Useful For Physisc

G-1
Gravity
Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation (first stated by Newton): any two masses m1 and m2 exert
an attractive gravitational force on each other according to
F G
m1 m 2
r2
m1 F
m2
This applies to all masses, not just big ones.

G = universal constant of gravitation = 6.67 1011 N m2 / kg2 (G is very small, so it is very
difficult to measure!)
Don't confuse G with g: "Big G" and "little g" are totally different things.
Newton showed that the force of gravity must act according to this rule in order to produce the
observed motions of the planets around the sun, of the moon around the earth, and of projectiles
near the earth. He then had the great insight to realize that this same force acts between all
masses. [That gravity acts between all masses, even small ones, was experimentally verified in
1798 by Cavendish.]
Newton couldn't say why gravity acted this way, only how. Einstein (1915) General Theory of
Relativity, explained why gravity acted like this.
Example: Force of attraction between two humans. 2 people with masses m1 m2 70 kg,
distance r = 1 m apart.
m1 m 2
(6.67 10 11 )(70)2
F G
3.3 10 7 N
2
2
r
1
This is a very tiny force! It is the weight of a mass of 3.4 105 gram. A hair weighs 2103
grams the force of gravity between two people talking is about 1/60 the weight of a single hair.
Computation of g
Important fact about the gravitational force from spherical masses: a spherical body exerts a
gravitational force on surrounding bodies that is the same as if all the sphere's mass were
concentrated at its center. This is difficult to prove (Newton worried about this for 20 years.)
4/16/2015
University of Colorado at Boulder
G-2
mass m
sphere,
mass M
Fgrav
r
mass m
point mass M
Fgrav (same as with sphere)
We can now compute the acceleration of gravity g ! (Before, g was experimentally determined,
and it was a mystery why g was the same for all masses.)
Fgrav = m a = m g
mass m,
ME m
mg
dropped near G
R E2
surface
Earth
RE
(since r = RE is distance from m to center of Earth)

mass ME
g
m's cancel !
G ME
R E2
If you plug in the numbers for G, ME, and RE, you get g = 9.8 m/s2.
Newton's Theory explains why all objects near the Earth's surface fall with the same acceleration
GMm
Fgrav
ma
R2
(because the m's cancel in
.) Newton's theory also makes a quantitative
prediction for the value of g, which is correct.
Example: g on Planet X. Planet X has the same mass as earth (MX = ME) but has the radius
(RX = 0.5 RE). What is gx , the acceleration of gravity on planet X?
Planet X is denser than earth, so expect gx larger than g.
gx
G MX
RX2
G ME
RE
G ME
1/ 2
R E2
123
4g
g of earth
Don't need values of G, ME, and RE!
Method II, set up a ratio:
4/16/2015
G-3
G M X
2
RX
G M E
2
RE
gx
gE
MX
ME
R E
R X
1 22
4 ,
gX
4 gE
_________________ * __________________
At height h above the surface of the earth, g is less, since we are further from the surface, further
from the earth's center.
r = RE + h
h
earth
G ME
r2
G ME
(R E h)2
The space shuttle orbits earth at an altitude of about 200 mi 1.6 km/mi 320 km. Earth's
radius is RE = 6380 km. So the space shuttle is only about 5% further from the earth's center
than we are. If r is 5% larger, then r2 is about 10% larger, and
Fgrav (on mass m in shuttle) G
ME m
(R E h)2
about 10% less than on earth's surface
Astronauts on the shuttle experience almost the same Fgrav as when on earth. So why do we say
the astronauts are weightless??
"Weightless" does not mean "no weight".
"Weightless" means "freefall" means the only force acting is gravity.
If you fall down an airless elevator shaft, you will feel exactly like the astronauts. You will be
weightless, you will be in free-fall.
Earth
astronaut
Fgrav
N
Fgrav
An astronaut falls toward the

earth, as she moves forward,
just as a bullet fired
horizontally from a gun falls
toward earth.
Orbits
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G-4
Consider a planet like Earth, but with no air. Fire projectiles horizontally from a mountain top,
with faster and faster initial speeds.
would go straight,
if no gravity
Planet
The orbit of a satellite around the earth,

or of a planet around the sun obeys
Kepler's 3 Laws.
Kepler, German (1571-1630). Before
Newton. Using observational data
from Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe
("Bra-hay"), Kepler discovered that
the orbits of the planets obey 3 rules.
orbits!
KI :
Planet
A planet's orbit is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus.

KII : A line drawn from planet P to sun S sweeps out equal
areas in equal times.
S
Sun
same time intervals,

same areas
slower
faster
KIII: For planets around the sun, the period T and the mean distance r from the sun are related
TA 2
TB 2
T2
constant
rA 3
rB3
r3
by
. That is for any two planets A and B,
. This means that planets
further from the sun (larger r) have longer orbital periods (longer T).
Kepler's Laws were empirical rules, based on observations of the motions of the planets in the
sky. Kepler had no theory to explain these rules.
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G-5
Newton (1642-1727) started with Kepler's Laws and NII (Fnet = ma) and deduced that
MS m P
Fgrav
G
rSP 2
(Sun planet )
. Newton applied similar reasoning to the motion of the Earth-Moon
ME m
Fgrav
G
rEm 2
( Earth-mass m )
system (and to an Earth-apple system) and deduced that
.
Newton then made a mental leap, and realized that this law applied to any 2 masses, not just to
the Sun-planet, the Earth-moon, and Earth-projectile systems.
Starting with Fnet = ma and Fgrav = G Mm / r2, Newton was able to derive Kepler's Laws (and
much more!). Newton could explain the motion of everything!
Derivation of KIII (for special case of circular orbits). Consider a small mass m in circular
orbit about a large mass M, with orbital radius r and period T. We aim to show that
T2 / r3 = const.
Start with NII: Fnet = m a
period T
M
The only force acting is gravity, and for circular motion

a = v2 / r
r
m
Mm
r 2
2 r
v2
M
m
G
v2
r
r
T
[recall the v = dist / time = 2r / T ]
M
42 r 2
r
T2
T2
4 2
constant, independent of m
r3
GM
( Deriving this result for elliptical orbits is much harder, but Newton did it. )
An extra result of this calculation is a formula for the speed v of a satellite in circular orbit:
GM
v
r
. For low-earth orbit (few hundred miles up), this orbital speed is about 7.8 km/s
4.7 miles/second. The Space Shuttle must attain a speed of 4.7 mi/s when it reaches the top of
the atmosphere (and it fuel has run out) or else it will fall back to Earth.
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G-6
Measurement of Big G
The value of G ("big G") was not known until 1798. In that year, Henry Cavendish (English)
measured the very tiny Fgrav between 2 lead spheres, using a device called a torsion balance.
Fgrav G
m1 m 2
r2
G=
Fgrav r 2
m1m 2
( If Fgrav, r, and m's known, can compute G.)

g
G ME
R E2
Before Cavendish's experiment, g and RE were known, so using

, one could
compute the product GME, but G and ME could not be determined separately.
With Cavendish's measurement of G, one could then compute ME. Hence, Cavendish "weighed
the earth".
Gravitational Potential Energy

Previously, we showed that PEgrav = mgh. But to derive PE = mgh, we assumed that Fgrav = mg =
Fgrav G
Mm
constant, which is only true near the surface of the Earth. In general,
r2
constant
(it depends on r). We now show that for the general case,
PE grav
U(r)
GMm
[ U(r = ) 0 ]
This is the gravitational potential for two masses, M and m, separated by a distance r. By
convention, the zero of gravitational potential energy is set at r = . [ I will use the common
notation U(r) , instead of PE. ]
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G-7
x2
PE F WF
F(x) dx
x1
Recall the definition of PE:
v v
F dr
. Here, we have used the definition
WF
of work for the case of 1D motion:

M
x2
F(x) dx
(1D )
x1
Fgrav m
x1
dx
Consider a mass M at the origin and a mass m at position x1, as shown in the diagram. We
compute the work done by the force of gravity as the mass m moves from x = x1 to x = .
The force F(x) on mass m is in the negative direction, so, indicating direction with a sign, we
F(x)
GMm
x2
have
. Here, the work done by gravity is negative, since force and
displacement are in opposite directions:
Wgrav
GMm
GMm
GMm
F(x) dx
dx
2
x
x x1
x1
x1
x1
PE U U(x=) U(x1 ) Wgrav

14 2 43
From the definition of PE,
U(r)
. Calling the
GMm
r
initial position r (instead of x1), we have
4/16/2015
GMm
x1
G-8
A slight notation change now: r is the radial distance from the origin, so r is always positive
(unlike x which can be positive or negative.) Plotting U(r) vs. r, we see a gravitational potential
well.
U(r)
r=0
U(r)
The "Potential Well"
Recall that negative potential energy simply means less energy than the zero of energy.
Question: How is PE = mgh a special case of U(r) = GMm/r ?
U(r)
r = Rearth
U(h)
U = mgh
h = r Rearth
Escape Speed vescape

Throw a rock away from an (airless) planet with a speed v. If v < vescape , the rock will rise to a
maximum height and then fall back down. If v > vescape , the rock will go to r = , and will still
have some speed left over and be moving away from the planet. If v = vescape , the rock will have
4/16/2015
G-9
just enough initial KE to escape the planet: its distance goes to r = at the same time its speed
approaches zero: v 0 as r .
We can use conservation of energy to compute the escape speed vesc (often called , incorrectly,
the "escape velocity" ).
Initial configuration: r = R (surface of planet), v = vesc.
Final configuration: r = , v = 0.
KE i PE i KE f PE f
v esc
1
2
2
m
v esc
GMm
00
2G M
R
v esc
2 v orbit
Notice that
If the rock is thrown with speed v > vesc , it will go to r = , and will have some KE left over, vfinal
> 0.
KE i PE i KE f PE f
vf
vi2
()
4/16/2015
1
2
2
m
vi
GMm
1
2
2
m
vf 0
2GM
R
KE PE E tot
{
{
{
()
constant
( ) or ( )
G-10
U(r)
Etot = KE+PE
PE
KE
Gravity
F G
m1 m 2
r2
m1 F
m2

1798 by Cavendish.]
4/16/2015
G-11
m1 m 2
(6.67 1011 )(70)2
F G
3.3 107 N
2
2
r
1
Computation of g
mass m
sphere,
mass M
Fgrav
r
mass m
point mass M
Fgrav = m a = m g
mass m,
ME m
mg
dropped near G
R E2
surface
Earth
RE

mass ME
g
m's cancel !
G ME
R E2
4/16/2015
G-12
GMm
Fgrav
ma
R2
gx
G MX
RX2
G ME
R 2
G ME
1
4g
2
R E2
1/ 2 123
g of earth

G M X
2
R X2
gx
M X R E
1 2
G
M
gE
M E R X
2
RE
4 ,
gX
4 gE
_________________ * __________________
r = RE + h
h
earth
G ME
r2
G ME
(R E h)2
ME m
(R E h)2
4/16/2015
G-13
astronaut
Fgrav

toward earth.
N
Fgrav
Earth
Orbits
would go straight,
if no gravity
Planet

Kepler's 3 Laws.
orbits!
KI :
Planet

S
Sun

same areas
slower
faster
4/16/2015
G-14
TA 2
TB 2
T2
constant
rA 3
rB3
r3
by
MS m P
Fgrav
G
rSP 2
(Sun planet )
ME m
Fgrav
G
rEm 2
( Earth-mass m )
.
T2 / r3 = const.
period T
M

a = v2 / r
r
m
Mm
r 2
2 r
v2
M
m
G
v2
r
r
T
M
4 2 r 2
G
r
T2
4/16/2015
T2
4 2
r3
GM
G-15
GM
v
r
4/16/2015
G-16
Fgrav G
m1 m 2
r2
G=
Fgrav r 2
m1m 2

g
G ME
R E2

, one could
the earth".

Fgrav G
Mm
r2
constant
PE grav
U(r)
GMm
[ U(r = ) 0 ]
4/16/2015
G-17
x2
PE F WF
F(x) dx
x1
v v
F dr
WF

M
x2
F(x) dx
(1D )
x1
Fgrav m
x1
dx
F(x)
GMm
x2
have
Wgrav
GMm
GMm
GMm
F(x) dx
dx
2
x
x x1
x1
x1
x1

14 2 43
U(r)
. Calling the
GMm
r
4/16/2015
GMm
x1
G-18
well.
U(r)
r=0
U(r)
U(r)
r = Rearth
U(h)
U = mgh
h = r Rearth

4/16/2015
G-19
KE i PE i KE f PE f
v esc
1
2
2
m
v esc
GMm
00
2G M
R
v esc
2 v orbit
Notice that
> 0.
KE i PE i KE f PE f
vf
vi2
()
4/16/2015
1
2
2
m
vi
GMm
1
2
2
m
vf 0
2GM
R
KE PE E tot
{
{
{
()
constant
( ) or ( )
G-20
U(r)
Etot = KE+PE
PE
KE
Gravity
F G
m1 m 2
r2
m1 F
m2

1798 by Cavendish.]
4/16/2015
G-21
m1 m 2
(6.67 1011 )(70)2
F G
3.3 107 N
2
2
r
1
Computation of g
mass m
sphere,
mass M
Fgrav
r
mass m
point mass M
Fgrav = m a = m g
mass m,
ME m
mg
dropped near G
R E2
surface
Earth
RE

mass ME
g
m's cancel !
G ME
R E2
4/16/2015
G-22
GMm
Fgrav
ma
R2
gx
G MX
RX2
G ME
R 2
G ME
1
4g
2
R E2
1/ 2 123
g of earth

G M X
2
R X2
gx
M X R E
1 2
G
M
gE
M E R X
2
RE
4 ,
gX
4 gE
_________________ * __________________
r = RE + h
h
earth
G ME
r2
G ME
(R E h)2
ME m
(R E h)2
4/16/2015
G-23
astronaut
Fgrav

toward earth.
N
Fgrav
Earth
Orbits
would go straight,
if no gravity
Planet

Kepler's 3 Laws.
orbits!
KI :
Planet

S
Sun

same areas
slower
faster
4/16/2015
G-24
TA 2
TB 2
T2
constant
rA 3
rB3
r3
by
MS m P
Fgrav
G
rSP 2
(Sun planet )
ME m
Fgrav
G
rEm 2
( Earth-mass m )
.
T2 / r3 = const.
period T
M

a = v2 / r
r
m
Mm
r 2
2 r
v2
M
m
G
v2
r
r
T
M
4 2 r 2
G
r
T2
4/16/2015
T2
4 2
r3
GM
G-25
GM
v
r
4/16/2015
G-26
Fgrav G
m1 m 2
r2
G=
Fgrav r 2
m1m 2

g
G ME
R E2

, one could
the earth".

Fgrav G
Mm
r2
constant
PE grav
U(r)
GMm
[ U(r = ) 0 ]
4/16/2015
G-27
x2
PE F WF
F(x) dx
x1
v v
F dr
WF

M
x2
F(x) dx
(1D )
x1
Fgrav m
x1
dx
F(x)
GMm
x2
have
Wgrav
GMm
GMm
GMm
F(x) dx
dx
2
x
x x1
x1
x1
x1

14 2 43
U(r)
. Calling the
GMm
r
4/16/2015
GMm
x1
G-28
well.
U(r)
r=0
U(r)
U(r)
r = Rearth
U(h)
U = mgh
h = r Rearth

4/16/2015
G-29
KE i PE i KE f PE f
v esc
1
2
2
m
v esc
GMm
00
2G M
R
v esc
2 v orbit
Notice that
> 0.
KE i PE i KE f PE f
vf
vi2
()
4/16/2015
1
2
2
m
vi
GMm
1
2
2
m
vf 0
2GM
R
KE PE E tot
{
{
{
()
constant
( ) or ( )
G-30
U(r)
Etot = KE+PE
PE
KE
Gravity
F G
m1 m 2
r2
m1 F
m2

1798 by Cavendish.]
4/16/2015
G-31
m1 m 2
(6.67 1011 )(70)2
F G
3.3 107 N
2
2
r
1
Computation of g
mass m
sphere,
mass M
Fgrav
r
mass m
point mass M
Fgrav = m a = m g
mass m,
ME m
mg
dropped near G
R E2
surface
Earth
RE

mass ME
g
m's cancel !
G ME
R E2
4/16/2015
G-32
GMm
Fgrav
ma
R2
gx
G MX
RX2
G ME
R 2
G ME
1
4g
2
R E2
1/ 2 123
g of earth

G M X
2
R X2
gx
M X R E
1 2
G
M
gE
M E R X
2
RE
4 ,
gX
4 gE
_________________ * __________________
r = RE + h
h
earth
G ME
r2
G ME
(R E h)2
ME m
(R E h)2
4/16/2015
G-33
astronaut
Fgrav

toward earth.
N
Fgrav
Earth
Orbits
would go straight,
if no gravity
Planet

Kepler's 3 Laws.
orbits!
KI :
Planet

S
Sun

same areas
slower
faster
4/16/2015
G-34
TA 2
TB 2
T2
constant
rA 3
rB3
r3
by
MS m P
Fgrav
G
rSP 2
(Sun planet )
ME m
Fgrav
G
rEm 2
( Earth-mass m )
.
T2 / r3 = const.
period T
M

a = v2 / r
r
m
Mm
r 2
2 r
v2
M
m
G
v2
r
r
T
M
4 2 r 2
G
r
T2
4/16/2015
T2
4 2
r3
GM
G-35
GM
v
r
4/16/2015
G-36
Fgrav G
m1 m 2
r2
G=
Fgrav r 2
m1m 2

g
G ME
R E2

, one could
the earth".

Fgrav G
Mm
r2
constant
PE grav
U(r)
GMm
[ U(r = ) 0 ]
4/16/2015
G-37
x2
PE F WF
F(x) dx
x1
v v
F dr
WF

M
x2
F(x) dx
(1D )
x1
Fgrav m
x1
dx
F(x)
GMm
x2
have
Wgrav
GMm
GMm
GMm
F(x) dx
dx
2
x
x x1
x1
x1
x1

14 2 43
U(r)
. Calling the
GMm
r
4/16/2015
GMm
x1
G-38
well.
U(r)
r=0
U(r)
U(r)
r = Rearth
U(h)
U = mgh
h = r Rearth

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G-39
KE i PE i KE f PE f
v esc
1
2
2
m
v esc
GMm
00
2G M
R
v esc
2 v orbit
Notice that
> 0.
KE i PE i KE f PE f
vf
vi2
()
4/16/2015
1
2
2
m
vi
GMm
1
2
2
m
vf 0
2GM
R
KE PE E tot
{
{
{
()
constant
( ) or ( )
G-40
U(r)
Etot = KE+PE
PE
KE
Gravity
F G
m1 m 2
r2
m1 F
m2

1798 by Cavendish.]
4/16/2015
G-41
m1 m 2
(6.67 1011 )(70)2
F G
3.3 107 N
2
2
r
1
Computation of g
mass m
sphere,
mass M
Fgrav
r
mass m
point mass M
Fgrav = m a = m g
mass m,
ME m
mg
dropped near G
R E2
surface
Earth
RE

mass ME
g
m's cancel !
G ME
R E2
4/16/2015
G-42
GMm
Fgrav
ma
R2
gx
G MX
RX2
G ME
R 2
G ME
1
4g
2
R E2
1/ 2 123
g of earth

G M X
2
R X2
gx
M X R E
1 2
G
M
gE
M E R X
2
RE
4 ,
gX
4 gE
_________________ * __________________
r = RE + h
h
earth
G ME
r2
G ME
(R E h)2
ME m
(R E h)2
4/16/2015
G-43
astronaut
Fgrav

toward earth.
N
Fgrav
Earth
Orbits
would go straight,
if no gravity
Planet

Kepler's 3 Laws.
orbits!
KI :
Planet

S
Sun

same areas
slower
faster
4/16/2015
G-44
TA 2
TB 2
T2
constant
rA 3
rB3
r3
by
MS m P
Fgrav
G
rSP 2
(Sun planet )
ME m
Fgrav
G
rEm 2
( Earth-mass m )
.
T2 / r3 = const.
period T
M

a = v2 / r
r
m
Mm
r 2
2 r
v2
M
m
G
v2
r
r
T
M
4 2 r 2
G
r
T2
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T2
4 2
r3
GM
G-45
GM
v
r
4/16/2015
G-46
Fgrav G
m1 m 2
r2
G=
Fgrav r 2
m1m 2

g
G ME
R E2

, one could
the earth".

Fgrav G
Mm
r2
constant
PE grav
U(r)
GMm
[ U(r = ) 0 ]
4/16/2015
G-47
x2
PE F WF
F(x) dx
x1
v v
F dr
WF

M
x2
F(x) dx
(1D )
x1
Fgrav m
x1
dx
F(x)
GMm
x2
have
Wgrav
GMm
GMm
GMm
F(x) dx
dx
2
x
x x1
x1
x1
x1

14 2 43
U(r)
. Calling the
GMm
r
4/16/2015
GMm
x1
G-48
well.
U(r)
r=0
U(r)
U(r)
r = Rearth
U(h)
U = mgh
h = r Rearth

4/16/2015
G-49
KE i PE i KE f PE f
v esc
1
2
2
m
v esc
GMm
00
2G M
R
v esc
2 v orbit
Notice that
> 0.
KE i PE i KE f PE f
vf
vi2
()
4/16/2015
1
2
2
m
vi
GMm
1
2
2
m
vf 0
2GM
R
KE PE E tot
{
{
{
()
constant
( ) or ( )
G-50
U(r)
Etot = KE+PE
PE
KE
Gravity
F G
m1 m 2
r2
m1 F
m2

1798 by Cavendish.]
4/16/2015
G-51
m1 m 2
(6.67 1011 )(70)2
F G
3.3 107 N
2
2
r
1
Computation of g
mass m
sphere,
mass M
Fgrav
r
mass m
point mass M
Fgrav = m a = m g
mass m,
ME m
mg
dropped near G
R E2
surface
Earth
RE

mass ME
g
m's cancel !
G ME
R E2
4/16/2015
G-52
GMm
Fgrav
ma
R2
gx
G MX
RX2
G ME
R 2
G ME
1
4g
2
R E2
1/ 2 123
g of earth

G M X
2
R X2
gx
M X R E
1 2
G
M
gE
M E R X
2
RE
4 ,
gX
4 gE
_________________ * __________________
r = RE + h
h
earth
G ME
r2
G ME
(R E h)2
ME m
(R E h)2
4/16/2015
G-53
astronaut
Fgrav

toward earth.
N
Fgrav
Earth
Orbits
would go straight,
if no gravity
Planet

Kepler's 3 Laws.
orbits!
KI :
Planet

S
Sun

same areas
slower
faster
4/16/2015
G-54
TA 2
TB 2
T2
constant
rA 3
rB3
r3
by
MS m P
Fgrav
G
rSP 2
(Sun planet )
ME m
Fgrav
G
rEm 2
( Earth-mass m )
.
T2 / r3 = const.
period T
M

a = v2 / r
r
m
Mm
r 2
2 r
v2
M
m
G
v2
r
r
T
M
4 2 r 2
G
r
T2
4/16/2015
T2
4 2
r3
GM
G-55
GM
v
r
4/16/2015
G-56
Fgrav G
m1 m 2
r2
G=
Fgrav r 2
m1m 2

g
G ME
R E2

, one could
the earth".

Fgrav G
Mm
r2
constant
PE grav
U(r)
GMm
[ U(r = ) 0 ]
4/16/2015
G-57
x2
PE F WF
F(x) dx
x1
v v
F dr
WF

M
x2
F(x) dx
(1D )
x1
Fgrav m
x1
dx
F(x)
GMm
x2
have
Wgrav
GMm
GMm
GMm
F(x) dx
dx
2
x
x x1
x1
x1
x1

14 2 43
U(r)
. Calling the
GMm
r
4/16/2015
GMm
x1
G-58
well.
U(r)
r=0
U(r)
U(r)
r = Rearth
U(h)
U = mgh
h = r Rearth

4/16/2015
G-59
KE i PE i KE f PE f
v esc
1
2
2
m
v esc
GMm
00
2G M
R
v esc
2 v orbit
Notice that
> 0.
KE i PE i KE f PE f
vf
vi2
()
4/16/2015
1
2
2
m
vi
GMm
1
2
2
m
vf 0
2GM
R
KE PE E tot
{
{
{
()
constant
( ) or ( )
G-60
U(r)
Etot = KE+PE
PE
KE
Gravity
F G
m1 m 2
r2
m1 F
m2

1798 by Cavendish.]
4/16/2015
G-61
m1 m 2
(6.67 1011 )(70)2
F G
3.3 107 N
2
2
r
1
Computation of g
mass m
sphere,
mass M
Fgrav
r
mass m
point mass M
Fgrav = m a = m g
mass m,
ME m
mg
dropped near G
R E2
surface
Earth
RE

mass ME
g
m's cancel !
G ME
R E2
4/16/2015
G-62
GMm
Fgrav
ma
R2
gx
G MX
RX2
G ME
R 2
G ME
1
4g
2
R E2
1/ 2 123
g of earth

G M X
2
R X2
gx
M X R E
1 2
G
M
gE
M E R X
2
RE
4 ,
gX
4 gE
_________________ * __________________
r = RE + h
h
earth
G ME
r2
G ME
(R E h)2
ME m
(R E h)2
4/16/2015
G-63
astronaut
Fgrav

toward earth.
N
Fgrav
Earth
Orbits
would go straight,
if no gravity
Planet

Kepler's 3 Laws.
orbits!
KI :
Planet

S
Sun

same areas
slower
faster
4/16/2015
G-64
TA 2
TB 2
T2
constant
rA 3
rB3
r3
by
MS m P
Fgrav
G
rSP 2
(Sun planet )
ME m
Fgrav
G
rEm 2
( Earth-mass m )
.
T2 / r3 = const.
period T
M

a = v2 / r
r
m
Mm
r 2
2 r
v2
M
m
G
v2
r
r
T
M
4 2 r 2
G
r
T2
4/16/2015
T2
4 2
r3
GM
G-65
GM
v
r
4/16/2015
G-66
Fgrav G
m1 m 2
r2
G=
Fgrav r 2
m1m 2

g
G ME
R E2

, one could
the earth".

Fgrav G
Mm
r2
constant
PE grav
U(r)
GMm
[ U(r = ) 0 ]
4/16/2015
G-67
x2
PE F WF
F(x) dx
x1
v v
F dr
WF

M
x2
F(x) dx
(1D )
x1
Fgrav m
x1
dx
F(x)
GMm
x2
have
Wgrav
GMm
GMm
GMm
F(x) dx
dx
2
x
x x1
x1
x1
x1

14 2 43
U(r)
. Calling the
GMm
r
4/16/2015
GMm
x1
G-68
well.
U(r)
r=0
U(r)
U(r)
r = Rearth
U(h)
U = mgh
h = r Rearth

4/16/2015
G-69
KE i PE i KE f PE f
v esc
1
2
2
m
v esc
GMm
00
2G M
R
v esc
2 v orbit
Notice that
> 0.
KE i PE i KE f PE f
vf
vi2
()
4/16/2015
1
2
2
m
vi
GMm
1
2
2
m
vf 0
2GM
R
KE PE E tot
{
{
{
()
constant
( ) or ( )
G-70
U(r)
Etot = KE+PE
PE
KE
Gravity
F G
m1 m 2
r2
m1 F
m2

1798 by Cavendish.]
4/16/2015
G-71
m1 m 2
(6.67 1011 )(70)2
F G
3.3 107 N
2
2
r
1
Computation of g
mass m
sphere,
mass M
Fgrav
r
mass m
point mass M
Fgrav = m a = m g
mass m,
ME m
mg
dropped near G
R E2
surface
Earth
RE

mass ME
g
m's cancel !
G ME
R E2
4/16/2015
G-72
GMm
Fgrav
ma
R2
gx
G MX
RX2
G ME
R 2
G ME
1
4g
2
R E2
1/ 2 123
g of earth

G M X
2
R X2
gx
M X R E
1 2
G
M
gE
M E R X
2
RE
4 ,
gX
4 gE
_________________ * __________________
r = RE + h
h
earth
G ME
r2
G ME
(R E h)2
ME m
(R E h)2
4/16/2015
G-73
astronaut
Fgrav

toward earth.
N
Fgrav
Earth
Orbits
would go straight,
if no gravity
Planet

Kepler's 3 Laws.
orbits!
KI :
Planet

S
Sun

same areas
slower
faster
4/16/2015
G-74
TA 2
TB 2
T2
constant
rA 3
rB3
r3
by
MS m P
Fgrav
G
rSP 2
(Sun planet )
ME m
Fgrav
G
rEm 2
( Earth-mass m )
.
T2 / r3 = const.
period T
M

a = v2 / r
r
m
Mm
r 2
2 r
v2
M
m
G
v2
r
r
T
M
4 2 r 2
G
r
T2
4/16/2015
T2
4 2
r3
GM
G-75
GM
v
r
4/16/2015
G-76
Fgrav G
m1 m 2
r2
G=
Fgrav r 2
m1m 2

g
G ME
R E2

, one could
the earth".

Fgrav G
Mm
r2
constant
PE grav
U(r)
GMm
[ U(r = ) 0 ]
4/16/2015
G-77
x2
PE F WF
F(x) dx
x1
v v
F dr
WF

M
x2
F(x) dx
(1D )
x1
Fgrav m
x1
dx
F(x)
GMm
x2
have
Wgrav
GMm
GMm
GMm
F(x) dx
dx
2
x
x x1
x1
x1
x1

14 2 43
U(r)
. Calling the
GMm
r
4/16/2015
GMm
x1
G-78
well.
U(r)
r=0
U(r)
U(r)
r = Rearth
U(h)
U = mgh
h = r Rearth

4/16/2015
G-79
KE i PE i KE f PE f
v esc
1
2
2
m
v esc
GMm
00
2G M
R
v esc
2 v orbit
Notice that
> 0.
KE i PE i KE f PE f
vf
vi2
()
4/16/2015
1
2
2
m
vi
GMm
1
2
2
m
vf 0
2GM
R
KE PE E tot
{
{
{
()
constant
( ) or ( )
G-80
U(r)
Etot = KE+PE
PE
KE
Gravity
F G
m1 m 2
r2
m1 F
m2

1798 by Cavendish.]
4/16/2015
G-81
m1 m 2
(6.67 1011 )(70)2
F G
3.3 107 N
2
2
r
1
Computation of g
mass m
sphere,
mass M
Fgrav
r
mass m
point mass M
Fgrav = m a = m g
mass m,
ME m
mg
dropped near G
R E2
surface
Earth
RE

mass ME
g
m's cancel !
G ME
R E2
4/16/2015
G-82
GMm
Fgrav
ma
R2
gx
G MX
RX2
G ME
R 2
G ME
1
4g
2
R E2
1/ 2 123
g of earth

G M X
2
R X2
gx
M X R E
1 2
G
M
gE
M E R X
2
RE
4 ,
gX
4 gE
_________________ * __________________
r = RE + h
h
earth
G ME
r2
G ME
(R E h)2
ME m
(R E h)2
4/16/2015
G-83
astronaut
Fgrav

toward earth.
N
Fgrav
Earth
Orbits
would go straight,
if no gravity
Planet

Kepler's 3 Laws.
orbits!
KI :
Planet

S
Sun

same areas
slower
faster
4/16/2015
G-84
TA 2
TB 2
T2
constant
rA 3
rB3
r3
by
MS m P
Fgrav
G
rSP 2
(Sun planet )
ME m
Fgrav
G
rEm 2
( Earth-mass m )
.
T2 / r3 = const.
period T
M

a = v2 / r
r
m
Mm
r 2
2 r
v2
M
m
G
v2
r
r
T
M
4 2 r 2
G
r
T2
4/16/2015
T2
4 2
r3
GM
G-85
GM
v
r
4/16/2015
G-86
Fgrav G
m1 m 2
r2
G=
Fgrav r 2
m1m 2

g
G ME
R E2

, one could
the earth".

Fgrav G
Mm
r2
constant
PE grav
U(r)
GMm
[ U(r = ) 0 ]
4/16/2015
G-87
x2
PE F WF
F(x) dx
x1
v v
F dr
WF

M
x2
F(x) dx
(1D )
x1
Fgrav m
x1
dx
F(x)
GMm
x2
have
Wgrav
GMm
GMm
GMm
F(x) dx
dx
2
x
x x1
x1
x1
x1

14 2 43
U(r)
. Calling the
GMm
r
4/16/2015
GMm
x1
G-88
well.
U(r)
r=0
U(r)
U(r)
r = Rearth
U(h)
U = mgh
h = r Rearth

4/16/2015
G-89
KE i PE i KE f PE f
v esc
1
2
2
m
v esc
GMm
00
2G M
R
v esc
2 v orbit
Notice that
> 0.
KE i PE i KE f PE f
vf
vi2
()
4/16/2015
1
2
2
m
vi
GMm
1
2
2
m
vf 0
2GM
R
KE PE E tot
{
{
{
()
constant
( ) or ( )
G-90
U(r)
Etot = KE+PE
PE
KE
Gravity
F G
m1 m 2
r2
m1 F
m2

1798 by Cavendish.]
4/16/2015
G-91
m1 m 2
(6.67 1011 )(70)2
F G
3.3 107 N
2
2
r
1
Computation of g
mass m
sphere,
mass M
Fgrav
r
mass m
point mass M
Fgrav = m a = m g
mass m,
ME m
mg
dropped near G
R E2
surface
Earth
RE

mass ME
g
m's cancel !
G ME
R E2
4/16/2015
G-92
GMm
Fgrav
ma
R2
gx
G MX
RX2
G ME
R 2
G ME
1
4g
2
R E2
1/ 2 123
g of earth

G M X
2
R X2
gx
M X R E
1 2
G
M
gE
M E R X
2
RE
4 ,
gX
4 gE
_________________ * __________________
r = RE + h
h
earth
G ME
r2
G ME
(R E h)2
ME m
(R E h)2
4/16/2015
G-93
astronaut
Fgrav

toward earth.
N
Fgrav
Earth
Orbits
would go straight,
if no gravity
Planet

Kepler's 3 Laws.
orbits!
KI :
Planet

S
Sun

same areas
slower
faster
4/16/2015
G-94
TA 2
TB 2
T2
constant
rA 3
rB3
r3
by
MS m P
Fgrav
G
rSP 2
(Sun planet )
ME m
Fgrav
G
rEm 2
( Earth-mass m )
.
T2 / r3 = const.
period T
M

a = v2 / r
r
m
Mm
r 2
2 r
v2
M
m
G
v2
r
r
T
M
4 2 r 2
G
r
T2
4/16/2015
T2
4 2
r3
GM
G-95
GM
v
r
4/16/2015
G-96
Fgrav G
m1 m 2
r2
G=
Fgrav r 2
m1m 2

g
G ME
R E2

, one could
the earth".

Fgrav G
Mm
r2
constant
PE grav
U(r)
GMm
[ U(r = ) 0 ]
4/16/2015
G-97
x2
PE F WF
F(x) dx
x1
v v
F dr
WF

M
x2
F(x) dx
(1D )
x1
Fgrav m
x1
dx
F(x)
GMm
x2
have
Wgrav
GMm
GMm
GMm
F(x) dx
dx
2
x
x x1
x1
x1
x1

14 2 43
U(r)
. Calling the
GMm
r
4/16/2015
GMm
x1
G-98
well.
U(r)
r=0
U(r)
U(r)
r = Rearth
U(h)
U = mgh
h = r Rearth

4/16/2015
G-99
KE i PE i KE f PE f
v esc
1
2
2
m
v esc
GMm
00
2G M
R
v esc
2 v orbit
Notice that
> 0.
KE i PE i KE f PE f
vf
vi2
()
4/16/2015
1
2
2
m
vi
GMm
1
2
2
m
vf 0
2GM
R
KE PE E tot
{
{
{
()
constant
( ) or ( )
G-100
U(r)
Etot = KE+PE
PE
KE
Gravity
F G
m1 m 2
r2
m1 F
m2

1798 by Cavendish.]
4/16/2015
G-101
m1 m 2
(6.67 1011 )(70)2
F G
3.3 107 N
2
2
r
1
Computation of g
mass m
sphere,
mass M
Fgrav
r
mass m
point mass M
Fgrav = m a = m g
mass m,
ME m
mg
dropped near G
R E2
surface
Earth
RE

mass ME
g
m's cancel !
G ME
R E2
4/16/2015
G-102
GMm
Fgrav
ma
R2
gx
G MX
RX2
G ME
R 2
G ME
1
4g
2
R E2
1/ 2 123
g of earth

G M X
2
R X2
gx
M X R E
1 2
G
M
gE
M E R X
2
RE
4 ,
gX
4 gE
_________________ * __________________
r = RE + h
h
earth
G ME
r2
G ME
(R E h)2
ME m
(R E h)2
4/16/2015
G-103
astronaut
Fgrav

toward earth.
N
Fgrav
Earth
Orbits
would go straight,
if no gravity
Planet

Kepler's 3 Laws.
orbits!
KI :
Planet

S
Sun

same areas
slower
faster
4/16/2015
G-104
TA 2
TB 2
T2
constant
rA 3
rB3
r3
by
MS m P
Fgrav
G
rSP 2
(Sun planet )
ME m
Fgrav
G
rEm 2
( Earth-mass m )
.
T2 / r3 = const.
period T
M

a = v2 / r
r
m
Mm
r 2
2 r
v2
M
m
G
v2
r
r
T
M
4 2 r 2
G
r
T2
4/16/2015
T2
4 2
r3
GM
G-105
GM
v
r
4/16/2015
G-106
Fgrav G
m1 m 2
r2
G=
Fgrav r 2
m1m 2

g
G ME
R E2

, one could
the earth".

Fgrav G
Mm
r2
constant
PE grav
U(r)
GMm
[ U(r = ) 0 ]
4/16/2015
G-107
x2
PE F WF
F(x) dx
x1
v v
F dr
WF

M
x2
F(x) dx
(1D )
x1
Fgrav m
x1
dx
F(x)
GMm
x2
have
Wgrav
GMm
GMm
GMm
F(x) dx
dx
2
x
x x1
x1
x1
x1

14 2 43
U(r)
. Calling the
GMm
r
4/16/2015
GMm
x1
G-108
well.
U(r)
r=0
U(r)
U(r)
r = Rearth
U(h)
U = mgh
h = r Rearth

4/16/2015
G-109
KE i PE i KE f PE f
v esc
1
2
2
m
v esc
GMm
00
2G M
R
v esc
2 v orbit
Notice that
> 0.
KE i PE i KE f PE f
vf
vi2
()
4/16/2015
1
2
2
m
vi
GMm
1
2
2
m
vf 0
2GM
R
KE PE E tot
{
{
{
()
constant
( ) or ( )
G-110
U(r)
Etot = KE+PE
PE
KE
Gravity
F G
m1 m 2
r2
m1 F
m2

1798 by Cavendish.]
4/16/2015
G-111
m1 m 2
(6.67 1011 )(70)2
F G
3.3 107 N
2
2
r
1
Computation of g
mass m
sphere,
mass M
Fgrav
r
mass m
point mass M
Fgrav = m a = m g
mass m,
ME m
mg
dropped near G
R E2
surface
Earth
RE

mass ME
g
m's cancel !
G ME
R E2
4/16/2015
G-112
GMm
Fgrav
ma
R2
gx
G MX
RX2
G ME
R 2
G ME
1
4g
2
R E2
1/ 2 123
g of earth

G M X
2
R X2
gx
M X R E
1 2
G
M
gE
M E R X
2
RE
4 ,
gX
4 gE
_________________ * __________________
r = RE + h
h
earth
G ME
r2
G ME
(R E h)2
ME m
(R E h)2
4/16/2015
G-113
astronaut
Fgrav

toward earth.
N
Fgrav
Earth
Orbits
would go straight,
if no gravity
Planet

Kepler's 3 Laws.
orbits!
KI :
Planet

S
Sun

same areas
slower
faster
4/16/2015
G-114
TA 2
TB 2
T2
constant
rA 3
rB3
r3
by
MS m P
Fgrav
G
rSP 2
(Sun planet )
ME m
Fgrav
G
rEm 2
( Earth-mass m )
.
T2 / r3 = const.
period T
M

a = v2 / r
r
m
Mm
r 2
2 r
v2
M
m
G
v2
r
r
T
M
4 2 r 2
G
r
T2
4/16/2015
T2
4 2
r3
GM
G-115
GM
v
r
4/16/2015
G-116
Fgrav G
m1 m 2
r2
G=
Fgrav r 2
m1m 2

g
G ME
R E2

, one could
the earth".

Fgrav G
Mm
r2
constant
PE grav
U(r)
GMm
[ U(r = ) 0 ]
4/16/2015
G-117
x2
PE F WF
F(x) dx
x1
v v
F dr
WF

M
x2
F(x) dx
(1D )
x1
Fgrav m
x1
dx
F(x)
GMm
x2
have
Wgrav
GMm
GMm
GMm
F(x) dx
dx
2
x
x x1
x1
x1
x1

14 2 43
U(r)
. Calling the
GMm
r
4/16/2015
GMm
x1
G-118
well.
U(r)
r=0
U(r)
U(r)
r = Rearth
U(h)
U = mgh
h = r Rearth

4/16/2015
G-119
KE i PE i KE f PE f
v esc
1
2
2
m
v esc
GMm
00
2G M
R
v esc
2 v orbit
Notice that
> 0.
KE i PE i KE f PE f
vf
vi2
()
4/16/2015
1
2
2
m
vi
GMm
1
2
2
m
vf 0
2GM
R
KE PE E tot
{
{
{
()
constant
( ) or ( )
G-120
U(r)
Etot = KE+PE
PE
KE
Gravity
F G
m1 m 2
r2
m1 F
m2

1798 by Cavendish.]
4/16/2015
G-121
m1 m 2
(6.67 1011 )(70)2
F G
3.3 107 N
2
2
r
1
Computation of g
mass m
sphere,
mass M
Fgrav
r
mass m
point mass M
Fgrav = m a = m g
mass m,
ME m
mg
dropped near G
R E2
surface
Earth
RE

mass ME
g
m's cancel !
G ME
R E2
4/16/2015
G-122
GMm
Fgrav
ma
R2
gx
G MX
RX2
G ME
R 2
G ME
1
4g
2
R E2
1/ 2 123
g of earth

G M X
2
R X2
gx
M X R E
1 2
G
M
gE
M E R X
2
RE
4 ,
gX
4 gE
_________________ * __________________
r = RE + h
h
earth
G ME
r2
G ME
(R E h)2
ME m
(R E h)2
4/16/2015
G-123
astronaut
Fgrav

toward earth.
N
Fgrav
Earth
Orbits
would go straight,
if no gravity
Planet

Kepler's 3 Laws.
orbits!
KI :
Planet

S
Sun

same areas
slower
faster
4/16/2015
G-124
TA 2
TB 2
T2
constant
rA 3
rB3
r3
by
MS m P
Fgrav
G
rSP 2
(Sun planet )
ME m
Fgrav
G
rEm 2
( Earth-mass m )
.
T2 / r3 = const.
period T
M

a = v2 / r
r
m
Mm
r 2
2 r
v2
M
m
G
v2
r
r
T
M
4 2 r 2
G
r
T2
4/16/2015
T2
4 2
r3
GM
G-125
GM
v
r
4/16/2015
G-126
Fgrav G
m1 m 2
r2
G=
Fgrav r 2
m1m 2

g
G ME
R E2

, one could
the earth".

Fgrav G
Mm
r2
constant
PE grav
U(r)
GMm
[ U(r = ) 0 ]
4/16/2015
G-127
x2
PE F WF
F(x) dx
x1
v v
F dr
WF

M
x2
F(x) dx
(1D )
x1
Fgrav m
x1
dx
F(x)
GMm
x2
have
Wgrav
GMm
GMm
GMm
F(x) dx
dx
2
x
x x1
x1
x1
x1

14 2 43
U(r)
. Calling the
GMm
r
4/16/2015
GMm
x1
G-128
well.
U(r)
r=0
U(r)
U(r)
r = Rearth
U(h)
U = mgh
h = r Rearth

4/16/2015
G-129
KE i PE i KE f PE f
v esc
1
2
2
m
v esc
GMm
00
2G M
R
v esc
2 v orbit
Notice that
> 0.
KE i PE i KE f PE f
vf
vi2
()
4/16/2015
1
2
2
m
vi
GMm
1
2
2
m
vf 0
2GM
R
KE PE E tot
{
{
{
()
constant
( ) or ( )
G-130
U(r)
Etot = KE+PE
PE
KE
Gravity
F G
m1 m 2
r2
m1 F
m2

1798 by Cavendish.]
4/16/2015
G-131
m1 m 2
(6.67 1011 )(70)2
F G
3.3 107 N
2
2
r
1
Computation of g
mass m
sphere,
mass M
Fgrav
r
mass m
point mass M
Fgrav = m a = m g
mass m,
ME m
mg
dropped near G
R E2
surface
Earth
RE

mass ME
g
m's cancel !
G ME
R E2
4/16/2015
G-132
GMm
Fgrav
ma
R2
gx
G MX
RX2
G ME
R 2
G ME
1
4g
2
R E2
1/ 2 123
g of earth

G M X
2
R X2
gx
M X R E
1 2
G
M
gE
M E R X
2
RE
4 ,
gX
4 gE
_________________ * __________________
r = RE + h
h
earth
G ME
r2
G ME
(R E h)2
ME m
(R E h)2
4/16/2015
G-133
astronaut
Fgrav

toward earth.
N
Fgrav
Earth
Orbits
would go straight,
if no gravity
Planet

Kepler's 3 Laws.
orbits!
KI :
Planet

S
Sun

same areas
slower
faster
4/16/2015
G-134
TA 2
TB 2
T2
constant
rA 3
rB3
r3
by
MS m P
Fgrav
G
rSP 2
(Sun planet )
ME m
Fgrav
G
rEm 2
( Earth-mass m )
.
T2 / r3 = const.
period T
M

a = v2 / r
r
m
Mm
r 2
2 r
v2
M
m
G
v2
r
r
T
M
4 2 r 2
G
r
T2
4/16/2015
T2
4 2
r3
GM
G-135
GM
v
r
4/16/2015
G-136
Fgrav G
m1 m 2
r2
G=
Fgrav r 2
m1m 2

g
G ME
R E2

, one could
the earth".

Fgrav G
Mm
r2
constant
PE grav
U(r)
GMm
[ U(r = ) 0 ]
4/16/2015
G-137
x2
PE F WF
F(x) dx
x1
v v
F dr
WF

M
x2
F(x) dx
(1D )
x1
Fgrav m
x1
dx
F(x)
GMm
x2
have
Wgrav
GMm
GMm
GMm
F(x) dx
dx
2
x
x x1
x1
x1
x1

14 2 43
U(r)
. Calling the
GMm
r
4/16/2015
GMm
x1
G-138
well.
U(r)
r=0
U(r)
U(r)
r = Rearth
U(h)
U = mgh
h = r Rearth

4/16/2015
G-139
KE i PE i KE f PE f
v esc
1
2
2
m
v esc
GMm
00
2G M
R
v esc
2 v orbit
Notice that
> 0.
KE i PE i KE f PE f
vf
vi2
()
4/16/2015
1
2
2
m
vi
GMm
1
2
2
m
vf 0
2GM
R
KE PE E tot
{
{
{
()
constant
( ) or ( )
G-140
U(r)
Etot = KE+PE
PE
KE
Gravity
F G
m1 m 2
r2
m1 F
m2

1798 by Cavendish.]
4/16/2015
G-141
m1 m 2
(6.67 1011 )(70)2
F G
3.3 107 N
2
2
r
1
Computation of g
mass m
sphere,
mass M
Fgrav
r
mass m
point mass M
Fgrav = m a = m g
mass m,
ME m
mg
dropped near G
R E2
surface
Earth
RE

mass ME
g
m's cancel !
G ME
R E2
4/16/2015
G-142
GMm
Fgrav
ma
R2
gx
G MX
RX2
G ME
R 2
G ME
1
4g
2
R E2
1/ 2 123
g of earth

G M X
2
R X2
gx
M X R E
1 2
G
M
gE
M E R X
2
RE
4 ,
gX
4 gE
_________________ * __________________
r = RE + h
h
earth
G ME
r2
G ME
(R E h)2
ME m
(R E h)2
4/16/2015
G-143
astronaut
Fgrav

toward earth.
N
Fgrav
Earth
Orbits
would go straight,
if no gravity
Planet

Kepler's 3 Laws.
orbits!
KI :
Planet

S
Sun

same areas
slower
faster
4/16/2015
G-144
TA 2
TB 2
T2
constant
rA 3
rB3
r3
by
MS m P
Fgrav
G
rSP 2
(Sun planet )
ME m
Fgrav
G
rEm 2
( Earth-mass m )
.
T2 / r3 = const.
period T
M

a = v2 / r
r
m
Mm
r 2
2 r
v2
M
m
G
v2
r
r
T
M
4 2 r 2
G
r
T2
4/16/2015
T2
4 2
r3
GM
G-145
GM
v
r
4/16/2015
G-146
Fgrav G
m1 m 2
r2
G=
Fgrav r 2
m1m 2

g
G ME
R E2

, one could
the earth".

Fgrav G
Mm
r2
constant
PE grav
U(r)
GMm
[ U(r = ) 0 ]
4/16/2015
G-147
x2
PE F WF
F(x) dx
x1
v v
F dr
WF

M
x2
F(x) dx
(1D )
x1
Fgrav m
x1
dx
F(x)
GMm
x2
have
Wgrav
GMm
GMm
GMm
F(x) dx
dx
2
x
x x1
x1
x1
x1

14 2 43
U(r)
. Calling the
GMm
r
4/16/2015
GMm
x1
G-148
well.
U(r)
r=0
U(r)
U(r)
r = Rearth
U(h)
U = mgh
h = r Rearth

4/16/2015
G-149
KE i PE i KE f PE f
v esc
1
2
2
m
v esc
GMm
00
2G M
R
v esc
2 v orbit
Notice that
> 0.
KE i PE i KE f PE f
vf
vi2
()
4/16/2015
1
2
2
m
vi
GMm
1
2
2
m
vf 0
2GM
R
KE PE E tot
{
{
{
()
constant
( ) or ( )
G-150
U(r)
Etot = KE+PE
PE
4/16/2015
KE

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G-1

This applies to all masses, not just big ones.

University of Colorado at Boulder

Fgrav (same as with sphere)

(since r = RE is distance from m to center of Earth)

Don't need values of G, ME, and RE!

Method II, set up a ratio:

University of Colorado at Boulder

about 10% less than on earth's surface

An astronaut falls toward the

University of Colorado at Boulder

The orbit of a satellite around the earth,

A planet's orbit is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus.

same time intervals,

University of Colorado at Boulder

The only force acting is gravity, and for circular motion

[recall the v = dist / time = 2r / T ]

University of Colorado at Boulder

( If Fgrav, r, and m's known, can compute G.)

Before Cavendish's experiment, g and RE were known, so using

Gravitational Potential Energy

University of Colorado at Boulder

Recall the definition of PE:

. Here, we have used the definition

of work for the case of 1D motion:

. Here, the work done by gravity is negative, since force and

displacement are in opposite directions:

PE U U(x=) U(x1 ) Wgrav

initial position r (instead of x1), we have

University of Colorado at Boulder

The "Potential Well"

Escape Speed vescape

University of Colorado at Boulder

University of Colorado at Boulder

This applies to all masses, not just big ones.

University of Colorado at Boulder

Fgrav (same as with sphere)

(since r = RE is distance from m to center of Earth)

University of Colorado at Boulder

Method II, set up a ratio:

Don't need values of G, ME, and RE!

about 10% less than on earth's surface

University of Colorado at Boulder

An astronaut falls toward the

The orbit of a satellite around the earth,

A planet's orbit is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus.

same time intervals,

University of Colorado at Boulder

The only force acting is gravity, and for circular motion

[recall the v = dist / time = 2r / T ]

University of Colorado at Boulder

University of Colorado at Boulder

( If Fgrav, r, and m's known, can compute G.)

Before Cavendish's experiment, g and RE were known, so using

Gravitational Potential Energy

University of Colorado at Boulder

Recall the definition of PE:

. Here, we have used the definition

of work for the case of 1D motion:

. Here, the work done by gravity is negative, since force and

displacement are in opposite directions:

PE U U(x=) U(x1 ) Wgrav

initial position r (instead of x1), we have