Engineering Mathematics

2013

NAME OF THE SUBJECT

: Engineering Mathematics I

SUBJECT CODE

: MA2111

NAME OF THE METERIAL

: Formula Material

MATERIAL CODE

: JM08AM1001

Unit I (Matrices)
1. The Characteristic equation of matrix A is
a) 2 S1 S2 0 if A is 2 X 2 matrix

Where S1 Sum of the main diagonal elements.

S2 A
b) 3 S1 2 S 2 S 3 0 if A is 3 X 3 matrix
Where S1 Sum of the main diagonal elements.
S 2 Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements.
S3 A

2. To find the eigen vectors solve A I X 0 .

3. Property of eigen values:
Let A be any matrix then
a) Sum of the eigen values = Sum of the main diagonal.
b) Product of the eigen values = A
c) If the matrix A is triangular then diagonal elements are eigen values.
d) If is an eigen value of a matrix A, the

1
is the eigen value of A1 .

e) If 1 , 2 , ...n are the eigen values of a matrix A, then 1m , 2m , ... nm are

eigen values of Am .( m being a positive integer)
f) The eigen values of A & AT are same.
4. Cayley-Hamilton Theorem:
Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation. (ie) A I 0 .

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5. Matrix of Q.F

2013

coeff ( x 12 )

1
coeff ( x1 x2 )
2

1
coeff ( x2 x1 )
2
1
coeff ( x3 x1 )
2

coeff ( x 22 )

1
coeff ( x1 x3 )
2
1
coeff ( x2 x3 )
2

1
coeff ( x3 x2 )
2

coeff ( x 32 )

6. Index = p = Number of positive eigen values

Rank = r = Number of non-zero rows
Signature = s = 2p-r
7. Diagonalisation of a matrix by orthogonal transformation (or) orthogonal
reduction:
Working Rules:
Let A be any square matrix of order n.
Step:1 Find the characteristic equation.
Step:2 Solve the characteristic equation.
Step:3 Find the eigen vectors.
Step:4Form a normalized model matrix N, such that the eigen vectors are orthogonal.
Step:5 Find N T .
Step:6 Calculate D=N T AN .
Note:
We can apply orthogonal transformation for symmetric matrix only.
If any two eigen values are equal then we must use a, b, c method for third eigen vector.

Unit II (Three Dimensional Analytical Geometry)

1. Equation of the sphere, general form x 2 y 2 z 2 2ux 2vy 2wz d 0 ,

x coefficient y coefficient z coefficient

,
,
centre
,
2
2
2

x coefficient
y coefficient
z coefficient
u
v
w
2
2
2
radius r u2 v 2 w 2 d .

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2013

2. Equation of the sphere with centre a , b, c , radius r is

x a

y b z c r 2 .
2

3. Equation of the sphere with centre origin and radius r is x 2 y 2 z 2 r 2 .

4. Equation of circle:
The curve of intersection of a sphere by a plane is a circle. So, a circle can
be represented by two equations, one being the equation of a sphere and the
other that of a plane. Thus, the equation x 2 y 2 z 2 2ux 2vy 2wz d 0,
x my nz p taken together represent a circle.
5. Tangent plane:
Equation of tangent plane of sphere at the point x1 , y1 , z1 is

xx1 yy1 zz1 u x x1 v y y1 w z z1 d 0 .

6. Condition for the plane x my nz p to be a tangent plane to the sphere

u mv nw p
2

m 2 n2 u2 v 2 w 2 d .

7. Condition for the spheres to cut orthogonally 2u1u2 2v1v2 2w1 w2 d1 d 2 .

8. Equation of Right Circular Cone is
2
2
2
2
x m y n z 2 m 2 n 2 x y z cos 2

9. Equation of Right Circular Cylinder is

n y m z
2

z n x

m x

r2

If radius is not given

r2 x y z
2

x m y n z
2

m 2 n2

Unit III (Differential Calculus)

1. Curvature of a circle = Reciprocal of its radius
2. Radius of curvature with Cartesian form

3. Radius of curvature if y1 ,

1 x
2
1

x2

1 y
2
1

3
2

y2

3
2

, where x1

dx
dy

m 2 n2

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2013

4. Radius of curvature in implicit form

2
x

2
y

3
2

f xx f 2 f xy f x f y f yy f x2
2
y

5. Radius of curvature with paramatic form

x 2 y 2

3
2

xy xy

6. Centre of curvature is x , y .
7. Circle of curvature is x x y y 2 .
2

where x x

y1 1 y12
y2

1 y
y y
2
1

y2

8. Evolute: The locus of centre of curvature of the given curve is called evolute of
x x

the curve.

y1 1 y12
y2

1 y
y y
2
1

y2

9. Envelope: The envelope is a curve which meets each members of a family of

curve.
If the given equation can be rewrite as quadratic equation in parameter, (ie)
A 2 B C 0 where A, B , C are functions of x and y then the envelope is
B 2 4 AC 0 .

10. Evolute as the envelope of normals.

Equations

Normal equations

y 2 4ax

y xt at 3 2at

x 2 4ay

x yt at 3 2at

x2 y2

1
a 2 b2

ax
by

a 2 b2
cos sin

x2 y2

1
a 2 b2

ax
by

a 2 b2
sec tan

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2

x3 y3 a3

xy c 2

2013
x cos y sin a cos 2

y xt 2

c
ct 3
t

Unit IV (Functions of several variables)

1. Eulers Theorem:
If f is a homogeneous function of x and y in degree n , then
(i) x

f
f
y
nf
x
y

(first order)

2
2 f
2 f
2 f
(ii) x
2 xy
y
n n 1 f
x 2
xy
y 2
2

2. If u f ( x , y , z ) , x g1 (t ), y g2 (t ), z g3 (t ) then

(second order)

du u dx u dy u dz

dt x dt y dt z dt

3. If u f ( x, y ), x g1 (r , ), y g2 (r , ) then
(i)

u u x u y

r x r y r

(ii)

u u x u y

x y

4. Maxima and Minima :

Working Rules:
Step:1 Find f x and f y . Put f x 0 and f y 0 . Find the value of x and y.
Step:2 Calculate r f xx , s f xy , t f yy . Now rt s 2
Step:3

i. If 0 , then the function have either maximum or minimum.

1. If r 0 Maximum
2. If r 0 Minimum
ii. If 0, then the function is neither Maximum nor Minimum, it is
called Saddle Point.
iii. If 0, then the test is inconclusive.

5. Maxima and Minima of a function using Lagranges Multipliers:

Let f ( x , y , z ) be given function and g ( x , y , z ) be the subject to the condition.

Engineering Mathematics
Form

2013

F ( x , y , z ) f ( x , y , z ) g ( x , y , z ) , Putting Fx Fy Fz F 0 and

then find the value of x,y,z. Next we can discuss about the Max. and Min.
6. Jacobian:
u
x

u , v ( u, v )
Jacobian of two dimensions: J

x , y ( x , y ) v
x

u
y
v
y

7. The functions u and v are called functionally dependent if

8.

( u, v )
0.
( x, y)

( u, v ) ( x , y )

1
( x , y ) ( u, v )

9. Taylors Expansion:
f ( x , y ) f (a , b)

1
1 2
hf x (a , b) kf y (a , b)
h f xx (a , b) 2hkf xy (a , b) k 2 f yy (a , b)
1!
2!

1 3
h f xxx (a , b ) 3h2 kf xxy (a , b ) 3hk 2 f xyy (a , b ) k 3 f yyy (a , b ) ...
3!

where h x a and k y b

Unit V (Multiple Integrals)

1.
2.

x
0

y
0

f ( x , y )dxdy

x : a to b and y : o to x (Here the first integral is w.r.t. y)

f ( x , y )dxdy

x : 0 to y and y : a to b (Here the first integral is w.r.t. x)

3. Area dxdy (or)

dydx
R

x r cos

To change the polar coordinate y r sin

dxdy rdrd
4. Volume dxdydz (or) dzdydx
V

GENERAL:

Engineering Mathematics
x
sin 1
a
a x
dx

1.

2.

3.

4.

a 2 x 2 dx

dx
a x
2

dx
1
x
tan 1
2
x
a
a

(or)

dx
1 x

(or)

sin 1 x

dx
1 x

n1 n 3 2
.
... .1
n n2 3

sin n x dx cos n x dx

n1 n 3 1
.
... .
n n2 2 2

/2

x dx

cos

/2

log x 1 x 2

x 2
a2
x
a x 2 sin 1
2
2
a

/2
n

dx
tan 1 x
1 x2

x dx

sin
0

6.

(or)

log x a 2 x 2

/2

5.

2013

if n is odd and n 3

if n is even