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50
= 0.5
2500 0.04 1
(b) With a liquid flow rate of 1.44 m3/h, the superficial liquid velocity through the
bed, U is given by:
1.44
U=
= 0.01 m / s
3600 A
Use the Ergun equation (Text-Equation 6.15) to estimate the pressure drop across the
bed at this flow rate:
( p)
H
U (1 )2
f U2 (1 )
= 150 2
+ 1.75
xsv
3
xsv 3
Alternatively we could use the laminar part of the Ergun equation, which gives, (-p)
= 6000 Pa.
p. 6.1
EXERCISE 6.2:
A packed bed of solids of density 2000 kg/m3 occupies a depth
of 0.6m in a cylindrical vessel of inside diameter 0.1m. The mass of solids in the bed
is 5kg and the surface-volume mean diameter of the particles is 300 m. Water
(density 1000 kg/m3 and viscosity 0.001 Pas) flows upwards through the bed.
5
= 0.4695
Use the Ergun equation (Text-Equation 6.15) to estimate the relationship between
pressure drop across the bed and superficial liquid velocity:
( p)
H
U (1 )2
f U2 (1 )
= 150 2
+ 1.75
xsv
3
xsv 3
p. 6.2
(b) Calculate the frictional pressure drop across the packing in the tower.
(c) Discuss how this pressure drop will vary with flow rate of the gas within 10% of
the quoted flow rate.
(d) Discuss how the pressure drop across the packing would vary with gas pressure
and temperature.
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 6.3:
190
SB
=
= 655.2 m 2 / m 3
(1 ) (1 0.71)
If xsv is the diameter of a sphere with the same surface-volume ratio as the rings,
x2sv
2
3
3 = 655.2 m / m
x
6 sv
Hence, xsv = 9.16 mm
Q
6
= 1.91 m / s
2 =
D
22
4
4
Using the Ergun equation (Text-Equation 6.15) to describe the relationship between
gas velocity and pressure drop across the packed bed,
( p)
H
U (1 )2
f U2 (1 )
= 150 2
+
1.75
xsv
xsv 3
3
With = 1.8 x 10-5 Pa.s, f = 1.2 kg/m3, xsv = 9.16 x 10-3 m and H = 5 m,
( p)
5
(c) We note that the turbulent component makes up 98% of the total. Hence, within
10% of the quoted flow rate the pressure drop across the bed will increase with the
square of the superficial velocity and hence with the square of the flow rate:
( p) Q2
p. 6.3
1
absolute temperature, T
Hence, ( p)
1
T
EXERCISE 6.4:
A solution of density 1100 kg/m3 and viscosity 2 x 10-3 Pas is
flowing under gravity at a rate of 0.24 kg/s through a bed of catalyst particles. The
bed diameter is 0.2 m and the depth is 0.5 m. The particles are cylindrical, with a
diameter of 1 mm and length of 2 mm. They are packed to give a voidage of 0.3.
Calculate the depth of liquid above the top of the bed. [Hint: apply the mechanical
energy equation between the bottom of the bed and the surface of the liquid]
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 6.4:
Calculate the frictional pressure loss through the bed.
0.24
3
Superficial liquid velocity, U =
= 6.94 10 m / s
1100 ( 0.2 )2
4
mm 3
2
2.5
= 5 mm2/mm3
2
6
x sv
Hence, diameter of sphere which has the same surface-volume ratio as the particles,
xsv = 1.2 mm
p. 6.4
( p)
H
U (1 )2
= 150 2
xsv 3
With = 0.002 Pa.s, f = 1100 kg/m3, xsv = 1.2 mm, = 0.3 and H = 0.5 m,
( p)
0.5
= 150
2 10 3 6.94 10 3 (1 0.3)2
= 26240 Pa / m
3 2
3
(1.2 10 )
0.3
U21
p
U2 p
+ 1 = z2 + 2 + 2 + h loss
2g f g
2g f g
( p)
H
U (1 )2
= 150 2
xsv 3
p. 6.5
( p)
The Reynolds number is less than 10 and so our assumption that laminar flow
dominates is valid.
In summary then, the pressure drop increases linearly with liquid flow rate up to a
pressure drop of 3826 Pa at a superficial liquid velocity of 4.25 x 10-4 m/s. Beyond
this velocity the pressure drop will remain essentially constant with increasing liquid
flow rate, since the bed is fluidized (see Chapter 7).
EXERCISE 6.6:
The reactor of a catalytic reformer contains spherical catalyst
particles of diameter 1.46 mm. The packed volume of the reactor is to be 3.4 m3 and
the void fraction is 0.25. The reactor feed is a gas of density 30 kg/m3 and viscosity 2
x 10-5 Pas flowing at a rate of 11,320 m3/h. The gas properties may be assumed
constant. The pressure loss through the reactor is restricted to 68.95 kPa. Calculate
the cross-sectional area for flow and the bed depth required.
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 6.6:
Using the Ergun equation (Text-Equation 6.15) to describe the relationship between
gas velocity and pressure drop across the packed bed,
( p)
H
U (1 )2
f U2 (1 )
= 150 2
+ 1.75
xsv
xsv 3
3
With = 2.0 x 10-5 Pa.s, f = 30 kg/m3, xsv = 1.46 x 10-3 m, ( p) =68.75 kPa
and = 0.25,
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 6: FLOW THROUGH A PACKED BED OF PARTICLES
p. 6.6
( p)
H
= 150
which gives
2.0 10 5 U (1 0.25) 2
30 U 2
(1 0.25)
+
1.75
3 2
3
3
3
0.25
1.46 10
(1.46 10 )
0.25
68.75 103
6 2
= 50666U + 1.726 10 U
H
11320
= 3.144 m3 / s
3600
Substituting gives:
0.681H 2 + 21.467H3 = 1.0
Solving, bed depth, H = 0.35 m, and so cross-sectional area, A = 9.71 m2.
EXERCISE 6.7:
A leaf filter has an area of 2 m2 and operates at a constant
pressure drop of 250 kPa. The following results were obtained during a test with an
incompressible cake:
Volume of filtrate
collected (litre)
Time (min)
280
430
540
680
800
10
20
30
45
60
Calculate:
(a) the time required to collect 1200 litre of filtrate at a constant pressure drop of 400
kPa with the same feed slurry.
(b) the time required to wash the resulting filter cake with 500 litre of water (same
properties as the filtrate) at a pressure drop of 200 kPa.
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 6.7:
For filtration at constant pressure drop we use Text-Equation 6.27, which indicates
r c
that if we plot t/V versus V a straight line will have a gradient
2
2A ( p)
r
and an intercept 2 c
Veq on the t/V axis.
A (p)
0.28
0.43
0.54
0.68
0.80
t /V (sec/m3)
2142
2790
3333
3971
4500
p. 6.7
hence,
and
r c
2A ( p)
2
= 4625
r c
Veq = 800
A (p)
2
and
Veq = 0.0865 m3
which applies to the filtration of the same slurry in the same filter at any pressure
drop.
(a) To calculate the time required to pass 1200 litre (1.2 m3) of filtrate at a pressure
drop of 400 kPa, we substitute V = 1.2 m3 and (-p) = 400 x 103 Pa in the above
equation, giving: t = 4763 sec (or 79.4 minutes)
(b) During the filtration the cake thickness is continuously increasing and, since the
pressure drop is constant, the volume flow rate of filtrate will continuously decrease.
The filtration rate is given by Text-Equation 6.26.
1 dV
( p)A
=
A dt rc (V + Veq )
Substituting the volume of filtrate passed at the end of the filtration period (V = 1.2
m3), r c = 9.25 109 Pas/m2, Veq = 0.0865 m3 and (-p) = 400 x 103 Pa, we find
dV
4
3
the filtration rate at the end of the filtration period is
= 1.34 10
m /s
dt
p. 6.8
If we assume that the wash water has the same physical properties as the filtrate, then
during a wash period at a pressure drop of 400 kPa the wash rate would also be 1.34 x
10-4 m3/s. However, the applied pressure drop during the wash cycle is 200 kPa.
According to Text-Equation 6.26 the liquid flow rate is directly proportional to the
applied pressure drop, and so:
200 10 3
5
3
flowrate of wash water (at 200 kPa) = 1.34 10 4
m /s
3 = 6.7 10
400 10
Hence, the time needed to pass 0.5 m3 of wash water at this rate is 7462 sec (or 124.3
minutes)
EXERCISE 6.8:
A laboratory leaf filter has an area of 0.1 m2, operates at a
constant pressure drop of 400 kPa and produces the following results during a test on
filtration of a slurry:
Volume of filtrate
collected (litre)
Time (sec)
19
31
41
49
56
63
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
(a) Calculatethe time required to collect 1.5 m3 of filtrate during filtration of the same
slurry at a constant pressure drop of 300 kPa on a similar full-scale filter with and
area of 2 m2.
(b) Calculate the rate of passage of filtrate at the end of the filtration in part (a).
(c) Calculate the time required to wash the resulting filter cake with 0.5 m3 of water
at a constant pressure drop of 200 kPa.
Assume the cake is incompressible and that the flow properties of the filtrate are the
same as those of the wash solution.)
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 6.8:
For filtration at constant pressure drop we use Text-Equation 6.27, which indicates
r c
that if we plot t/V versus V a straight line will have a gradient
2
2A ( p)
r
Veq on the t/V axis.
and an intercept 2 c
A (p)
Using the data given in the question:
V(m3)
0.019
0.031
0.041
0.049
0.056
t /V (sec/m3)
15789
19355 21951
24490
26786 28571
0.063
p. 6.9
hence,
and
r c
2A ( p)
2
= 2.904 x 105
r c
Veq = 10300
A (p)
2
Veq = 0.0177 m3
which applies to the full-scale filter (area 2 m2) using the same slurry at any pressure
drop.
(a) To calculate the time required to pass 1.5 m3 of filtrate through the full-scale filter
at a pressure drop of 300 kPa, we substitute V = 1.5 m3 and (-p) = 300 x 103 Pa in
the above equation, giving: t = 2229 sec (or 37.1 minutes)
(b) During the filtration the cake thickness is continuously increasing and, since the
pressure drop is constant, the volume flow rate of filtrate will continuously decrease.
The filtration rate is given by Text-Equation 6.26.
1 dV
( p)A
=
A dt rc (V + Veq )
Substituting the volume of filtrate passed at the end of the filtration period (V = 1.5
m3), r c = 2.323 109 Pas/m2, Veq = 0.0177 m3 and (-p) = 300 x 103 Pa, we find
dV
4
3
the filtration rate at the end of the filtration period is
= 3.40 10
m /s
dt
p. 6.10
If we assume that the wash water has the same physical properties as the filtrate, then
during a wash period at a pressure drop of 300 kPa the wash rate would also be 3.40 x
10-4 m3/s. However, the applied pressure drop during the wash cycle is 200 kPa.
According to Text-Equation 6.26 the liquid flow rate is directly proportional to the
applied pressure drop, and so:
flowrate of wash water (at 200 kPa)
200 103
4
3
= 3.40 10 4
m /s
3 = 2.27 10
300 10
Hence, the time needed to pass 0.5 m3 of wash water at this rate is 2202 sec (or 36.7
minutes)
EXERCISE 6.9:
A leaf filter has an area of 1.73 m2, operates at a constant
pressure drop of 300 kPa and produces the following results during a test on filtration
of a slurry:
Volume of filtrate
collected (litre)
Time (sec)
0.19
0.31
0.41
0.49
0.56
0.63
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
Assuming that the cake is incompressible and that the flow properties of the filtrate
are the same as those of the wash solution, calculate:
(a) the time required to collect 1 m3 of filtrate during filtration of the same slurry at a
constant pressure drop of 400 kPa.
(c) the time required to wash the resulting filter cake with 0.8 m3 of water at a
constant pressure drop of 250 kPa.
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 6.9:
For filtration at constant pressure drop we use Text-Equation 6.27, which indicates
r c
that if we plot t/V versus V a straight line will have a gradient
2
2A ( p)
r
Veq on the t/V axis.
and an intercept 2 c
A (p)
0.19
0.31
0.41
0.49
0.56
0.63
t /V (sec/m3)
1579
1935
2195
2449
2679
2857
p. 6.11
hence,
and
r c
2A ( p)
2
= 2960
r c
Veq = 1000
A (p)
2
Veq = 0.169 m3
Substituting the volume of filtrate passed at the end of the filtration period (V = 1.0
m3), r c = 5.32 109 Pas/m2, Veq = 0.169 m3 and (-p) = 400 x 103 Pa, we find
dV
4
3
the filtration rate at the end of the filtration period is
= 1.923 10
m /s
dt
p. 6.12
If we assume that the wash water has the same physical properties as the filtrate, then
during a wash period at a pressure drop of 400 kPa the wash rate would also be 1.923
x 10-4 m3/s. However, the applied pressure drop during the wash cycle is 250 kPa.
According to Text-Equation 6.26 the liquid flow rate is directly proportional to the
applied pressure drop, and so:
flowrate of wash water (at 250 kPa) =
250 103
4
4
3
1.923 10
m /s
3 = 1.202 10
400 10
Hence, the time needed to pass 0.8 m3 of wash water at this rate is 6656 sec (or 110.9
minutes)
p. 6.13
p. 6.14
p. 6.15