Professional Documents
Culture Documents
John J. Murphy
Yarway Corporation
Houston, Texas
PRODUCTION
I-Steam heats a liquid indirctly
(e.g. Shell & Tube, Kettle)
2-Steam heats a gas indirectly
(e.g. Air Heater, Dryer~
3-Steam heats a solid or slurry
indirectly.
(e.g. Cylinder dryer,Platen)
4-Steam heats a solid directly
(e.g. - Autoclave)
Steam Pres
sures at trap
inlet
Condensate
Loads
(B)
(C)
Discharge of
air and non
condensible
Igases.
Condensate
arrives at
['rap
Ambient tem
perature con
ditions
Production/or Process
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
2.
Discharge at
or below
saturation
temperature
Steam
Steam
Steam
ly
Steam
heating a liquid,indirectly
heating a gas, indirectly
heating a solid or slurry,indirect
heating a solid, directly
Protection
(a)
(b)
Process lines
Winterization
Instrumentation
626
Proceedings from the Fourth Industrial Energy Technology Conference, Houston, TX, April 4-7, 1982
,;
ESL-IE-82-04-119
TASK
Typical Names
of Equipment
Steam pressures at
trap inlet
Condensate
Loads
Discharge at
or below
saturation
temperature
PROTECTION
1.
2.
Condensate
arrives at trap
Usually by gravity.
Ambient temperature
conditions
Steam line drip - require discharge at small amount of subcooling to prevent damage to
pipe line, turbine or control
valve. Drip leg a major
variable.
Steam Tracing - Process lines
generally require small subcooling. Winterization and
instrumentation lines can
occasionally tolerate more
subcooling.
Discharge of
air and non
condensible
gases
3.
Condensate Drainage
627
Proceedings from the Fourth Industrial Energy Technology Conference, Houston, TX, April 4-7, 1982
ESL-IE-82-04-119
Process Equipment
T j::::::!] [l:=::::::t
Slope
-------.
To Return
....n-------::t -------.
Vacuum Breaker
Trap
Station
TL
Lift Fitting
,L 1FT / SYPHON
4.
TYPE
DRAINAGE
5.
Ambient Conditions
628
Proceedings from the Fourth Industrial Energy Technology Conference, Houston, TX, April 4-7, 1982
ESL-IE-82-04-119
6.
Type of
Application
General
Conditions
7.
Operating Temperature F
Design
CondItions
Ambient
Conditions
Freezing
Trap
Discharge
Characteristics
and
Required
Features
,',
j.
629
Proceedings from the Fourth Industrial Energy Technology Conference, Houston, TX, April 4-7, 1982
1:
ESL-IE-82-04-119
Steam Load
O.D. of
Tracer Tub- lb/hr/lOO Ft
ing - in. of Tubing
1/2
10
120
200
400
20
85
130
260
40
55
80
160
10
300
500
500
20
300
320
500
40
120
200
420
10
500
500
500
20
500
500
500
40
500
500
500
3/4
Warming Load
1-1/8
hfg
(B)
(Temp. Rise)
F/hr
(C)
Condensate Rate
CR = C
(D)
Running Load
CL - (U)(L)(A) (T
(1)
(2)
(3)
- T ) F
a
hfg
NOTE: Legend of sYmbols is provided at the end
of this paper.
630
Proceedings from the Fourth Industrial Energy Technology Conference, Houston, TX, April 4-7, 1982
ESL-IE-82-04-119
EQUIPMENT CATEGORIES
Type of
Heating Equipment
Typical Examples
of Equipment Being
Heated
Steam Pres
sure in Pipe
(psi)
Category 1:
Submerged surfaces e.g., batch
Steam Heats a
still, evaporator,fuel heater,
Liquid,Indirectly shell & tube heater, tank coil,
vat water heater.
10
20
Category 3:
Steam Heats a
Solid or Slurry
Indirectly
50
165
330
240
480
600
1200
1000
2000
100
285
570
420
840
1050
2100
1800
3600
150
410
820
600
1200
1550
3100
2600
5200
200
520
1040
800
1600
2000
4000
3400
6800
300
750
1500
1200
2400
3000
6000
5000
10000
CL =
(Petroleum
gpm)X(T empera t u r e
4
,
Rise F)
(Air cfm)
900
X (Temperature
Rise F)
10
900
1800
1500
3000
3500
7000
6200
12400
20
1200
2400
2200
4400
4800
96000
8500
17000
50
2200
4400
3800
7600
8500
17000
15500
31000
100
4000
8000
7000
14000
15000
30000
27000
54000
150
5500
11000
9500
19000
22000
44000
38000
76000
200
7600
15200
12000
24000
28000
56000
50000
100000
300
11000
22000
18500
37700
42000
84000
3/4"
1"
2"
l~"
70
100
260
420
140
200
520
840
90
140
340
600
l8p
280
680
1200
82000
164000
631
Proceedings from the Fourth Industrial Energy Technology Conference, Houston, TX, April 4-7, 1982
ESL-IE-82-04-119
Steam Pressure(psi)
Constant Variable
2
3
Equipment
Platen
Drainage
Gravity
Rotating
Dryer
Syphon
Warm Up
Normal
Fast
SLF
---3-'-'
Variable
3
4
SLF
3
5
(2)
Selection of Piping Components I
Pressure drops in piping components a~fect
steam and condensate flow. Since condensa~e
can exist at steam temperature (saturation)1 even
minimal pressure drops can initiate flashi~g
and result in two-phase flow. To minimize !this
occurrence, stop valves should be of the g~te or
ball type and of a size equal to the pipe. ! Check
valves installed downstream of the trap to pre
vent backflow into the using equipment must, be
line size and of a low pressure drop design.
Check valve service downstream of a steam trap
can be severe; so the check valve manufactu~er
should be consulted for recommendations.
Piping Practices
632
Proceedings from the Fourth Industrial Energy Technology Conference, Houston, TX, April 4-7, 1982
ESL-IE-82-04-119
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Proceedings from the Fourth Industrial Energy Technology Conference, Houston, TX, April 4-7, 1982
ESL-IE-82-04-119
CHART I
INDICATIONS OF ACCEPTABLE
OPERATION
SIGHT-Flash Condensate
-Intermittent Discharge
Most thermodynamic, in
verted bucket & proper
ly sized bellows thermo
static
-Continuous Discharge
F & T, some thermo
static on light load.
Some thermodynamic
en
U
types with control flow
H
-Some
traps produce no
E-t
en
H
flash
p:::
~
~SOUND-Intermittent or contin
~
~
U
p..
E-t
~
E-t
~ [EMPERATURE
~
-Surface pyrometer may
indicate fluctuation
due to expected in
termittent discharge.
5 ~e~7;~~rP~;i;~h~d~~:cer
~
~
~
b
~
OPEN
SIGHT-Continuous Discharge
of Steam, Blue-White,
-No sign of liquid
condensate.
-No intermittent discharge
SOUND-Continuous
-Whistle like noise
TEMPERATURE
-High inlet(pyrometer does
not indicate cycling)
-Return line indicates ex
cessive pressure via high
temperature.
Review trap sizing & selection.
Oversized traps frequently wear
faster than expected,producing
leaks and defective linkage
function.
Most traps seldom fail full
open, Failure toward open posi
tion is usually gradual unless
water seal is lost or linkages
suddenly fail.
-Repair trap
-Add strainer with bov
-Repair/replace leaking
stop valves
-Review trap selection, &
sizing
SIGHT - No Discharge
.
- Some discharge, but
flow rate is low, or
continuous and lit~le
flash.
i
SOUND - No flow or low gravel
like noise level I
TEMPERATURE
- Inlet temperature
more than 15% less'
than steam tempera]
ture
i
i
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Proceedings from the Fourth Industrial Energy Technology Conference, Houston, TX, April 4-7, 1982
ESL-IE-82-04-119
CHART 2
Type of
Trap
INDICATIONS OF
NORMAL OPERATION
OPEN
'Worn oversized
'See above - Any type of Trap
Thermo
static
'D1rt-plugged vent
'Excessive differential pressure
'Worn, oversized seat
'Body filled with dirt
'Air bound
'See above - Any type of Trap
. Installed backward
'Air bound
'See above - Any type of Trap
'Worn internals
'Excessive back pressure
'Condensate load too small
'See above - Any type of Trap
'Normal discharge-intermit
tent or continuous depending on load pressure, or
type .
Should see flash unless ad
justed for subcooled opera
tion
'Should hear continuous or
modulating flow
'Should observe temperature
near rated discharge tem
perature.
u
H
~><
Cl
0
~
~
;t:
E-<
Im
'Normal discharge-intermit
pulse tent with continuous flow
Con
between discharges.
,Should see flash steam-con
trol
Flow
tinuous and intermittent
Should hear continuous &
intermittent flow
'Should read relatively high
inlet temp.
635
Proceedings from the Fourth Industrial Energy Technology Conference, Houston, TX, April 4-7, 1982
ESL-IE-82-04-119
CHART 3
\
SIGHT
-Can view discharge
-No special tools
-Can be used for both open &
TEMfERATURE
en
Z
~'
H
Audible
-Does not quantify leak
-Need to understand trap opera
tion
-Continuous flow noise may in
dicate overloaded trap
-Difficult to differentiate be
tween steam and condensate
flow
-Operating frequency judge
mental
-Background or ambient noise
confusing
-Small leaks undetected
-Electrical safety-some
devices
Ultrasonic
-Same as first five items above
-Does not distinguish between
steam and condensate flow
-Not always insensitive to back
ground or ambient noise
-Noise in electrical system if
volume too high
-Head set quality important
-Location of probe on trap,
contact force, pressure drop
in trap, wall thickness of
trap and orifice size influ
ence results observed
-Expensive & requires calibra
tion
-Electrical safety-some
devices
636
Proceedings from the Fourth Industrial Energy Technology Conference, Houston, TX, April 4-7, 1982
ESL-IE-82-04-119
Legend of Symbols
C
= Quantity
CR
of condensate, lb
CL
=
=
Length of pipe, ft
T
p
Pipe temp. , of
L - Length of pipe, ft
Ta
Ambient temp. , of
hfg
= latent
,r
':~
~,
637
Proceedings from the Fourth Industrial Energy Technology Conference, Houston, TX, April 4-7, 1982