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Harvard
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104:1

JANUARY 2011
ISSN 0017-8160



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Studies in Religion and Archaeology
<;@K<;9PC8LI8E8JI8CC8?#:?8I8C8D9FJ98B@IKQ@J#8E;JK<M<EA%=I@<J<E
This volume brings together international scholars of religion, archaeologists, and scholars of art and
architectural history to investigate social, political, and religious life in Roman and early Christian Thessalonik,
an important metropolis in the Hellenistic, Roman, and early Christian periods and beyond.
Harvard Theological Studies / new in paperback / $40.00

K?<JLIGI@J@E><C<:K@FE8E;:FE=@ID8K@FEF=B@E>;8M@;
A%I8E;8CCJ?FIK
J. Randall Short contends that the biblical account of Davids rise to kingship should
not be interpreted as the personal exoneration of David, but as the depiction of the
dramatic conrmation of Davids surprising election through his gradual emergence
as the beloved son of Jesse, Saul, and all Israel.
Harvard Theological Studies / new in paperback / $25.00

:8G@K8C@JD8JI<C@>@FE68JKL;PF=G8LCK@CC@:?J
@EK<IGI<K8K@FEF=DF;<IE@KP
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The relationship between religion and modern culture remains a controversial issue within Christian theology.
Francis Ching-Wah Yip reconstructs Tillichs interpretation of modernity with the key categories of autonomy,
self-sufcient nitude, technical reason, objectication, and dehumanization, and shows that Tillichs notion of
theonomy served to underscore the problems of modernity and to develop a response.
Harvard Theological Studies / new in paperback / $22.95

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Cambridge Journals Online


For further informaion about this journal please
go to the journal website at:
http://www.journals.cambridge.org/jid_htr

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