Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION
MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY:The word philosophy is made up of two Greek words, phil and sophia.
Phil means love and sophia means wisdom.
Philosophy then, means the love of wisdom.
It is the study which deals with the ultimate realities of the universe and the general
causes and principles of those things that human being observes and experiences.
Philosophy is an activity of criticism and clarification.
A person who desires to search for truth or wisdom is called a philosopher.
MEANING OF EDUCATION
ETYMOLOGICAL MEANING OF EDUCATION:Education means to lead out or to bring up or to raise.
Educare means to lead out.
Educere means to educate or to bring up.
E means out of and duco means I lead out of i.e., educo means I lead out of
(ignorance).
Education is the process of empowering the individual so as to enrich himself and the
society.
DEFINITIONS :GANDHIJI :- by education I mean an all round drawing out of what is best in the
child and man - body, mind and spirit.
LOCKE AND ARISTOTLE:- Creation of a sound mind in a sound body.
NUNN:- Complete development of individuality.
NEHRUJI:- Enabling the individual to be a producer as well as a good citizen.
MEANING OF EDUCATION IN NARROW SENSE:Restricting the meaning of education to schools and colleges.
The sum total of all the experiences which we have from birth to death i.e., womb to
tomb
MEANING OF EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY:Educational philosophy or philosophy of education has developed as a new integrated
discipline of philosophy and education during the present century.
Philosophy of education is a field of inquiry, speculation and application in which
philosophical methods are applied to the study of a problem or issue in education.
Educational philosophy enables a teacher to solve many of the problems they face in
an efficient manner, it gives sufficient enlightenment to them
harmonious development, complete living and the likes. They indicate an eclectic
approach to the different philosophical approaches of education in determining
the
educational aim.
4} COMPLETE LIVING AS AN AIM OF EDUCATION :Herbert Spencer expounded complete living as the true aim of education.
The aim is the result of science, utilization attitude, theory of evolution.
OBJECTIVE THEORY OF VALUES.- states that value lies only with the
object and not with the subject.
COMBINED THEORY OF VALUES - states that value lies both with the
subject and the object.
CLASSIFICATION OF VALUES
Values have been classified in a variety of ways.
1) Plato, he Greek philosopher, classified values in terms of ultimate realities.
2) According to him, truth, goodness and beauty are the ultimate values which
man must seek and try to live by.
3) Ancient Indian thinkers have also advocated these values and declared satyam,
shiva, sundaram as the basis good life.
4) SOCIAL VAUES:- The satisfaction that we get from friendship love, family
and members in group are to be included in the social values.
5) MORAL VALUE:- these are satisfactions and dissatisfactions that accrue to be
individual in the course of his attempts to make right choices.
6) RELIGIOUS VALUES:- If an object by virtue of its relation to the divine, can
be called holy/sacred. it is said to have a religious value and the experience of
such object as divine is called a religious experience.
7) AESTHETIC VALUES:- Perceived object to which the adjectives beautiful
and ugly are relevant give rise in the observe to the kind of experience we call
aesthetic.
8) ECONOMIC VALUES:- An object has economic value if it becomes a means
to satisfy material desires. Economic value is instrumental rather than
intrinsic.
9) CHARACTER VALUES:- Under this we may include the whole range of
desirable personal and social virtue including justice, benevolence, self control
and truthfulness.
IDEALISM
Plato laid the foundations for the Idealism
Idealism is old as Vedas.
Idealism contends that spiritual aspects are the chief aspects of human life.
According to Kathopanishad, an idealist is one who possesses supreme
knowledge by concentration of mind.
Intuition or recollection; Truth is possible for some good minds; most people on
the level of opinion.
Nature of Value
Human nature is governed by moral imperatives drawn from the absolutes in
reality
Exaltation of personality or self realization
Human personality is the greatest work of God.
NATURALISM
Oldest philosophy
By nature there is no reality
Material world is the real world emphasizes matter and the physical world.
Nature is only answer for all philosophical problems.
Aims of Education
Herbert Spencer Education as to enable
the individual to lead a complete life.
Rousseau creation of a natural man
free from the artificialities of the society.
IMPORTANT AIMS OF NATURALISTS EDUCATION
Self preservation preserving and protecting his body.
Securing the necessities of life equipping the individual to struggle for
existence and survival.
Maintenance of social and political relation enabling adjustment.
Enjoyment of leisure
Preparation for the struggle for existence
Autonomous development of personality
CURRICULUM
PRAGMATISM
Pragmatism is like a great house openly hospitable to all manner of travelers
willing to demonstrate their use of philosophy as a practical, social instrument. Once
admitted, they are free to move without restriction, among its many rooms as they
choose
Pragmatism is the midway between Naturalism and Idealism
An American philosophy
Estimates value of anything based on its practical utility
Pragmatism is like a great house openly hospitable to all manner of travelers
willing to demonstrate their use of philosophy as a practical, social instrument. Once
admitted, they are free to move without restriction, among its many rooms as they
choose
Pragmatism is the midway between Naturalism and Idealism
An American philosophy. Estimates value of anything based on its practical
utility
According to James, the term pragmatism is derived from the Greek word,
pragma which means action from which the words practical and practice
have come.
Charles Pierce is considered as the Father of Pragmatism.
Pragmatism is also called as progressivism or progressive education.
Pragmatist philosophers
William James
Charles, S. Pierce
John Dewey
W. H. Kilpatrick
Margret H. Mead
Principles of Pragmatism
Truth is that works in practical situations
Rejects ultimate values
Action is real and ideas are tools
Values are flexible. They change with time and circumstances.
Man has the ability to solve his problems
Utilitarian aspect is supreme
Past has little value
Present and future are more important
Spiritual character of existence has little significance
Pragmatism rejects all types of authoritarianism whether in government or
religion or education
Method is nothing more than that of helping of the students to use intelligence
and the scientific method to solve problems
PRAGMATISM AND DISCIPLINE
Main concern is inner discipline
It can not be maintained through force and dominance
It can not be imposed from outside
An individual, who is a unique personality,
cultivate moral and social values while living in the society
EXISTENTIALISM
Existentialism is the youngest philosophy.
Modern twentieth century philosophy.
It has not yet received a wide general recognition in the educational field
According to the existentialists, life is meaningless. Mans life is a struggle for
existence. In this struggle, the fittest or the strongest will survive.
According to theism, even though life is fundamentally meaningless; I can
give meaning to life. My faith in God will help me to lead an authentic life,
which is based on harmony and responsibility. Harmony here means, in words,
thoughts and action.
According to them, God has no role to play to make life meaningful.
Basic Assumptions of Existentialism
Nature of person:
Mans existence:, the starting point for all existence is the recognition
of the individual existence
Dualism of mind and body with special emphasis on mind
Nature of Reality:
An independent, physical universe exists and it may prove threatening to the
realization of personal goals
Spiritual reality may or may not exist
Nature of knowledge:
A tendency toward skepticism, it a willingness to acknowledge the
possibility of achieving truth
Self-knowledge: they consider know thyself as the basic premise of this
philosophy. Self-knowledge is the key to all truth and knowledge.
Nature of value:
A variety in moral standard is inevitable.
Persons are free to choose their own moral standard, but some moral standard
as an anchor to personal life is imperative.
Man is not complete: Man is not complete; he is in the process of becoming.
Man has to meet the challenge. He is capable of shaping his own life.
Freedom and responsibility: Each man has the responsibility of creating his
own values and in doing so, he has freedom and responsibility.
Man is primary and society is secondary.
Aims of education
The primary aim of education is the making of a human person as one who
lives and makes decisions about what he will do and be.
Educational and social development is mainly meant for the existence of man,
free from pain and suffering.
The aim of education is to lead an authentic life, i.e. the life, which is based on
harmony and responsibility.
Education for life education is the preparation for the state of being.
Make human person who can make decisions about him.
To make the individual a person of human touch this philosophy follows a
humanistic approach
Existentialism and Curriculum
Mainly liberal because liberal learning is most likely to lay a foundation for
human freedom
Almost as much as pragmatism, rejects the so - called spectator theory of
knowledge
Schools should try to immerse their students in life
Teacher
To protect and preserve academic freedom, where teachers today may be
students tomorrow
The teacher should facilitate development, originality and creativity by
providing necessary materials and equipments.
The teacher is very active and welcomes challenges to his ideas from the
students.
Concern and respect for the individual student is the main concern of the
school and teacher.
Teacher and students follow human relationship based on respect (teacher
pupil respect). The relationship here is I thou relationship.
Methods of teaching
No preoccupation with method, but whatever method is employed must point
to ways to achieve happiness and character
All school subjects and activities present situations for the development of
human beings.
Know oneself (know thyself) is the basic idea under the use of methods of
teaching.
Socratic methods, self-inquiry etc, can be considered as methods of
existentialism.
Discipline
Democratic ideas must pervade the school environment in which the students
grow.
Discipline here is self-discipline.
Self-discipline can be achieved self-respect and mutual respect.
Harmony of thoughts, words and actions will make the child self disciplined in
his social and personal life.
The concept of responsibility also will help the child to have self-discipline.
Aims of Education
Concern for man and environment: Man and nature are inseparable. The right
education should develop deep affection in all people.
Religious spirit with scientific temper: Religion, scientific temper and nature go
together.
Teachers should behave with students friendly but not with authority.
Science of society
Scope of Sociology:
The scope of sociology is very wide. As a matter of fact, the subject matter of all social
sciences is society. What distinguishes the various social sciences from one another is their
view point.
Sociology alone studies social relationships and the whole society itself. According to Green
The focus of attention on relationships makes sociology a distinctive field, however closely
allied to certain other sciences it may be.
The fields of sociology are:
Sociology of education
Urban sociology
Social psychology
Sociology of the family
Sociology of community
Industrial sociology
Economic sociology
Criminal sociology
Human relations
Sociology of Gender
Cultural sociology
Medical sociology
Sociology of religion
Ethnic conflicts
Sociology of stratification
In future we may have some new specifications in sociology.
Sub-Unit-4.2: Relationship between Sociology and Education
Sociology and education are intimately connected.
From the side of education, social development of the child is one of the main
functions of education. Through the social development of the child, it contributes to
the development of the society. Education forms a powerful tool to develop
individuals of society into dynamic and responsible citizens. It moulds their behavior
according to the ideals of the society and makes them able to achieve a harmonious
adjustment with society.
From the side of sociology, society determines and formulates the pattern of its
education according to its needs, ideals and ambitions. The changing pattern of the
society brings about corresponding changes in the educational process. Thus, the
society has large influence on education.
Process of Socialization:
Socialization is a process which begins at birth and continues until the death of
the individual. It is a life-long process.
Man is believed to be superior to animals because of socialization.
Socialization brings balance to the personality of an individual because social
personality is a very important component of personality.
Socialization teaches the individual to control himself in the interest of society
and to realize his responsibilities towards others.
Socialization is promoted by the influence of individuals on each other by
means of imitation, suggestions and sympathy.
Social institutions and associations also contribute to the individuals
socialization, as he is influenced by social processes such as praise, blame, cooperation, awards and rewards, conflict, punishments etc.
Education is the most prominent means of socialization.
Methods of Socialization:
There are six basic methods of socialization they are:
1. Affective method:
2. Operant method
3. Observational method
4. Socio-cultural method
5. Apprenticeship method
6.
Cognitive method
Agencies of Socialization:
The process of socialization is transmitted through the social groups of family, peer group,
school, religion and mass media. The groups are known as agencies of socialization.
Family:
1. Physical development
2. Emotional balance
3. Vocational skill development
4. Spiritual development
5. Moral development
6. Recreational functions
7. Language development
8. Conceptual development
Peer group:
The peer group consists of brothers, sisters and friends. Peer group is the source of
informal education.
Peer group can have deep influence on the habits, interests, thinking of the peers.
School:
Formal education is the major tool of socialization.
Individuals are socialized with specific goals of society by formal teaching.
The importance of school as an agency of socialization is recognized all over the
world. As Lesley Palmer says, school is the best place to educate children for social
integration.
School is the only place in the world which brings people of different religions,
cultures, castes, sex etc. together at the formative years of their life.
Schools can promote socialization through direct influence by designing curriculum
and activities for developing the cognitive aspect of socialization.
Teacher plays an important role in socialization. He can develop socialization in
students by formal technique of instruction of the curriculum and by informal
techniques through suggestions, persuasion and warnings.
Religion:
Mass media:
Mass media such as news papers, radio, TV, because of their technical capabilities
contribute significantly to socialization process. In recent times, Internet and
associated applications have globalized the socialization process.
Meaning:
1. Culture can be defined as the way of life of a group of people in a closed
society.
2. According to social anthropologists, culture if the accumulation of all the
technical ideas, tools and artifacts from the stone axe of the stone-age man to the
modern computers which man has invented to satisfy his basic biological needs in
order to live comfortably.
3. As F.B. Taylor defines, culture is that complex-whole which includes
knowledge, belief, morals and values, law, customs and any other capabilities
acquired by man as a member of society.
Characteristics:
Culture is a way of life.
Culture is man-made.
Culture is evolutionary.
Culture is learned or acquired.
Culture is gratifying.
Culture is dynamic.
Culture is transmitted from person to person and generation to generation.
Culture is integrative as well as divisive.
Culture controls the people.
Culture has two dimensions: material or overt culture and non-material or covert
culture.
Meaning:
(i) Being organic by nature, human society is dynamic. Hence it is subjected
to varied changes by different forces like natural, psychological,
sociological, political etc.
(ii) According to Jones, Social change is a term used to describe variation
in or movement of Social progress, Social interaction or Social
organization.
(iii)Social change is characteristic of all societies whether simple or
complex, strongly or loosely integrated.
(iv) It involves changes in both material aspects of culture & ideals, customs
of people.
(v)Change can be in discovery and invention, the rise of religious or political
movements, the appearance of individuals or groups and the contact of one
civilization with another through commerce or warfare.
(vi)The extent of Social change may vary considerably from one culture to
another, depending on the degree of isolation from other people and the
successful functioning of established ways.
(vii)Societies in which change occurs very slowly have the advantage of
stability in social organization. On the other hand, societies in which change
is rapid are marked by personal anxieties over ones future social role as well
as institutional instability.
tools.
Political
philosophy,
economic
philosophy
and
religious
philosophy.
-
Social stratification is the process by which individuals and groups are ranked
in a hierarchy of status.
As Raymond Murray defines, Social stratification is the horizontal division
of society into `higher and `lower social units.
Social stratification is based on unequal distribution of rights and privileges,
duties and responsibilities, social power and influences among the members of
a society.
According to Mayer, Social stratification is a system of differentiation which
includes a hierarchy of social positions whose occupants are treated as
superior or inferior relative to one another in socially important aspects.
Characteristics of social stratification:
It is social in nature.
It is ancient, i.e., existing since ancient times.
Social Mobility:
-
Social mobility is the movement of a person or persons from one social status
to another Wallace and Wallace
Social mobility is the movement of person or persons from one social group to
another social group. Child F.
Vertical mobility can take place in two ways: upward mobility and downward
mobility.
Duties of student;-
It was the usual rule for the Brahmin to go begging for his teacher & gurukula.
It helps in the complete organization of personality &a deeper loyalty to the
gurukula system.
- Another duty f the student in the gurukula was to go to the forest cut &collect
fuel &fetch it to the gurukula for tending the sacred fire.
- A student had to quit his bed before sunrise before his teacher .If the sunrises
and he sleeps out of willful laziness, he had to mutter gayatri mantra &fast for
whole day.
- A student had to offer his prayer thrice a day.
- A student had to take regular bath everyday at the time of bath he had to
mutter the hymns.
- The student had to follow certain regulations in respect of dress they use
hamper silken & woolen clothes the dress was white & spotless.
- He should take food with due permission of guru.
- A student should lie on the bare ground and sleep on lower bed than that of his
guru.
- Age of student begins his education varied from time to time.
- The students uniform& equipment prescribed upanayana, ajina for Brahmins it
is a skin of blackbuck, kshatriya ajina it is a skin of spotted dear then the ajina
for is made up of goat.
Vasa are a lower garment made of fiber of alasi plant or kusa grass or karpas .This
dress should be woven or manufacture in the home of student. This dress is
manufacture in the home of student different caste use different vasa of different
colors .thus the student also required handle a danda for different caste use different
types of danda & mekhala.
Curriculum;During the Vedic period education centered on religion hence the curriculum is
dominated by the study of Vedas, Upanishads, puranas it includes literature grammar
puranas hethu vidya arts, crafts, dhanurvidya shabda vidya, silpa vidya, physical
education is there. The vidyas or the branches of knowledge were designed in such a
manner that it helped a brahmachari student to release from worldly bondage & obtain
highest knowledge for self realization.
Write the salient features of education of Buddhist period.
It is based on Vedic study of education.
They spend their time throughout their life with all observances & ultimately
try to liberate the soul from bondage.
Jains train the individual / disciple with respect to their code of conduct.
To adopt their tritaratnas they have
Right faith(samjog-darsana)
Right knowledge(samjog-jnana)
Right conduct(samjog-aritra)
To attain good conduct five vows are to be adopted
Ahimsa
Satyam
Asetyam
Brahmacharyam
Aparigraha
To attain liberation from bondage I.e. to overcome passions like anger, pride,
infatuation, greed & so on.
In Jain period the gurus train the individuals / disciple with respect to their
code of conduct.
They adopt triratnas
Right faith(samyog-darsana)
Right knowledge(samjog-jnana)
Right conduct(samjog-caritra)
All preachings of jain tritankars / saints
Triratnas
Jain religion
Knowledge about world spirit & matter.
Gurus are considered as gods.
To follow five vows to attain good conduct of panchamavaratas.
They must be careful in all walks of life.
They practice ten different dharma like non-attachment, forgiveness, selfrestraint, austerity, sacrifice, celibacy.
Student respect the teachers & treat them as gods.
Emulate the ideal character from their gurus.
Aim at becoming like their gurus & liberate from the bondage.
Buddhism aims of education are;Buddha preaches noble truth concerning sorrow the cause of sorrow the
remedy the restriction of sorrow.
Curriculum;Nirvana or salvation this are ultimate goal of man
Education has encourage under two arts
(1)Primary education (2) mandatory education
Higher education is religion, philosophy, surgery, medicine, territory etc.
The study of Vedas also forms a part of curriculum as the pensive knowledge.
There are 19 arts in curriculum. it emphasis theoretical & practical aspects.
The important feature is use of common language of a medium of
communication.
Another aim of education was to teach the monks the law of Varna.
The prominent aim of education was the teaching of ahimsa.
This Philosophy of Buddhism preached that the spirit of love, non violence
towards life.
Give an Introduction to the medieval education
Medieval Indian education stressed the co-ordination of religious and nonreligious education. This is knows as Islamic system of education
In Islamic system of education.
Education was organized in two types of schools.
Maktab it is for primary education.
Madarsa a for higher education
In Islamic system the schools were attached to Mosques
Income of these schools is donations by king and rich people in the society.
The religious gurus called as mullahs and peshiimamas the acts as teachers.
In Muslim society they celebrate one function called Bismillah t the child after
completing of 4years and 4 months on the forth day.
The aim of education during Muslim period was imparting knowledge and the
propagation of Islam.
The aim of education was to make individuals religious minded, Muslim
education also aimed about material prosperity.
Muslim education neglected Vernaculars. There was no place for all round
development of the personality.
- Reading Quran and other doing other persin works Calligraphy, Geometry,
Astronomy, Medicine etc.
Medium of instruction should be English to those who are fluent and rest in
their own mother tongue
Government should emphasis on girl education and liberally grant in aids
for the higher education
To improve the standard of teaching teachers should be trained
Government should observe neutrality regarding religious instructions in
schools as different children comes from different backgrounds.
To expand the higher education ,three Universities were to be started in three
presiding towns of Madras ,Calcutta and Bombay
RESULTS OF WOODS DISPATCH
Woods recommendations were the landmarks in the fields of education in the
history of India
o Grant in aids were prepared for the first time
o Secondary education was tagged with universities through the matriculation
examination
o Between 1854 and 58 departments of public instructions were created in three
presidencies ,thus this was the foundations of modern educational
administration.
FOR THE FIRST TIME
Departments of education
Grant in aids
Introduction of examination
Every pupil within an average group of 6-14 years should be provided free and
compulsory education .
Separate and special attention should be provided to the physically challenged
persons .
Establishment of the university grants commission for uniformity in
university education in the country and also to abolish intermediate concept .
Free and periodical health checkups to be provided to the students .They
should also be provided with recreational facilities .
An educational specialist to be introduced such that he monitor the standards
of education .
Part time and full time schools to be introduced for teaching technical and
professional subjects.
Adult education to be introduced for general and vocational audio visual aids
to be used for imparting practical skills.
For benefits of brighter students curriculum should be divided into two parts
literary high school and vocational high school and pre primary to teach good
moral values .
For the success of this scheme a well capable trained teacher to be introduced
for every 30 students in pre-basic and junior basic school
Diversified courses to be introduced in schools
A national level autonomous body to be constituted to safeguard the students
of higher education
Work in the field of adult education should be started vigorously.
The consequences of sergeant report :-
Part time and full time schools to be introduced for teaching technical and
professional subjects.
Adult education to be introduced for general and vocational audio visual aids
to be used for imparting practical skills.
For benefits of brighter students curriculum should be divided into two parts
literary high school and vocational high school and pre primary to teach good
moral values .
For the success of this scheme a well capable trained teacher to be introduced
for every 30 students in pre-basic and junior basic school
Diversified courses to be introduced in schools
A national level autonomous body to be constituted to safeguard the students
of higher education
Work in the field of adult education should be started vigorously.
Hunter commission
This was the first commission which recommended bifurcation of courses ie general
and vocationalisation
This commission was appointed on Feb 1882 and submitted in march 1883
This commission paid special attention to primary education
Elementary education was imparted through two agencies
1 . Indigenous elementary schools and
2. New type of primary schools
Recommendations of Hunter commission are as follows : Great efforts were put to introduce elementary education to the masses
Local funds should be exclusively be set apart for primary education only and
not to be claims by any provincial revenues
Primary education was to be introduced to districts and municipal boards .
Schools to be provided by training teachers .It should impart knowledge in the
language spoken by them (vernacular)
Primary examinations to be introduced in a simplified manner and should
implement practical subjects like agriculture , industrial ,arts mensuration,
accounts etc .
Grant in aids to be provided based on the results obtained by schools .
Regarding indigenous schools these schools deserves encouragements in the
official system of education
District and municipals board should be more sympathetic towards such
types of schools .
Payments to be given based on the results of the students .
Q:Write a note on RADHA KRISHNA COMISSION :
Ans : After Independence India emerged as a sovereign democratic and republic state
,as the result the concept and goals of education were clearly defined for the nation ,so
a to give a new shape to our educational system
These commissions are known as follows
The curriculum
The standard of teaching
Technical staff and their services conditions
The examination system and
Professional education which includes agriculture etc.
They must come forward to serve the nation with the best of
their abilities .The children should be made to love their
country wholeheartedly .
o EDUCATION FOR COMMUNITY LIVING
A child should be taught that a man is a social being. Training
is essential both for his own wholesome development and the
good of society
o SPIRIT OF TOLERANCE :Education can cultivate in our young an open-mindedness
which would make them capable of blending the differences
and entertaining the ideas of others
2. IMPROVEMENT OF VOCATIONAL EFFICIENCY
Vocational efficiency is needed for economic development .Secondary
education must offer various opportunities for the young child .This can be done
when the children develop these qualities ;
An attitude to work : they must realize the dignity of life in
work
National prosperity is interlinked with increased production.
hence children should channelize their energies in productive
occupations
Promotion of technical skills and efficiency at all stages of
education .
To achieve these objectives courses should be diversified .A number of technical
institutions should be made available for them to join
3. DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY :Firstly every child is born with a certain talent ,secondly the child should
be given training so that its interest are fully developed ,thirdly they can be able to
contribute to the development of their heritage .Importance to be given to subjects
like art ,craft, music etc at secondary school curriculum .
4. EDUCATION FOR LEADERSHIP :A genuine leadership is necessary in a democracy .The students can be
trained to perform the qualities of leadership which prepares other s to follow
.Leadership calls for higher standards of education where the students have deeper
sense of social issues and a clear understanding of various other issues
Q: Write a note on KOTHARI COMMISSION -1964-66
Ans : The scope of the commission was wider than the secondary education
commission (1952-53) and it reviewed the entire system of education
Prof.D.S.Kothari,Chairman of University Grants Commission, was appointed as
chairmen of this commission .This commission consisted of 17 members .
School curricula from the pre-primary stage to the senior secondary stage need
to be reconstructed to realize the pedagogic potential of work as a pedagogic
medium in knowledge acquisition developing values and multiple- skill
formation.
Art:-
Health and physical education are necessary for the overall development of
learners.
School and Classroom Environment
Reconceptualisation of learning resources in terms of:o Supplementary books ,workbooks, teachers, handbooks etc are based
on fresh thinking and new perspectives.
o Multimedia and ICT as sources for two-way interaction rather than
one-way reception .
Q3 :PROGRAM OF ACTION
Ans : Modified National Policy of Education states that education should have the
main aim for all for which it would help in the normal development of material and
spiritualism
According to POA 1992 education should contribute to national cohesion a scientific
temper and implements of Indian spirit ,thus furthering the goal of holes of secularism
,socialism and democracy
Education develops man power for different levels of the economy
The relation between economy and education:- education should give the ultimate
growth of national self reliance
Education should develop in children mutual respect for all and sense of
fraternity.
2. The constitution has divided the duties and rights pertaining to education policies and
programs between the central and state governments and some are included as
common for both (concurrent list).
Educational provisions:
1. Free and compulsory primary education (Article 45)
2. Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions (Articles 29 &
30)
3. Education of socially and educationally backward classes (article 46)
4. Instruction in mother tongue (Article 350)
5. Promotion of Hindi (Article 351)
6. Education of women (Article 15 (3))
4. Right to Development:
-
Right to Education,
5. Right to participation:
-
Freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds,
Freedom of thought,
Article 17: Access to national and international mass media for promotion of
social, spiritual, cultural development of child,
4. The problems of drop-outs, minority children etc. are also considered in CRC.
Sub-unit: 8.4: Right to education act 2006:
1. An act to put into effect the right to free and compulsory educationof equitable
quality to all children in the age group of 6 to 14 years was enacted in 2006, and is
known as Right to Education Act 2006.
2. Salient features of the Act are:
(a) Every child who has attained the age of 6 years shall have the right to participate in
full time elementary education and to complete it.
(b) A non-enrolled child in the age group 7 to 9 years has the right to be admitted to an
age-appropriate grade in a neighborhood school.
(c) Non-enrolled child in the age group of 9 to 14 years has the right to be provided
with special programs within neighborhood school.
(d) A child who, though enrolled, is not able to participate in elementary education, has
the right to be provided with suitable conditions to enable participation.
(e) No child shall be held back in any grade or expelled from a school until she
completes elementary education.
7. The educational investment, i.e., the human capital is measured by the cost of
education.
Characteristics of human capital
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Marginal returns may vary between persons with the same qualifications.
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
Effects of technical progress should change both private and community life.
New links between educational policy and development policy to strengthen the
base of knowledge and skills.
2.
It is the process of increasing economic openness and growing economic interdependence between countries in the world.
3.
Characteristics of globalization:
Implications to education:
1. impact of globalization on aims of education:
-
developing the idea of global family through love of humanity, non-violence and
welfare of all people,
2. impact on curriculum:
-
Distance education.