MODIFICATIONS FORM 5

CHAPTER 1
1.

Design a good beach

Suggestion
near the bay
High retaining walls
Wall from concrete
Concrete barrier structure with a gap

Tambak laut supaya lebih cetek

More number of tree
Uneven surface of retaining wall
2.

Suggest and explain how ordinary fishing boat can be upgrade to the new boat which complete equipment to
detect the crowd of fish.

Suggestion
Attach radar system to the ship
a) Ultrasonic transmitter
a) Microfone reciever
b) CRO
Use ultrasonic wave
Use high energy wave
3.

Explanation
divergence of the waves energy /calmer
Over flow
To reflect the waves from the shore
Reduce direct impact of the waves on the shore
reduce erosion are built
Waves passing through the gap will be diffracted in the
childrens area.
-reduce amplitude
Reduce speed
Diffraction occur will reduce tha amplitude
Reduce energy

Explanation
This equipment needs to detect crowd of fish and for
measurement the depth of the crowd of fish
-Use to produce ultrasonic pulses
To detect ultrasonic pulses
-To measure the depth of fish by calculating d=vt/2;
d=depth, v=velocity, t=time
-Ultrasound not produce sound
-Ultrasonic wave has higher frequency, more energy, so it
can move further
The penetrating power is higher

Explain the suitable design or method to build quality concert hall.

Suggestion
Cover the hard wall with soft board or thick
curtain
Place the wall with hole or egg carton design
Fixed 2 loud speaker in concert hall
Arranged the sit at antinodal place
Use glass or mirror hall which is the type which
are not easily broken
Use special computer to generate sound wave
which produce destructive inteference

Explanation
Soft surface can absorb sound and reduce reflection of
sound
Can reduce reflection of sound so sound will be
clearer/reduce echo
Loud speaker can act as coherent sources for constructive
inteference
Strong sound can be heard
Sound with high frequency might break the glass
Audience can enjoy better presentation without disturbance

4.

Explain the suitable design of retaining wall to protect the ship at the harbor

Suggestion
Build concrete retaining wall
Retaining wall should be curved and uneven
surface
Build retaining wall in front of the bay
Retaining wall has gap
The gap at retaining wall is narrow( smaller than
wave length)
There are slope at the bottom of retaining wall
Retaining wall should be build higher
Build the jetty at bay

5.

Explaination
Can withstand impact of the wave, difficult to crack
Prevent reflection of wave back to the ship
The wave are calmer at thr region
Diffraction will occur
The greater the curvature of wavefront will occur. Amplitude
after passing gap is smaller
At shallow region, the wavelength of wave is smaller, so the
velocity of the wave smaller
To ensure no spill over of wave
The wave at bay is calmer

Explain the characteristics of parabolic radar system to detect signal from satellite communication.

Suggestion
Large diameter size of parabolic disc
Type of wave transmited is Microwave
The distance of the signal receiver from the
centre of parabolic disc is the same as the focal
length
Place parabolic disc higher from the ground
Place parabolic disc at clearplace

Explanation
Able to receives more electric signal
Has high frequency, high energy, short wavelength so it is
easy to be reflected
The signal can be focus to the centre of the parabolic disc

The signal with not be block by trees or anything and the

signal easy to be detected
No signal disturbance

CHAPTER 2
6.

Suggest the suitable lamp that can be use in the library, cheaper yet become the room brighter

Suggestion
Lamp with parallel circuit
Attach shiny reflector
Low power lamp
High efficiency lamp // fluorescent
Long life span lamp
Low price lamp
7.

Explanation
If any lamp were burn out, others can still be used
Can reflect light more, no need to install more lamp, the
room will become brighter.
Safe cost
The room looks brighter
No need to replace often
Save money

Explain the modification of menthol bulb lamp to efficient lamp to be use in study room.

Suggestion
Use the fluorescent lamp not a filament bulb
Bigger cover with white colour
Use the adjustable stand or portable
Connect with the earth wire
Use an energy saver lamp

Explanation
Fluorescent lamp use less power and economic (consume
less power) compare to filament bulb.
Less reflection on eyes and absorb less heat energy and good
heat reflector
The height of the lamp can be adjusted can be used
anywhere
Avoid short circuit and damage on the bulb
Produce same brightness with less power consumption

8.

Suggest the suitable design of fuse to protect an electrical equipment which is label 240V,2400W
Suggestion

Thin fuse wire

Ceramic cartridge
Fuse rating is 13A
Low melting point
Low specific heat capacity
Metal is used
Resistance to oxidation
9.

Explanation
Less space/to carry a limited electrical current/less mass
hence low heat capacity/shorter time to heat up to melting
point and blow
Can withstand higher temperature because spark created by
high voltage.240V can be huge
Maximum rating must be sligthly higher than normal current
For fast blow/melting faster when excessive current
flow/easy to cut the current flow
The fuse wire easily heated,melt and break the circuit
Good electric conductor
Does not interface with other function

You have to choose one of the cables to be used in the National Grid Network. Explain the suitability of each of
the characteristics of the cables.

Suggestion
Diameter should be large
density should be low
The rate of expansion should be low
The melting point should be high

Explanation
To reduce the resistance of the cable
The cables will be lighter and can be supportedsecurely
So thre is less expansion and less sagging in the cables during
hot days
So the cables does not melt in high temperature

10. Explain the characteristic of electric pylon and the cable taht been use for electric transmission
Suggestion
Material: steel alloy
V shape steel alloy
Trust and supprt join
Made from small diameter and laminated wire
Cable made from low density material

Explanation
Strong,will not break easily
Not too heavy
Can support bigger weight
Reduce addy current
Cable is not heavy/ light weight

11. Investigate the characteristic of electric oven that can toast more cupcakes at less time
Suggestion
The space inside oven is build bigger
Increase the number of resistance heater at the
top and bottom
The wall is made of good insulator
Fix a fan inside the oven
Internal space of oven is painted silver
Fix the step up transformer

Explanation
It can fil up 180 slices of bread
So it can supply enough heat
Tyhe heat will not lost to surrounding
Heat energy releaswed can spread uniformly in oven
So the heat will radiated at wall and reflected back
completely
Oven can receive higher voltage and can function with higher
power

12. Explain the designof electric kettle

Suggestion
Material of heating is made from nichrome
High number of loop
Use high power
High melting point coil
Low rate of rusting
Use thermostat
3 plug in

Explanation
To produces high heat energy
To increase surface area so that more heat is released
To produce more heat energy in the coil
Nit easy melt under high temperature
Does not get rust easily
o
When temperatures reach 100 C
If short circuit the overload current flows to earth(for safety
reason)

13. Design incubator used to hatch eggs

Suggestion
Parallel circuit
Multi storey rack
Using fan
Bulb with same brigthness and power
Using alarm

Explanation
When one bulb damage the another bulb still function/heat can
distributed uniformly
More eggs can be arranged
heat can distributed uniformly
heat can distributed uniformly
To ensure that correct timing is employed in the hatching of eggs

14. Design circuit for cabin or house

Suggestion
Circuit connected in parallel
Fit fuse at the live wire in the fuse box
Earth connection to the metal case of
electrical appliances

Use low power lamps / install fluorescent lamp

Regularly cleaning and removing dust from the
air filters of air conditioners// Do not put more
water in a kettle than needed for hot drinks

Explanation
Allow each electric appliances to be switched on and off
independently
To stop the flow of current by melting when a high voltage of
electric current flows through the circuit // switches itself off
very quickly if the current exceeds e.g. 15A (for 15A mcb)
Earth wire connected to earth, so that when a fault occurs and
a current flows through the live wire and the earth wire, the
fuse in the live wire will blow and cut off the supply. It will
protect a person who may touch a faulty or live appliance
To save the energy
To save the energy

CHAPTER 3
15. Suggest modification that need to be done on dc motor to increase efficiency of the motor.
Suggestion
Low density material
Increase the number of turns in
the coil
Use high strength of magnets/
Add more magnets
More segments
Increase the magnitude of
current

Explanation
Coil hass smaller mass/ lighter
Can increase magnitude of force/ higher electromagnetic field strength
Increase the strength of magnetic field
Coil rotates smoothly
Can increase the magnitude of force/ can increase the strength of magnetic
field

16. Investigate the design and the characteristic to improve the efficiency of transformer.
Suggestion
Use soft iron core
Laminated core
Use thick wire
Use copper wire to make coil
Wind the secondary coil on top of the primary
coil

Explanation
Easy to magnetized and demagnetized
Less eddy current or reduce energy lost
Reduce the resistance or more current flow
Low resistance or reduce the lost of heat
Reduce leakage of field lines

17. How to design a moving coil ammeter that can function better and able to detect small change of current?
Suggestion
Use stronger magnet
Use curve magnet or concave
Use cylindrical core
Use soft iron core
Use linear scale
The sensitivity of moving coil
galvanometer can be increased by
increasing the strength of the radial
magnetic field
Using hairspring of lower stiffness
Use lighter pointer
Use a coil of a lighter mass
Increase the area of coil

Explanation
Strong magnetic field or larger rotation
Produce radial magnetic field/to get linear scale
To supply uniform magnetic field
To concentrate the magnetic field
The angle of rotation is linear
Increase the force between the current carrying coil and magnetic
field

Smaller opposing force to stop turning of coil

Smaller inertia easier to move
Smaller inertia able to move easily
More changes of magnetic flux,a bigger force are produce

18. Suggest and explain the build of adaptor to charge the 8V handphone from 240V power supply.
Suggestion
Use step down transformer
Ratio of turns 30 : 1 // 240V:8V
Use four diodes
Full wave rectifier
Using a capacitor

Explanation
Able to reduce voltage
Can reduce voltage from 240V to 8V
Full wave rectification
To convert au current to dc current
To smooth output current (steady direct current

CHAPTER 4
19. Suggest and explain the build of adaptor to charge the 8V handphone from 240V power supply
Suggestion
Use step down transformer
Ratio of turns 30 : 1 // 240V:8V
Use four diodes
Full wave rectifier
Using a capacitor

Explanation
Able to reduce voltage
Can reduce voltage from 240V to 8V
Full wave rectification
To convert au current to dc current
To smooth output current (steady direct current

20. Consult and modified the automatic switch light (diagram A) above which can switch on at night and switch off
during morning to be automatic switch on fire alarm when there are fire , explain using diagram and the
function of component.
Suggestion
Change R1 to termistor
Change LED with alarm// siren
Change LDR with R1

Explanation
Thermistor can be detect heat from fire
Able to produce sound of alarm if fire is detected
During fire, R1 has greater resistance compare to LDR so, no
current flow
When the temperature is high, the resistance of thermistor is low. This will increase the voltage acroos R1. So,
current will flow to the base of transistor , than the transistor is switch on followed by greater increase in collecter
current. The alarm will switch on.

12V,24W

21. Suggest the modification need to be done to the circuit in Diagram C so that it can function as automatically
fire alarm switch that need high voltage.
Suggestion
Replace LDR with thermistor
Replace bulb with siren/bell
Connect relay switch to output transistor
Interchange the position of resistor R and thermistor
Use 240 V power supply

Explanation
To detect heat when temperature is high
To produce sound
To switch on the siren
To increase base voltage//voltage across R//base current
Siren is function as high voltage

22. Modified the circuit 240V and Np = 4000 turns circuit to switch on 12V d.c radio.
Suggestion
Step-down transformer
Ratio of turns 20 :1 // 240:12 Np = 4000 turns
and Ns = 200 turns
Using four diodes
Using a capacitor

Explanation
Capable of reducing potential difference / voltage
Reduce potential difference 240V to 12V
Full wave retification
To smooth out output current // produce output to steady
direct current.

23. Moving coil microphone

Suggestion
use thin diaphragm
Use strong material
More number of turns of coil
Thicker diameter of wire of coil
Using more powerful magnet

Explanation
Easy to vibrate
Not easy to break
Increase the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage // The
magnitude of the induced current or is also increased
reduce the resistance of the coil
to increase the strength of the magnetic field.//Increase the rate
of change of magnetic flux linkage//The magnitude of the induced
current or induced electromotive force is also increased

CHAPTER 5
24. Explain the suitability of characteristic of radioisotopes to be used as treatment in brain tumor radiotherapy?
Suggestion
Short half life
Gamma ray radiation
Low ionozing power
Liquid state of matter
High penetrating power

Explanation
Radioactive is dangerous substance, short half lfe can decay faster
Gamma can kill cancerous cell and can penetrate skin of patient
Minimum damage to tissue organ
Easy to dissolve
Can penetrate easily

25. Suggest and explain the safety ways, which are required when handling radioactive substance.
Suggestion
Use thick lead box
Use forceps / robotic hand
Wear photographic film
Wear plumbum safety suit
Use siren
Packed into concrete drum and buried
underground
Always place GM detector nearby
Label the radioactive container with symbol

Explanation
Radioactive rays evem gamma cannot pass through
Avoid direct touch
Able to detect exposure radiations
To protect the body from expose to radiation
Faster warning when leakage
Prevent the radioactive waste discharge to environment
To detect the amount of radioactive nearby, for safety
Easy to detect radioactive substance

26. Explain the suitability of characteristic odf radioisotope to be use in controliing the population of pest
Suggestion
Use gamma ray
Solid state of matter
Long half life
High penetrating power
High ionizing power

Explanation
Able to mutate the insect
Easy to handle
Last longer
Able to penetrate thick object/material
Able to change// mutate the biology of insect

27. . Explain the suitability of characterisitc of radioisotopes to be used in th trace of water pipeline.
Suggestion
Short lhalf life
Few hour half life
Beta particle or Gamma ray radiation
Liquid state

Explanation
Radioactive is dangerous substance, short half life can decay
faster
Enough time for worker to detect the pipe leakage
Radioactive uis dangerous
Can penetrate pipe and soil, can be detected
Can be inject and dissolve into water

28. Suggest the design of nuclear reactor.

Suggestion
Use uranium-235
Nuclear fission
Boron or Cadmium rad use as control rods
Use moderator (graphitr)
Bulid thick concrete wall
Coarbon dioxide or water is use as coolong
agent
Use steam

Explanation
Use as nucler fuel
A lot of heat will produce
To control the rate of nuvlear fission and to stop the radiation
To slow the motion of neutron to the best reaction rate. So the
rate of nuclear fission can be controlled
Lead or thick concrete wall can prevent the escape of radioactive
rays, keep the radiation inside the reactor
To remove heat of reaction for turbine generator. This produce
steam as heat carrier
To turn the turbine and able to generate current

29. Explain the suitability of charactersitic of radioisotopes to be used in sanitiza medical equip,ent
Suggestion
Gamma ray
Longer half life
Silid state of matter
High penetrating power

Explanation
Able to kill ant virus/ bacteria
No need to change radioactive frequently
Easy to handle
Able to penetrate any equipment to sanitize

30. Explain the suitability of characteristics of radioisotope to be used in detecting the position of blood clot in
veins (Deep vein thrombosis)
Suggestion
Use liquid state of matter
Short half life
Use beta ray
Low ionizing power

Explanation
Able to inject into patient body, dissolve easily
Active in body in short time
Able to penetrate skin
Minimum damage to tissue organ

31. Explain the suitability of characteristics of radioisotope to be use in the trace of blockage in the kidney patient.
Suggestion
Use Iodine-123
Gamma ray
Low energy
Liquid state of matter
Short half life

Explanation
Used as nuclear imaging tracers to evaluate the anatomic and
physiology function
Able to penetrate trough body, bones and be detected
Do not cause serious damage in cells
Easy to inject to patient body
Active in body in short time

32. Explain the suitability of characteristics of radioisotope to be use in control the thickness of paper in factory
Suggestion
Long half life
Beta ray
Solid state of matter

Explanation
Can be used for long time, no need to replace frequently so, it save
cost
Can penetrate paper and be detected
Easy to handle

33. Explain the suitability of characteristics of radioisotope to be use in control the thickness of aluminium sheet in
factory.
Suggestion
Long half life
Gamma ray
Solid state of matter

Explanation
Can be used for long time, no need to replace frequently7 so, it save
cost
Can be penetrate aluminium sheet and be detected
Easy to handle, does not spill

MAKING DECISION-SECTION C
Soalan ini berada di dalam Section C. Cadangan dan alasan dalam soalan ini juga boleh menggunakan contoh
jawapan dalam soalan Modification.
34. The transmission of electricity over the National Grid Network uses high voltage cables. You are assigned to
study the characteristics of cables which could be used as transmission cable. Table 12 shows the
characteristics of four transmission cables. Determine the most suitable transmission cable to be used and give
reasons for your choice.
Cable
P
Q
R
S

-1

Resistivity /m
-7

3.0 x l0
-8
1.8 x l0
-7
7.5 x l0
-8
7.0 x l0

-3

Density / kg m
5

5 x l0
3
2 x l0
2
8 x l0
3
4 x l0

Cost

Rate of thermal expansion

Low
Medium
High
Medium

High
Low
Medium
High

Answer
Characteristic
Explanation
Low resistivity
To reduce heat loss in the cables
Low density
The cables will be lighter
Low cost
Cost of project will be lower
Low rate of thermal expansion
The cables will not expand under hot weather
Cable Q is the most suitable transmission cable because of its low resistivity, low density, medium cost, low rate of
thermal expansion.
35. You are required to build a hydrometer that can be used to measure densities of concentrated acids.Table 11.1
shows the characteristics of 4 types of hydrometers L, M, N and O. Decide which hydrometer is most suitable
and give reasons.
Hydrometer
L
M
N
O

Type of material
of hydrometer
Plastic/Plastik
Plastic/Plastik
Glass / kaca
Glass/ kaca

Diameter of capillary
tube/ cm

Density of shots/
-3
kgm

0.5
2.0
0.5
2.0

1000
1300
9800
8000

Diameter of bottom
bulb/ cm
1.0
3.0
3.0
1.0

Answer
Characteristic
Material made from glass
Small diameter of capillary tube
High density of shots
Big diameter of bottom bulb
Choose N

Explanation
Glass does not corrode with acid
To increase the sensitivity of the hydrometer
Makes the hydrometer stays upright
To obtain a bigger upthrust.
N is made from glass, has small diameter of capillary tube, high
density of shots and a big diameter of bottom bulb

36. As a researcher , your duty is to study the characteristics of a material to make a water heater. You are given
four choices of metal type T, U,V and W. The table below shows the characteristics of the four
metals.Determine the most suitable metal to be used as the material to make the heater and give your
reasons.
Metal
T
U
V
W

The cross sectional area

Smaller
Larger
Smaller
Larger

Melting Point
Low
High
High
High

Specific Heat Capacity

High
Low
Low
Low

Length
Long
Short
Long
Short

Answer
Characteristic
Smaller surface area
High melting point
Low specific heat capacity
Long (coiled) metal
Choose V

Explanation
the resistance is higher
not easy to melt
the temperature arises shortly
to increase the resistance
because it has,smaller surface area, high melting point, low
specific heat capacity and long metal

37. You are given four choices of metals P, Q, R and S. The table below shows the characteristics for the four
metals. Determine the most suitable metal to be used as the material to make the boat and give your reasons.
Metal

Shape

Density

P
Q
R
S

Streamlined
Oval
Circle
Streamlined

900
452
387
500

Specific Heat
Capacity
Low
High
Low
High

Strength
High
High
High
High

Answer
Characteristic
Streamline
Density
Specific heat capacity high
High strength

Reason
reduce the resistance of water
higher buoyant force
absorbs heat slowly
Difficult to damage

The most suitable metal to be used as material to make the boat is metal S because of its streamline, low density,
high specific heat capacity and high strength.
38. A student plans to fix a lamp in his room. Table 12.1 shows the features of 4 different types of lamps. Explain
the suitability of each feature in Table 12.1 and then determine the most suitable lamp to be used. Give a
reason for your choice
Type of lamp
Compact fluorescent lamp
Filament lamp
Long fluorescent lamp
Round fluorescent lamp

Power
18 W
75 W
20 W
24 W

Efficiency
50 %
12 %
45 %
40 %

Life Span
7000 hours
1000 hours
14000 hours
10000 hours

Price
High
Low
Medium
High

Answer
Characteristic
Low power lamp
High efficiency
Long life span
Low price
Long fluorescent

Explanation
Safe cost//electric bill
The room looks brighter//high output power//less power wastage
No need to replace often
Save money/cost
Low power with highest efficiency, long hours of life span and low
price

10

39. Table 11.1 shows 5 materials which can be used to make an optical fibre. You are asked to investigate the
characteristics of the materials in Table 11.1 which could be used to make the optical fibre.
Explain the suitability of each characteristic and hence, determine the most suitable material to be used to
make the optical fibre. Give a reason for your choice.
Material

Refractive index

% of light energy absorbed

Rigidity

Strength

P
Q
R
S
T

1.75
1.80
1.70
1.52
1.48

2%
10 %
2%
3%
10 %

Strong
Weak
Weak
Strong
Weak

Weak
Strong
Strong
Strong
Weak

Answer
Characteristic
High refractive index
Small amount of light energy being absorbed
by the material
Material with weak rigidity
Material with great strength
Material R

Explanation
Total internal reflection can occur easily
The object under observation can be seen clearly // more light
can be transmitted
The optical fibre can be bent easily
The optical fibre can last longer/not easily spoil
High refractive index, low % of light energy absorbed, weak
rigidity and great strength

40. You are asked to investigate the characteristics of hot air balloon as below. Explain the suitability for each
characteristic for the hot air balloons and then determine which hot balloon will move up the fastest into the
air. Give a reason for your choice

Answer
Characteristic
Volume of the balloon is high
Density of the balloon material is low
Gas temperature is high
Total of mass is low
Choose Q

Explaination
Displace a larger amount of air/
Produce a higher buoyant force.
Lower mass/Light
Produce a maximum expansion of balloon.
Upwards resultant force is higher/ Balloon move upwards faster.
Because it has a high volume,the density of the balloon material is
low,the gas temperature is high and the total mass is low.

11

41. Table 11.1 shows the characteristics of five types of materials that can be used for making the soles of the
trekking shoes. You are asked to study the characteristics of the materials shown in Table 11.1. Explain the
suitability of each characteristics in Table 11.1 and then determine the most suitable material to be used. Give
a reason for your choice.
Type of
material
P
Q
R
S
T

Density
-3
(Kg/m )
820
700
720
750
880

Number of studs x Area of 1

stud
2
6 x 30 cm
2
8 x 30 cm
2
5 x 30 cm
2
4 x 30 cm
2
3 x 30 cm

Expansion
effect
Low
Low
Medium
High
High

Ability to
stretch
Good
Good
Average
Poor
Poor

Answer
Characteristic
Low density
Many/fewer/very few studs
Expansion effect is low
Ability to stretch is good

Reasons
Small mass/light
Gives extra/higher grip
Always fits/Does not loosen when hot.
Less stress on the feet/Can be pushed in all directions/
Can walk on uneven surface.
Because it has a low density,many studs,low expansion effect and
good ability to stretch.

The most suitable material is Q

42. Table 12.2 shows the characteristics of five radioisotopes P, Q, R, S and T. As a factory engineer, you are
required to determine the most suitable radioisotope that can be used by the system to ensure the volume of
guava juice is uniform.Study the characteristics of all 5 radioisotopes and explain the suitability of the
aspects.Determine the most suitable radioisotope and give the reason for your choice.
Radioisotope
Radioisotop

Half life
Separuh hayat

Types of ray
Jenis sinar

State of matter
Keadaan jirim

Ionising power
Kuasa pengionan

P
Q
R
S
T

7 hours
10 days
100 days
10 years
30 years

alfa
beta
gamma
gamma
beta

solid
liquid
solid
liquid
solid

high
moderate
low
high
low

Answer
Characteristics
Has a long half-life
Emits beta
Solid form
Low ionising power
Radioisotope T

Explanation
Can be used for a long time hence save cost
Can penetrate box and liquid and is less
dangerous than gamma
Easy to handle and contain.
Does not change the state and taste of juice.
It has long half life, emits beta, in solid form and has low ionising power.

12

43. You are assigned to investigate the design for the location to keep the boats andthe characteristics of the
retaining wall as shown in Diagram 12.2 based on the following aspects:
- the location to keep the boat
- material used for the retaining wall
- the height of retaining wall
- size of slit
Explain the suitability of the location and the characteristics of the retaining wall and determine the most
suitable design to keep the boat safely.

Answer
Characteristic
Bay
Concrete retaining wall
High wall
Smaller opening/aperture / slit of
retaining wall
Choose P

Reasons
Wave is calmer
Stronger/ / lasting
Prevent high wave
Diffraction obvious //low wave energy
At bay, concrete retaining wall , high wall and smaller slit

13

44. Diagram 11.4 shows five designs of Newtons Cradle, P, Q, R, S and T, with different specifications. You are
required to determine the most suitable design to make the ball at the end swings up to higher level and at
bigger speed. Study all the five designs from the following aspects:
The arrangement of the balls
The type of material used to make the balls
the number of string used to hang the balls
the position of the ball to start the oscillation

Answer
Characteristic
The balls touch each other
The type of material used to make the
balls is steel
Two strings used to hang each ball
High position of the ball
The most suitable design is Q

Reasons
This will reduce losses of energy which will reduce the speed of the
balls
Steel balls are hard and produce highly elastic collision. Energy can
easily propagates through the intermediate balls.
This string arrangement restricts the balls movements to the same plane.
the position of the ball to start the oscillation
High potential energy and will change to high kinetic energy. The last end
ball will swing at bigger speed.
because the ball s touch each other, made from steel, use two strings
attached to each ball and the initial position of the ball is high

14