13

4.14

1.44

3.45

4.56

4.56

4.75

1.2

4.8

4.56

3.3

4.13

1.44

4.14

4.14

1.68

4.8

3.3

4.13

1.44

4.14

4.14

1.82

3.45

4.13

1.44

1.68

4.13

4.14

4.14

5.3

1.2

4.75

1.44

5.3

1.82

1.82

1.82

Fig.2.1 - Unit load distribution along the beams

3. DYNAMIC PARAMETERS
Dynamic parameters such as frequency and oscillation time to each mode are derived from
SAP2000 modal analysis. In modal analysis, 12 different modes are considered. Mass values are
assigned by using predefined dead in SAP2000 and dead load of slab from the defined load
cases.

Table 3. Modal Periods And Frequencies

Output
Case

Step Type

Step
Number

Period

Frequency

Sec

Cyc/sec

Circular
Frequency
rad/sec

Eigenvalue
rad2/sec2

MODAL

Mode

1.000000

3.060744

3.2672E-01

2.0528E+00

4.2141E+00

MODAL

Mode

2.000000

2.741101

3.6482E-01

2.2922E+00

5.2542E+00

MODAL

Mode

3.000000

2.709759

3.6904E-01

2.3187E+00

5.3765E+00

MODAL

Mode

4.000000

0.941441

1.0622E+00

6.6740E+00

4.4542E+01

MODAL

Mode

5.000000

0.844579

1.1840E+00

7.4394E+00

5.5345E+01

MODAL

Mode

6.000000

0.810089

1.2344E+00

7.7562E+00

6.0158E+01

MODAL

Mode

7.000000

0.507049

1.9722E+00

1.2392E+01

1.5355E+02

MODAL

Mode

8.000000

0.462360

2.1628E+00

1.3589E+01

1.8467E+02

MODAL

Mode

9.000000

0.426665

2.3438E+00

1.4726E+01

2.1686E+02

MODAL

Mode

10.000000

0.341410

2.9290E+00

1.8404E+01

3.3869E+02

MODAL

Mode

11.000000

0.310890

3.2166E+00

2.0210E+01

4.0846E+02

MODAL

Mode

12.000000

0.304064

3.2888E+00

2.0664E+01

4.2700E+02

4. WIND LOAD
Wind load calculations are done according to AS1170.2:1989, which is gust factor method.

Reference

Description

Remarks

This sample calculation is done for ULS condition

Clause 4.2.2

( Z , cat) M s M
t Mi
V z =V M

Table 4.2.5.1
Table 4.2.7
Table 4.2.8
Table 4.2.9

Table 4.1. Wind induced accelerations

V ULS
The
basic wind speed
(38m/s)
condition (m/s2)
SLS condition (m/s2)

Clause 4.3
X direction
Y direction
Clause 4.4.2

Acceleration
(mm)
Acceleration Acceleration
48 multiplier
0.04(Considered
0.12 as no
M0.08
s Shielding
0.075
43
0.05
0.09
buildings)

wind Deflection Cross wind Along wind Deflection

MAlong
(z,cat) Terrain/ height multiplier (change with height z)
(mm)
41
shielding
37

q h=0.46 kPa

Mt topography multiplier (1)

Table 4.4.2.1

Cross wind
VAcceleration
h=27.6 m/ s
0.05
0.058

Mi Structure importance factor is considered as 1 for normal

structure
The free stream hourly mean dynamic wind pressure in
kilopascals at height z is calculated by the following equation

Equation
4.4.2(4)

q z=0.6 V 2z 103
Hourly mean net horizontal force acting on an area is
calculated as follows
z=C pe q z A z
F

Cpe is external wall pressure coefficient, which is 0.8 for

windward wall and 0.5 for leeward wall
The design peak wind force is calculated by multiplying mean
net horizontal force by gust factor. Gust factor is calculated as
follows.
Fig.4.1 Deformed shape of a typical frme for wind

G=1+r

H (m)
Vz
(m/s
)
0 20.0
4.2 20.00
8.4 20.00
12 20.00
15.6 20.00
19.2 20.00
22.8 20.20
26.4 20.99
30 21.68
Table
4.4.2.2
33.6
22.06
37.2 22.58
40.8 22.80
44.4 23.28
48 23.79
51.6 24.01
55.2 24.35
2

qz
(kPa)

2
f

g SE
g2v B ( 1+ wULS
)2+ condition

x - direction
Winward Leeward
(kPa)
(kPa)

Fig.4.2. Bending moment for wind load

Table4.2 wind loads
Y - direction
Winward Leewar
(kPa)
d (kPa)

Vz
(m/s)

qz
(kPa)

Forc
Force
e
(kN)
(kN)
where
as-0.28
z = h by100
using the0.44
following
0.24 r is calculated
0.45
-0.28equation,
130 17.00
0.17
0.24
0.45
-0.28
100
0.44
-0.28
130 17.00
0.17
0.24 v
0.45
-0.28
100
0.44
-0.28
130 17.00
0.17
2
h 0.45
0.24 V
-0.28
100
0.44
-0.28
130 17.48
0.18
r=
=0.328
0.24
0.45
-0.28
100
0.44
-0.28
130 18.77
0.21
M
0.24 t
0.45
-0.28
100
0.44
-0.28
130 19.57
0.23
0.25
0.46
-0.29
103
0.46
-0.29
134 20.29
0.25
0.26factor for
0.49
-0.31 velocity
110 fluctuation
0.49 gv-0.31
143 20.98
0.26
Peak
the upwind
is considered
0.28
0.53
-0.33
117
0.52
-0.33
152
21.66
0.28
as 3.7. Effective turbulence length scale Lh is calculated by
0.29
0.55
-0.34
122
0.54
-0.34
158 22.08
0.29
0.30
0.57
-0.36
126 h 0.25 0.56
-0.35
164 22.50
0.30
L
=1000
h
0.31
0.59
-0.37
13110
0.58
-0.36
170 22.88
0.31
G = 2.340.33
0.33
0.61
-0.38
136
0.60
-0.38
176 23.29
0.34
0.63
-0.39
140
0.62
-0.39
182 23.71
0.34
0.35
0.65
-0.41
145
0.64
-0.40
188 24.05
0.35
0.35
0.66
-0.42
148
0.66
-0.41
192 24.32
0.35

SLS c
x - directio
Winward
Leewa
(kPa)
(kPa
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.35
0.40
0.44
0.47
0.50
0.53
0.55
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.67

( )

( )

Background factor B,
1

B=

(36 h + 64 b )
2

1+

Lh

=0.719

0.08 m/s2

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

58.8
62.4
69.6
73.2
76.8
80.4
84
87.6
91.2
94.8
98.4
102
105.6

24.6
24.82
25.49
25.62
25.99
26.15
26.38
26.67
26.90
27.08
27.26
27.45
27.64
1

0.36
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.42
0.44
0.44
0.45
0.45
0.46

0.68
0.70
0.73
0.74
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.82
0.83
0.85
0.86

-0.43
-0.44
-0.45
-0.46
-0.47
-0.48
-0.49
-0.50
-0.51
-0.51
-0.52
-0.53
-0.54

151
155
161
165
168
171
174
177
182
183
185
188
190

0.67
0.69
0.72
0.73
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.79
0.81
0.81
0.82
0.84
0.85

-0.42
-0.43
-0.45
-0.46
-0.47
-0.48
-0.48
-0.49
-0.50
-0.51
-0.51
-0.52
-0.53

197
201
210
214
219
222
226
230
236
238
241
244
248

24.62
24.89
25.42
25.69
25.95
26.18
26.37
26.60
26.98
27.06
27.25
27.44
27.61

0.36
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.42
0.44
0.44
0.45
0.45
0.46

0.69
0.71
0.74
0.75
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.81
0.83
0.83
0.84
0.86
0.87

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

5. FOUNDATION
The borehole test reveals that, bedrock is at 25m below from ground level and top soil layer has
lower SPT (Standard Penetration Test) value. However, reactions at supports of foundations are
in the range of 25000 kN. Soil capacity is not adequate to design a shallow foundation and
therefore, it is decided to model a deep foundation system, which is pile foundation system. Due
to the expected noise and disturbances, bored insitu cast piles are selected. Pile will be socketed
in bedrock at 25m depth with appropriate amount of socketing.

a. Pile

Selected diameter of pile () = 1200 mm

Assumed typical pile group has four piles in each
Load on a pile (Pn)

P n=

N
N N exx

Y n eyy X n
n
I xx
I yy
Assumed there are no eccentricities,
(Pn) = 25000/4 = 6250 kN

End bearing capacity of bedrock at 25m depth is assumed as 5 N/mm2

2

End bearing load=

5 1200
=5654.9 kN
4 1000

Skin friction due to soil layers = 0.65 x SPT value

Assumed SPT values are shown below

Depth
0m 5m
5m - 10m
10m 15m
15m 20m
20m 25m

Table 5.1 Assumed SPT values

SPT
Skin Friction (kN/m2)
4
2.6
10
6.5
12
7.8
18
11.7
40
26

Total skin friction due soil= 1.2 5 ( 6.5+7.8+11.7 +26 )

= 1000 kN

Skin friction due to socketing

Skin friction of weathered and moderately weathered rock = 200 kN/m 2 (ICTAD
specification for)
Depth of socketing is 2m,
Therefore skin friction due to socketing = x 1.2 x 200 x 3 = 2260 kN
Since, no filled material or clay layer are expected in soil profile, negative skin friction is
neglected.
Total allowable bearing capacity

Allowable bearing capacity= End bearing+

Ultimate skin friction

FOS

Allowable bearing capacity = 6750 kN (FOS = 3)

Load on single pile (6250 kN) < Allowable bearing capacity (6750 kN)
Pile diameters and allowable bearing capacity
1200 mm 6750 kN
1500 mm 10180 kN
1800 mm 14340 kN

b. Pile Cap
Pile spacing = 2.5 = 3m
Depth of pile cap = L/2 + 0.5m = 2m
Pile cap dimensions are shown below

5.5m

3.0m

2.0m

3.0m

5.5m

3.0m

Fig Sectional View of Pile cap

Fig Plan view of pile cap

c. SAP2000 Modelling of Pile and Pile Cap

Pile and pile caps are modelled in SAP 2000. Piles are modelled with frame element with
appropriate diameter. The effect of soil in lateral direction of pile is simulated by using of spring
elements in every 1m depth. Support condition of pile is considered as pinned. 1200mm and
1500mm piles are used to support columns and 1200 mm piles are used to support shear walls.
Spring constant = 40 x FOS x Bearing capacity = 40 x 3 x 100 = 1200 kN/m

Fig. Axial load of column supporting piles, which is

in the range of 6000 kN 10000kN

Fig. Axial load of Shear wall supporting piles which

is in the range to 3000 kN 5000 kN

Pile cap is modelled with thick shell element to allow transverse directional shear deformation.
The shell elements are meshed adequately and piles and columns are connected with nodes of
those elements to ensure the connectivity.

Fig Bending moment of column pile cap

Fig. Bending moment of shear wall pile cap

10

6. SEISMIC LOAD
Earthquake load calculations are done with UBC (Uniform Building Code) method.
Reference

Description

Remarks

The static base shear sample calculation is done for x

direction:
Total base shear is calculated by the following equation
V =ZIKCSW
Z seismic probability zone factor for SriLanka is taken as
0.125
I occupancy importance factor is considered as 1.25 due to
higher expected level of gathering of people

V= 5178 kN

K building type factor is selected as 0.8, because building is

designed as wall frame structure with moment resistant joints
and shear walls
C Seismic coefficient is calculated by using following
equation
C=

1
0.12 for T 0.3 S
15 T

T = 3.06s for x direction

C = 0.038 < 0.12
S soil structure interaction factor is considered as 1.0.
Because bedrock is at 25m at above a stiff soil
CS = 0.038 < 0.14
W is total dead load and 40% of live load
W = 1090000 kN
V= 5178 kN (x-direction)
Since fundamental period of vibration is > 0.7 s, a part of base
shear (Ft) is applied as a concentrated load at top of building.
Ft =0.07 TV 0.25V
0.07TV = 1109.1 kN
0.25V = 1294.5 kN
Ft = 1109.1 kN (x-direction)
11

V- Ft = 4068.9 kN
Table 6.1 Base shear and Top shear
x- direction (kN)
Y direction (kN)
5178
5450
1109.1
1045.3
4058.9
4404.7

V
Ft
V-Ft

V-Ft distributed over the height of the building

F x=

(V F t )W x h x
n

W i hi
i=1

Distribution of V-Ft is shown below

Hi
4.2
8.4
12
15.6
19.2
22.8
26.4
30
33.6
37.2
40.8
44.4
48
51.6
55.2
58.8
62.4
66
69.6
73.2
76.8
80.4
84
87.6
91.2
94.8
98.4
102
105.6

Table 6.2 Distribution of Base shear

Wi
HiWi
X
Y
direction
direction
38680
157862.1
10.68
11.56
38680
42500.2
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21
37586.21

315724.1
451034.5
586344.8
721655.2
856965.5
992275.9
1127586
1262897
1398207
1533517
1668828
1804138
1939448
2074759
2210069
2345379
2480690
2616000
2751310
2886621
3021931
3157241
3292552
3427862
3563172
3698483
3833793
3969103

21.36
30.51
39.67
48.82
57.97
67.13
76.28
85.44
94.59
103.74
112.90
122.05
131.21
140.36
149.51
158.67
167.82
176.98
186.13
195.28
204.44
213.59
222.74
231.90
241.05
250.21
259.36
268.51

23.12
33.03
42.94
52.85
62.76
72.67
82.58
92.49
102.40
112.31
122.22
132.12
142.03
151.94
161.85
171.76
181.67
191.58
201.49
211.40
221.31
231.22
241.13
251.04
260.95
270.86
280.76
290.67

12

7. TRANSFER PLATE
Transfer plate is located at the level two to change the column arrangement at level one. Transfer
plates are modeled with thick shell element to account transverse direction shear deformation.
Shell element is meshed enough to distribute load and columns are connected to the nodes.
Obtained maximum bending moment at the point where top part of intermittent column punch
the plate, which is around 7000 kNm.

Fig.7.1 Bending moment of transfer plate for ULS condtion

Fig.7.2 Deformed shape of transfer plate for ULS conditon

13

8. EARTHQUAKE DETAILING
8.1.Columns
Since, moment resistance joints are used to resist lateral loads, the columns sizes are taken larger
than 300 mm. The ratio of minimum to maximum column thickness of column is greater than
0.4 (1). The minimum diameter of column reinforcement should be greater than 12mm and
minimum longitudinal reinforcement should be 1.0% of the cross sectional area. The
confinement, restraint of longitudinal bars to prevent buckling and enhance shear resistance at
the ends of columns are gained by provision of closed ties at end of the clear height of a column.

NOTES:
A. IN REGIONS OF MEDIUM AND HIGH
SEISMIC RISK COLUMN LAPS SHOULD BE
MADE AT MED COLUMN HEIGHT
L

LAP

L/2

B. LAPS OR ANCHORAGE LENGTH

SHOULD BE THE LARGEST OF
1. CALCULATED BOND LENGTH
2. 40
3. 600 mm
C. IS THE DIAMETER OF THE BAR
CONCERNED
LINK DIAMETER AND SPACING AS FOR
BEAMS
ZEZE
D. MAIN TOP STEEL IS TO EXTEND FROM
COLUMN INTO BEAM AS FAR AS
PRACTICABLE BEFORE LAPPING

Fig 8.1 Column Detailing

8.2.Beams
Beams of moment resistance frames should not have width to depth ratio lesser than 0.3
(provided 0.69) and minimum width should be greater than 250 mm (provided 450mm). The
beams are not wider than that of columns. Minimum diameter of longitudinal steel is 12mm.
There are no bent bars. To account reversals of bending moment, the top and bottom face of
beam should be continuously reinforced with some amount of bars. The area of reinforcement
provided in a span shall be, the positive moment strength at a support face is not less than one
third of negative moment strength provided at support and neither negative nor positive moment
strength at any section along the member is less than 20 % of maximum reinforcement provided
at the face of either support.
14

MINIMUM RADIUS OF BEND

MINIMUM STEEL (c)

BAR SPAC
SEE NOTE A

SEE NOTE D, F, G
NO LAP ZONE

END SUPPORT

INTERNAL
SUPPORT

SPAN

NOTES:
A. CURTAILMENT OF TOP BARS TO BE TENSION BOND LENGTH BEYOND THE POINT OF
CONTRAFLEXURE, BUT NOT LESS THAN L/4 FROM SUPPORT.IF SOME BARS ARE CURTAILED AT
SHORTER DISTANCES AT LEAST A THIRD OF STEEL MUST EXTEND THIS DISTANCE

B. THE AREA OF BOTTOM STEEL PROVIDED AT THE SUPPORTS MUST EQUAL AT LEAST HALF TH
ARE OF THE TOP STEEL AT THAT SECTION

C. A MINIMUM OF 0.25 OF THE LARGER AMOUNT OF TOP STEEL REQUIRED AT EITHER END MUST
CONTINUE FOR THE WHOLE LENGTH OF THE SPAN

D. NO LAPS IN TOP AND BOTTOM TO OCCUR WITHIN A DISTANCE OF 2H FROM FACE OF SUPPOR
E. LAPS ARE TO BE KEPT TO MINIMUM AND CRANKS IF REQUIRED TO BE AS FOR COLUMNS
F. IF h>750 mm PROVIDE EXTRA LONGITUDINAL BARS FOR 2/3 OF THE BEAM DEPTH FROM THE
TENSION FACE WITH 250 mm SPACING

G. LAPS IN FRAMING BARS TO BE STAGGERED RELATIVE TO LAPS IN MAIN TOP AND BOTTOM BA

Fig.8.2 Beam Detailing

15

8.3.Beam Column Junction

In order to prevent the degradation of strength of beam column junction when subjected to cyclic
loading, adequate confinement should be provided within the depth of junction. The transverse
reinforcement may be half of that required in column and adequate links within the depth of the
joint should be provided.

8.4.Location of laps
Laps in reinforcement in frames must continue to function while the member or joint undergo
larger deformation. Laps should be avoided in regions where high stress such as beam, column
connections.

8.5.Provision of Anchorage
Sufficient anchorage can be achieved by straight length, 90 bends or 180 hooks. The links
should have additional anchorage. When tensile reinforcement is anchored in regions of high
tension, additional links should be provided to enhance confinement to concrete. When bends are
used, it is necessary to limit bearing stress inside the bend to 1.5fcu / (1+2/ab).

8.6.Foundation Detailing
Columns are subjected to heavy earthquake forces thus requiring a high curvature ductility at
foundation level. It is better to avoid laps provided with starter bars at foundation level.
Therefore, using full bar lengths as starter bars for foundation will be a solution. Piles and caps
should be tied together to ensure integral action in a lateral load situation. Sufficient
reinforcement should be provided in non-tension piles to prevent separation of pile and cap due
to ground movement. The tie beams should be properly detailed to resist both axial tension and
compression.

8.7.Detailing of Walls
The minimum diameter of vertical and horizontal steel should be 10 mm. The detailing of
openings should be considered carefully. Minimum steel content would be 0.2% each faces in
most cases. Opening detailing can be done as shown in fig.8.3.

8.8.Detailing of Slabs
Slab should behave as flexural member and diaphragm member to transfer lateral loads. The
minimum bar diameter is 10mm. The minimum content of tension reinforcement in each
direction should be 0.15% for high tensile steel. The minimum content of secondary
reinforcement should be 0.15%. Cantilever part should be provided with bottom steel to account
counter bending tension, which could occur in seismic event.

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NOT LESS THAN 50%

OF SPAN STEEL
ANCHORED AT SUPPORT

CALCULATED TOP STEEL

L1

STAGGERED
BARS

L2
0.2L2

L3

0.1L2

0.1L2

0.2L2

0.2L3

0.1
0.1L3

FULL TENSION
BOND LENGTH

CANTILEVER

INTERNAL
SUPPORT

SPAN

FRAMING BARS (TOP / BOTTOM

DEPENDING ON LOCATION)
FULL TENSION
BOND LENGTH
FULL TENSION
BOND LENGTH

END
SIN

NOTES:
A. EXCEPT WHERE
IS TO BE AS STAN
B. IS THE DIAME
CONCERNED
C. BARS TO BE CU
BUT NOT SHORTE

TRIMMER BARS - ONE TOP

AND ONE BOTTOM ON ALL
SIDES MIN = 16 mm

OPENINGS THROUGH SLAB

Fig.8.3 Slab Detailing

17