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Decay Equations
Decay is proportional to the # of atoms present (first order)
dN/dt = - N = AN
where
N=
the number of atoms of the radioactive substance present at time t
=
the first order decay constant (time-1)
The number of parent atoms at any time t can be calculated as follows.
The decay equation can be rearranged and integrated over a time interval.
N Noe
or
A Ae t
where No is the number of parent atoms present at time zero. Integration leads to
Parent-Daughter Relationships
Radioactive Parent (A)
dN B
At
A N A A N A,o e
dt
Example: 14C 15N (stable)
t1/2 = 5730 years
2-box model
A
A B
A
source
sink
dN B
A N A B N B
dt
solution:
B ( N A,0 ) t t
NB
e e
B A
A
B ( AA,0 ) t t
AB
e
e
B A
A
Secular equilibrium
T1/2 daughter = 0.8 hr,
T1/2 parent =
Total Activity
parent
Activity of parent
and daughter at
secular equilibrium
daughter
Activity
(log scale)
t1/2
time (hr)
Example:
Grow in of 222Rn
from 226Ra
Radioactive Dating
Radioactive Dating
When a plant dies, it stops taking in carbon and its C14 undergoes - decay to N-14 with a half-life of 5730
years.
By measuring the proportion of C-14 in the remains,
you can determine how long ago the organism died.
Similar radioactive techniques are used with other
isotopes for dating geological specimens.
Radioactive Dating
Radioactive Dating
Example: Before 1900 the activity per mass of
atmospheric carbon due to the presence of C-14
averaged about 0.255 Bq per gram of carbon.
a. What number of carbon atoms were C-14?In
analyzing an archeological specimen containing
500 mg of carbon, you observe 174 decays in
one hour.
b. What is the age of the specimen, assuming that
its activity per mass of carbon when it died was
that average value of the air?
Radioactive Dating
a.
365 da 24 hr 3600 s
T1 5730 yr
yr
da
hr
2
T1 1.81 x 1011 s
2
ln 2
0.693
T1
1.81 x 1011 s
2
3.8359 x 10 12 s
A N
A
0.255 Bq
N
3.8359 x 10 12 s
Radioactive Dating
b.
174 de cay
hr
0.04833 Bq
hr
3600 s
0.04833 Bq 1000 mg
Bq
0.09666
500 mg
1g
g
A A o e t
ln
ln
A
e t
Ao
A
t ln e
Ao
A
t
Ao
ln
A
ln e t
Ao
ln e 1
A
Ao
ln
t
0.09666 Bq g
ln
0.255 Bq g
t
3.83587 x 10 12 / s
t 2.5289 x 1011 s 8019 .18 yr
RBE (Sv/Gy or
rem/rad)
Electrons
1 1.5
Slow neutrons
35
Protons
10
Particles
20
Heavy ions
20
Equations:
Bio log ical effect of radiation
RBE
effect of equal dose (in rad ) of 200 keV x rays
E D ( Sv) RBE AD (Gy )
E D (rem) RBE AD (rad )
Example
a.
ED 0.4 mSv
b. A D
Sv
1 rem 1000 mrem
40 mrem
1000 mSv 0.01 Sv
1 rem
J
0
.
01
1 rem
1 rad
kg
40 mrem
A D 0.0004 J
c.
kg
J
E 0.0004
1.2 kg 0.00048 J
kg
1 eV
15
E 0.00048 J
2
.
996
x
10
eV
19
1.602 x 10
J
15
photons 2.996 x 10
photon
eV
5.9925 x 1010 photons
50000 eV
Radiation Hazards
Radiation Hazards
Radiation Units
Radiation Unit
Basis
Roentgen (R)
rad (radiation
absorbed dose)
Gray (Gy)
rem (rad
equivalent man)
Sievert (Sv)