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ESCUELATCNICASUPERIORDEINGENIEROS
INDUSTRIALESYDETELECOMUNICACIONES
DepartamentodeIngenieraQumicayQumicaInorgnica
ContribucinalDiseodeProcesosdeSeparacincon
MembranasLquidasSelectivas.TratamientodeAguas
SubterrneasContaminadasconCr(VI)
MemoriadeTesisDoctoralpresentadaparaoptaral
TtulodeDoctorporlaUniversidaddeCantabria
EUGENIOBRINGASELIZALDE
DIRECTORASDETESIS:
DRA.INMACULADAORTIZURIBE
DRA.MFRESNEDOSANROMNSANEMETERIO
SANTANDER,ABRIL2008
GRACIAS:
Alosprofesoresdeldepartamentoquemehanatendidosiemprequeheido
enbuscadeconsejo.EnespecialaAngelIrabien,AneUrtiaga,RaquelIbez,AuroraGarea,
DanielGorri,MJoseRivero,RobertoArce,BertaGaln,JoseMColinayGemaRuiz.
To Prof. Ignacio Grossmann and Dr. Ramkumar Karuppiah for all they
taughtmeduringmystageinCarnegieMellonUniversity.
AlprofessoreEnricoDrioli,alladottoressaAlexandraCriscuoliatutte
lepersonechelavoranonellIstitutoperlaTecnologiadelleMembrane.
imprescindiblesenelDepartamento.
A Sonia, scar, Jos Luis, Pilar, Alfredo, Fran, Begoa, Laila, Isabel,
ngela, Esther, Mara, y a todos los dems compaeros de doctorado con los que he
compartidoxitos,fracasos,risas,agobiosydemsestadosdenimo.EnespecialaMJos,
Henar,Nazely,Luca,RaquelB.,Karre,CristinaG.,RebecayAnaporvuestraamistad.
desconectarenlosmomentosdeagobio.
ABeaporsuincondicionalapoyo,porentenderme,poraguantarme,por
hacermerer,
Amifamiliaporapoyarmeenestelargocaminoyenespecialamiabuela
porque aunque nunca entendi muy bien a que me dedicaba, s que estaba orgullosa. All
dondeeststededicoestetrabajo.
GRACIAS
ndice
RESUMEN....v
ABSTRACT.....ix
1.
INTRODUCCIN.......1
1.1. ContribucinalDiseodeProcesosdeSeparacinconMembranas
LquidasSelectivas..................................................................................................9
1.2. AvanceenelConocimientodelosProcesosdeSeparacincon
MembranasLquidasSelectivas.....12
1.3. EnfoquedelProblema,ObjetivosyMotivacindelaTesisDoctoral........30
1.3.1. Enfoquedelproblema...........................................................................30
1.3.2. ObjetivosymotivacindelaTesisDoctoral..31
1.4. Bibliografa.35
2.
CARACTERIZACINYANLISISDELSISTEMADEEXTRACCIN
REEXTRACCIN........47
2.1. DefinicindelSistemadeExtraccinReextraccin...47
2.1.1. Caracterizacindelefluenteproblema...47
2.1.2. Seleccindelosagentesdeextraccinyreextraccin..53
2.2. AnlisisyModeladodelEquilibriodeExtraccin.68
2.2.1. Descripcindelsistemaexperimental....68
2.2.2. Descripcindelprocedimientoexperimental....73
2.2.3. Determinacindeltiempodecontactoparaalcanzarel
equilibrioenlaetapadeextraccin.....74
2.2.4. Anlisisdelacoextraccindeespeciescompetitivas..78
2.2.5. Mecanismoymodeladodelequilibriodeextraccin...86
ndice______________________________________________________________________
2.3. TecnologasdeExtraccinconDisolventesenContactoresde
Membrana.107
2.3.1. Seleccindelaconfiguracindelprocesodeseparacin
concentracin110
2.4. Bibliografa...122
2.5. DifusindeResultados..141
3.
EVALUACINTCNICADELPROCESODESEPARACIN
CONCENTRACIN...........................................................................................143
3.1. DescripcindelSistemaExperimental(EPT)....143
3.2. DescripcindelProcedimientoExperimental(EPT)....152
3.3. AnlisisdelaViabilidaddelProcesodeSeparacinConcentracin...155
3.3.1. Anlisisdelaestabilidaddelaemulsin.....155
3.3.2. Viabilidaddelatecnologadepertraccinenemulsinparala
separacinconcentracindecromo(VI)...159
3.4. EstudioCinticodelProcesodeSeparacinConcentracin..164
3.4.1. Influenciadelaconcentracininicialdecromo(VI)enlas
cinticasdeextraccinyreextraccin...164
3.4.2. InfluenciadelaconcentracindeNaOHenlascinticas
deextraccinyreextraccin..171
3.5. ModeladoMatemticodelProcesodeSeparacinConcentracin177
3.5.1. Herramientasparalasimulacindeprocesosqumicos........178
3.5.2. Caracterizacindeltransportedemateriaenelcontactorde
fibrashuecas......184
3.5.3. Balancesdemateriaenelsistema..197
ii
ndice
3.5.4. Determinacindelosparmetroscaractersticosyvalidacindel
modelomatemtico..213
3.5.5. Simplificacionesalmodelomatemtico233
3.6. DefinicindelaSelectividaddelProcesodeSeparacin
Concentracin..242
3.6.1. Influenciadelaconcentracininicialdecromoenlaselectividad
delproceso....242
3.6.2. InfluenciadelpHinicialydeltiempoderesidenciadelafase
acuosadealimentacinenlaselectividaddelproceso......244
3.7. Nomenclatura...254
3.8. Bibliografa...258
3.9. DifusindeResultados.....266
4.
DISEOPTIMODELPROCESODESEPARACIN
CONCENTRACIN...267
4.1. OptimizacinMatemtica.267
4.1.1. Fundamentosdelaoptimizacinmatemtica.....267
4.1.2. Aplicacionesdelaoptimizacinmatemtica...277
4.2. MetodologadeDiseoptimodeRedesdeTratamientoBasadas
enTecnologasdeMembranasSelectivas..284
4.2.1. Estudiodeantecedentes......284
4.2.2. Representacindealternativasyobjetivosdediseo....286
4.2.3. Modeladomatemticodelproblemadeoptimizacin.......................293
4.2.4. Softwareparalaoptimizacindeprocesos..........................................312
4.2.5. Estrategiadesolucindelproblemadeoptimizacin........................316
4.2.6. Anlisisderesultados..............................................................................327
iii
ndice______________________________________________________________________
4.3. Nomenclatura.......352
4.4. Bibliografa.......357
4.5. DifusindeResultados..365
5.
CONCLUSIONESFINALES.....367
ANEXOS....387
A1.DifusindeResultados........387
A2.ModelingofMembraneOxidationProcesses................................................390
A.3.ContenidosdelFormatoElectrnicodelaTesisDoctoral......406
iv
Resumen
RESUMEN
EstaTesisDoctoral,orientadaaldiseodeprocesosdeseparacinbasados
Eltrabajocontinalatrayectoriadelgrupodeinvestigacineneldesarrollo
deprocesosdeseparacindeelevadaeficacia,queensuaplicacinaltratamientode
efluentes posibilitan la recuperacin de materias primas y compuestos de inters.
Este estudio, que ha sido aplicado al tratamiento de aguas subterrneas
contaminadasconcromohexavalente,suponeunacontribucinalestadodelartede
lasseparacionesreactivas,ejemplomotivadorenlaintensificacindeprocesos,tanto
por el desarrollo metodolgico para el diseo ptimo de los procesos, como por la
investigacin de configuraciones innovadoras de membranas lquidas selectivas
comoporejemplolapertraccinenemulsin(EPT).
metodologadediseoptimodelatecnologademembranaslquidasselectivasen
su aplicacin a la separacin de una mezcla multicomponente con recuperacin
selectiva del componente de inters. Para ello se ha investigado la separacin
selectiva y concentracin de cromo(VI) presente inicialmente en un acufero
subterrneo contaminado por accin de la actividad industrial desarrollada a nivel
superficialydondeasuvez,coexistenotrasespeciesaninicascompetitivas(sulfato
y cloruro mayoritariamente) presentes por las propias caractersticas del acufero y
porsulocalizacinenunazonalitoral.
Resumen_____________________________________________________
configuracinptima,mximaeficaciaenlaconsecucindelosobjetivosplanteados
i)reducirlaconcentracindelcontaminantepordebajodelvalorlmiterequeridoy
ii)concentrarloselectivamentehastaelniveldeseadosegncualseasudestinofinal
conelmnimocoste;paraellosehatomadocomobaseeltratamientode2,5m3/hde
agua contaminada y se han aplicado tcnicas de optimizacin matemtica local y
global para problemas no lineales (NLP) que requieren del empleo del modelo
vi
Resumen
vii
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Theaimofthisthesisisitscontributiontothedesignofseparationprocesses
basedontheapplicationofSelectiveLiquidMembranes.Theworkhasbeencarried
outintheAdvancedSeparationProcesses(PAS)researchgroupoftheUniversityof
Cantabria within the scope of the financial aid from the BQU2002/03357,
CTQ2005/02583 y CTQ200614360/PPQ projects and the FPI fellowship BES2003
0386 awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science. The doctoral
traininghasbeencomplementedbytwoshortresearchstagesattheDepartmentof
Chemical Engineering of Carnegie Mellon University (Pittsburgh, USA), and at the
LIstitutoperlaTecnologiadelleMembrane(Rende,Italy).
Thisworkcontinuestheresearchthathasbeencarriedoutinthegroupfor
many years on the development of high efficiency separation processes for the
removal and recovery of raw materials and valuable compounds from polluted
wastewater effluents. The current study, which focuses on the remediation of
polluted groundwater making chromium(VI) recovery possible, contributes to the
state of the art of reactive separation technologies. The development of novel
configurationsofselectiveliquidmembraneseparationssuchasemulsionpertraction
technology (EPT) and the proposal of an efficient methodology for optimal process
designmakethisworkamotivatingexampleoftheprocessintensificationstrategy.
Theglobalobjectiveofthedoctoralthesishasbeenthedevelopmentofthe
ix
Abstract_________________________________________
backextractionsystemwasperformedfromtheanalysisoftheinformationavailable
intheliterature.AfterselectingAlamine336(mixtureoftertiaryaminesC8andC10)
and NaOH as the best extraction and backextraction agents respectively, a careful
experimental design was performed in order to analyse the chemical equilibria
involved in the extraction of the anionic species CrO42-, SO42- and Cl-, which were
encountered in the groundwater. From this analysis, the mathematical expressions
and parameters required to evaluate the extraction equilibria under different
operationconditions(pHandanionicconcentration)wereobtained.
Once the chemical extraction equilibria were analysed and the emulsion
pertractiontechnology(EPT)selectedasthemostsuitableprocessconfiguration,the
kinetic analysis and mathematical modeling of EPT were carried out. Kinetic
experiments were performed in a laboratory experimental setup containing a
membranecontactorLiquiCelExtraFlow2.5x8withfibersX30thatprovidesan
effective membrane area of 1,4 m2 in order to analyse the influence of the main
operation variables on the extraction and backextraction kinetics: initial
chromium(VI)concentrationintheaqueousfeedphaseand,ii)NaOHconcentration
in the stripping solution. This analysis concludes with the proposal of the
multicomponentseparationmathematicalmodeloftheEPTprocess,calculatingthe
values of the design parameters, mass transport coefficient in the membrane ( K m )
andintheorganicphasestagnantlayer( K o A v ).Themodeldescribessatisfactorily
thekineticsandselectivityoftheseparationconcentrationEPTprocessunderawide
rangeofoperationalconditions.
Finally, a novel design methodology based on the application of
mathematicaloptimizationtechniqueshasbeendevelopedinordertodeterminethe
optimalprocessconfigurationabletoachieve,atminimumcost,theseparationand
concentrationobjectives,i)thecontaminantremovaluptotherequiredconcentration
levels and, ii) the selective contaminant recovery to obtain a concentrated solution
that can be reused elsewhere. Different design alternatives were represented by
means of network superstructures that were modeled making use of the
Abstract
groundwater stream with a known flowrate of 2.5 m3/h. Comparison of the results
obtained from the analysis of the different design alternatives concluded that a
networkconfigurationwith3treatmentmodulescombinedinseriesandparalleland
withatotalmembraneareaof591m2wasthemostsuitableprocessconfigurationto
comply,atminimumcost,withtheconcentrationspecificationsintheoutletstreams.
xi