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quipm
ment and Lightting Loads
L
Lig
ghting, H
HVAC equ
uipment, water heaters,
h
and app
pliances all
a consu
ume energy
in the form
m of eith
her electtricity orr fuel. All of the
ese thing
gs are im
mportantt to
und
derstand
d and optimize
o
for hig
gh perfo
ormance building
g design, and are
important inputs
i
fo
or whole building
g energy analysis simulatiion.
The
e equipme
ent, lightin
ng, and plug loads described
d below are
a determ
mined by the buildings
inte
ended use, its occupa
ancy, and itts scheduliing. In short: its program.
Incand
descent and compa
act fluorescent bullbs emit similar ou
utput of visible ligh
ht, but the incandeescent emits far mo
ore heat (infrared light),
l
causing high
her lighting loads and
coolin
ng loads. (From Paccific Energy Centerr)
Ligh
hting Loads
Ligh
hting loads are the energy ussed to pow
wer electricc lights; th
hey make up nearly a third off US
com
mmercial b
building energy
e
use
e, but for residentia
al building
gs they are genera
ally only 10
1 15%
%. Lighting
g loads in a building are often referred to
o in terms of a Lightting Powerr Density that
is measured
m
in
n watts perr square fo
oot or squa
are meter.
When decidin
ng which liighting pro
oducts to use, look at the efficiency (or luminous efficacyoff the
products. More efficientt light sources and fiixtures not only redu
uce lighting
g loads, bu
ut also red
duce
coo
oling loads for the sam
me visible brightnesss.
Plug
g loads
Plug
g loads are
e the electtricity used
d for other equipmen
nt, like com
mputers and appliancces; they make
m
up 20 - 30% of energy loads in US
U commercial buildiings, and 15
1 - 20% of
o home energy, tho
ough
these numberrs are grow
wing as elecctronics be
ecome more pervasivve.
Plug
g loads are sometim
mes include
ed in Equipment Po
ower Density (EPD) and
a
somettimes theyy are
sep
parated. Wh
hen doing building analysis, itss important to know which
w
valu
ue youre in
nputting.
Equipment
Desktop computer
120
Notebook computer
45
17 LCD Display
75
120
250
Office copier
750
Refrigerator
750
Dishwasher
1,200
Television
100
Commercial refrigerator
1,000
Commercial fryer
10,000
Clothes washer
350
Clothes dryer
2,000
Occupancy
2
W/m
W/ft
W/m2
W/ft
W/m
W/ft
People/100m
Assembly
17
1.6
10
0.9
2.2
0.2
75
Classroom
13
1.2
11
1.0
10
0.9
25-35
Food Service
15
1.4
0.8
13
1.2
15-40
Office
11-30
1.0-2.8
14
1.3
27
2.5
3.5-5
Retail
16
1.5
10
0.9
4.5
0.4
10-20
0.5
0.5
NA
NA
0.7
11
1.0
NA
NA
2.5
Warehouse
0.8
0.5
2.2
0.2
1.5
Note that this information can vary greatly based on the design and use of the space. Use
more precise and specific estimates when available. (Sources: Autodesk Wikihelp, United States
Department of Energy (1 and 2), and Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings by Grondzik
et al.)