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Definition
In most cases, the hypothesis will be based upon either previous studies or the
researchers own or someone elses observations
Definition
Definition
HYPOTHESIS - Formulation
A well
formulated
HYPOTHESIS
should
Contain conceptual
clarity
Be specific and precise
Relate to a body of
knowledge
Relate to the Research
question
Functions
M= mean
(mu: mew)= population mean
Roman Letters (e.g., A, B, C, D) are used to
represent statistics
Greek Letters (e.g., , ) are used to
represent parameters
= significance level; probability of
committing a Type I Error (= .05)
p= probability value (p= .05)
Null Hypothesis= (H0: 1 - 2 = 0 or H0: 1 =
2)
Alternative Hypothesis= (H1: 1-2 0 or
H1: 1 2 )
Typologies
Three types
working hypothesis
Null hypothesis
Alternate hypothesis
Working hypothesis
The working or trail hypothesis is provisionally adopted to explain the
relationship between some observed facts for guiding a researcher in the
investigation of a problem.
A Statement constitutes a trail or working hypothesis (which) is to be tested and
conformed, modifies or even abandoned as the investigation proceeds.
Typologies
Null hypothesis
A null hypothesis is formulated against the working hypothesis; opposes the
statement of the working hypothesis
....it is contrary to the positive statement made in the working hypothesis;
formulated to disprove the contrary of a working hypothesis
When a researcher rejects a null hypothesis, he/she actually proves a working
hypothesis
In statistics, to mean a null hypothesis usually Ho is used. For example,
Ho Q = O
where Q is the property of the population under investigation
O is hypothetical
Typologies
Alternate hypothesis
An alternate hypothesis is formulated when a researcher totally rejects null
hypothesis
He/she develops such a hypothesis with adequate reasons
Example
Working hypothesis: Population influences the number of bank branches in a
town
Null hypothesis (Ho): Population do not have any influence on the number of
bank branches in a town.
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Types of Tests
16
Error Types
18
Fail to
Reject
(decide in
favor of H0)
Type I
Correct
1-
Correct
1-
Type II
19
Example
Do we use Null
Hypotheses in the
real world?
Innocent until Proven
Guilty
Defendant
Innocent
Defendant
Guilty
Reject
Presumption
of Innocence
(Guilty
Verdict)
Type I
Error
Correct
Fail to Reject
Presumption
of Innocence
(Not Guilty
Verdict)
Correct
Type II
Error
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21
24
25
26
3.
27
28
1.
1.
Compare the obtained value of the test statistics with the critical
value associated with the selected significance level or compare
the obtained p-value with the pre-selected alpha value.
1.
29
1.
2.
3.
4.
31
RESEARCH QUESTION
What is a
RESEARCH
QUESTION
SA 4
A Research Question
embodies a gap in the
literature. It is a Question or
Questions posed so that an
answer or answers to it will
add knowledge in a particular
area or subject
RESEARCH
QUESTION and
HYPOTHESIS
is
The early
identification of a
Research Question
will help in the
formulation of a
hypothesisypothesis
FINER
Feasible
Interesting
To the field?
Ethical
To the investigator?
Novel
Relevant
To scientific knowledge/theory?
To organizational, health or social management and policy?
To individual welfare?
Examples