Ali Alhamaly

ME 537: Assignment1
Problem 2.1:
bmep is defined as :
bmep=

Wb
Vd

(0)

The displacement volume can be written in terms of the engine volumetric

capacity and the compression ratio as:
V d =V 1

r c 1
rc

(0)

bmep=

W b rc
V 1 r c 1

(0)

Naturally aspirated diesel engines have higher compression ratio than

their naturally aspirated spark-ignition counterparts. For higher
rc
compression ratio the value
is lower. This indicates that that bmep
r c 1
for same engine size decreases with the increase of the compression ratio.
This is the reason why diesel engine has lower bmep than spark-ignition
engine.
Maximum torque of the engine occurs at lower speed than the maximum
brake power of the engine. At higher speed of the engine, frictional losses
become higher as well. This leads to reduction in the brake power per
cycle compared to lower speeds. From Eq. 1, we can see that a lower
brake power per cycle leads to lower bmep. Bmep is higher at maximum
torque because the brake power per cycle at maximum torque is higher
compared with the brake power per cycle at maximum rated power of the
engine.

Problem 2.3:
Engine in Fig 1-4:
Mean piston speed:
S p=2 ln
L=.092 m, N=5000 RPM

(0)

2.0925000
m
S p=
=15.3
60
s
bmep:
bmep=

2P b
NV d

Pb=65 kW , N =5000 RPM

4 2
2
V d=
B L=.0875 .092=2.212liter
4
bmep=

(0)

26560
=704.97 kPa
50002.212103

Specific power:
P s=

Pb
AP

Pb=65 kW , A P =
P s=

4 2
B =.08752 =.024
4

65
kW
=2702.39 2
.024
m

(0)

Engine in Fig 1-9:

Mean piston speed:
S p=2 ln
L=.076 m , N =4800 RPM

(0)

2.0764800
m
S p=
=12.16
60
s
bmep:
bmep=

2P b
NV d

Pb=86 kW , N=4800 RPM

(0)

V d =2.8 liter
bmep=

28660
=767.857 kPa
48002.8103

Specific power:
P s=

Pb
AP

Pb=86 kW , A P =
P s=

6 2
2
B =1.5.089 =.0373
4

86
kW
=2303.97 2
.0373
m

(0)

Engine in Fig 1-9:

Mean piston speed:
S p=2 ln
Lis not given , N =5500 RPM

(0)

2L5500
m
S p=
=183.33L
60
s
bmep:
bmep=

Pb
NV d

Pb=41 kW , N =5500 RPM

(0)

V d =.737 liter
bmep=

4160
=606.883 kPa
3
5500.73710

Specific power:
P s=

Pb
AP

(0)

Pb=41 kW , A P is not given

P s=

41 41 kW
=
A P A P m2
5

Problem 2.9:
Part a)
The mass of the fuel is given by:
mf =

Wb
m i ,th Q HV

(0)

The mass of air is given by:

ma= ve 0 V d

(0)

The volumetric efficiency can be approximated as:

ve =

ma
V

= i d= i
0 V d 0 V d 0

(0)

i is density of air at the inlet manifold (after the

compressor)
Preliminary gas dynamics analysis shows that
i
P
= i
0 P0

( )

[ ((
1+

1
c

Pi
P0

)]

Pi is the pressure after the compressor

P0 is the atmospheric pressure
Pi
is the pressure ratio of the compressor
P0
c is the isentropic efficiency of the compressor

(0)

Using Eq. 16 the volumetric efficiency is:

Pi
P0

( )

ve =

[ ((
1+

1
c

Pi
P0

)]

(0)

Bmep can be given as:

bmep=

Wb
Vd

(0)

Using Eq. 18 in Eq. 13 gives:

7

mf =

bmepV d
m i ,th Q HV

(0)

The fuel to air ratio is:

bmepV d
F mf
bmep
= =
=
A ma ve m i ,th Q HV 0 V d ve m i ,th QHV 0

(0)

Substituting the value of the volumetric efficiency in Eq. 17 into Eq. 20

gives:

F
bmep
=
A m i ,th Q HV 0

{( )
Pi
P0

1+

1
c

(( ) )]}
1

Pi
P0

(0)

Eq. 21 is an equation relating the engine inlet pressure

air ratio.

Pi

to the fuel to

Part b)
bmep=

b
2W
k N Vd

(0)

Assuming square engine (bore equals the stroke):

bmep=

b
2W
3
kN B
4

S
SP =2 BN , N = P
2B
bmep=

(0)

b
16 W
SP k B 2

Assuming an eight cylinder engine, then the bore is given by:

B=

b
2W
2400
=
=.133m
121200
SP bmep

(0)

The maximum rated speed is:

N=

SP
1230
60=
2700 RPM
2B
.133

Summary of the design values:

Number of
cylinders:
Bore:
Stroke:
Maximum speed:

8
.133 m
.133 m
2700 RPM

Part c)
F
bmep
=
A m i ,th Q HV 0

{( ) [
Pi
P0

1
1+
c

Parameter
bmep
m
i ,th
c
QHV
0
Pi
P0

{ [

(( ) )]}
1

Pi
P0

Assumed Value
1200 kPa
.85
.6
.85
43.2 MJ/kg
1.2 kg/m3
2
1.4

F
1200
(2 )1 1+ 1 ( 2 ) 7 1
=
A .85.6432001.2
.85

)]

A 1
= =13.77
F .07

=.07262

(0)

Problem 3.5:
The stoichiometric combustion reaction of the fuel is:

( 4y ) (O +3.77 N ) C O + 2y H O+(1+ 4y )3.77 N

C H y + 1+

(0)

The stoichiometric fuel to air ratio is given by:

( FA )

nf M f
=
na M a

sto

1(12+ y)
y
1+ 4.7728.96
4

( )

(0)

y is the H/C ratio = 1.87

( FA )

sto

1(12+1.87)
=.0684
1.87
1+
4.7728.96
4

The actual fuel to air ratio is:

( FA )

=
Act

m
f .4
1
=
=
a 5.6 14
m

(0)

The equivalence ratio is:

F
(
A)
=
( FA )

1
14
Act
=
=1.04
.0684

(0)

sto

The actual combustion reaction is given by:

( 4y ) (O +3.77 N )
y
aCO+ bC O +c H O+d H + (1+ )3.77 N
4
=

C H y + 1+

(0)
2

Carbon balance:
1=a+ b

(0)

Hydrogen balance:
10

y
=c+ d
2

(0)

Oxygen balance:

( 4y )=a+2 b+c

(0)

2 1+

Total number of moles for the dry gas composition:

( 4y )

(0)

ntot =a+b+ c+3.77 1+

Molar fraction of
y CO =

nCo
=
ntot

nC o
=
ntot

(0)

y
4

( )

a+b+ c+ 3.77 1+

Molar fraction of
yC O =

in the dry exhaust mixture:

CO

C O2

in the dry exhaust mixture:

b

(0)

y
4

( )

a+b+ c+ 3.77 1+

Equations (31, 32, 33, 35, and 36) have total of 5 unknowns (a, b, c, d,
and ). These equations can be solve to get the value of which is the
reciprocal of the equivalence ratio. These equations can be written in
matrix form as follows:

1
0
1
y CO 1
yC O
2

1
0
2
y CO
y C O 1
2

0
1
1
0
0

0
0
1
0
0 2 y /2
y CO
y COB
y C O y C O B
2

)( ) ( )
a
1
b
y /2
c = 0
d
0

(0)

( 4y )

B=3.77 1+

y=1.87

y CO =.028

11

y C O =.13
2

(0)

Substituting the values of Eq. 38 into Eq. 37 gives:

1
1
0
0
1
2
.972 .028
.13 .87

0
0
0
a
1
1
1
0
b
.935
1
0 2.935 c = 0
0 .028 .1549 d
0
0 .13
.7192
0

)( ) ( )

(0)

Solution of Eq. 39 gives:

=.98

12

=1.02

(0)

Problem 3.6:
a) The percentage of fuel chemical energy that becomes brake power:
b
W
= f , b=30
m
f Q HV

(0)

b) The percentage of fuel chemical energy that becomes friction

power:
f
b
W
W
1
1
1
=
1 =f , b
1 =.3 1 =7.5
m
f Q HV m
f QHV m
m
.8

) (

) ( )

(0)

c) The percentage of fuel chemical energy that becomes heat loss:

out
Q
60
=
=31.58
m
f Q HV 190

(0)

d) The percentage of fuel chemical energy that becomes exhaust

chemical energy:
m
unburned Q HV
=1 c =1.94=6
f QHV
m

(0)

e) The percentage of fuel chemical energy that becomes exhaust

chemical energy:
(0)

100( 30+7.5+ 31.58+6 )=24.92

13

Problem 3.10:
Part a)
The chemical reaction is:

( 4y ) (O +3.77 N )
y
y
C O +(1)O + H O++ (1+ )3.77 N
2
4
C H y + 1+

(0)
2

The total number of moles of the product can be found through the
relations:
yC O =
2

nC O
1
1
= =>n tot =
ntot ntot
yC O

(0)

The H/C (y) ratio can be found through the relations:

yH O=
2

n H O ( yy C O )
2 y H O 2.0468
=
=> y=
=
=1.6
ntot
2
y CO
.0585
2

(0)

H/C = 1.6
Part b)
The equivalent ratio can be found through the relations:
yO =
2

nO
yO
=( 1 )y C O => =
+1
ntot
y CO
2

yO
=
+1
y CO
2

] [
=

(0)

.123
+1
.0585

=.322

The fuel to air ratio is:

F
A

( )

nf M f
=
na M a

(0)

(12+ y)
y
1+ 4.7728.96
4

( )

y is the H/C ratio = 1.6

14

F
A

( )

.322(12+1.6)
=.0226
1.6
1+
4.7728.96
4

Part c)
The engine is a diesel engine because it is running at a very low value of
equivalence ratio.
Part d)
At maximum load, the engine will run at equivalence ratio of 1. Since this
is a diesel engine running at the same speed, then the air mass flow at
low equivalence ratio and at stoichiometric condition will be the same.
The percentage increase of the fuel flow rate will be then given as:

( FA ) ( FA )
( FA )
sto

lean

100=

1
1.322
100=
100=210.45

.322

(0)

lean

The equivalence ratio is limited by temperature and mechanical stresses

concerns.

15

Problem 3.12:
Part a)
The chemical reaction can be written as a summation of three reactions:
C
.7( 3 H 8 +5 ( O 2 +3.77 N 2 ) 3 C O 2 +4 H 2 O++18.85 N 2)

+
C
.05( 4 H 10+6.5 ( O2 +3.77 N 2 ) 4 C O2 +5 H 2 O++24.505 N 2)

+
C
.25( 3 H 6 +4.5 ( O 2 +3.77 N 2 ) 3 C O 2 +3 H 2 O++16.965 N 2)

(0)

.7 C

3
H
+.05C
H
+.25C
(
8
4
10
3 H 6)+ 4.95 ( O 2+3.77 N 2 )

3 .05C O2+3. 8 H 2 O++18. 6615 N 2

=
C3.05 H 7.6 +4.95 ( O 2 +3.77 N 2 ) 3.05 C O 2 +3. 8 H 2 O++18.6615 N 2

The stoichiometric fuel to air ratio is:

( FA )

sto

nf M f
123.05+7.6
=
=.0656
na M a 4.954.7728.96
(0)

( AF )

=15.47

st o

16

Part b)

The higher heating value of the LPG per mole ( HHV

) is:

y i M i HH V i=.74450.38+.055849.56+.254248.95
i

=2209.403 MJ
HHV
kmol
HHV =

(0)

HHV
2209.403
MJ
=
=49.986
M
123.05+7.6
kg

The higher heating value of the LPG per mole ( L HV

) is:

= HHV
n H O h fg =2209.4033.8182.442=2042.3702 MJ
L HV
kmol
2

(0)

L HV =

L HV
2042.3702
MJ
=
=4 6207
M
123.05+7.6
kg

17