Meetings & Resolutions

Kinds of Company Meetings :Broadly, meetings in a company are of the

following types :I. Meetings of Members :
These are meetings where the members / shareholders of the company meet and
discuss various matters. Members meetings are of the following types :A. Statutory Meeting :
A public company limited by shares is required to hold a statutory meeting. Such a
statutory meeting is held only once in the lifetime of the company. Such a meeting
must be held within a period of not less than one month or within a period not more
than six months from the date on which it is entitled to commence business i.e. it
obtains certificate of commencement of business.
The purpose of the meeting is to enable members to know all important matters
pertaining to the formation of the company. The matters discussed include which
shares have been taken up, what money has been received, what contracts have
been entered into, what sums have been spent on preliminary expenses, etc. A
notice of at least 21 days before the meeting must be given to members .
The Board of Directors must prepare and send to every member a report called the
Statutory Report at least 21 days before the day on which the meeting is to be
held.

B. Annual General Meeting

Must be held by every type of company, public or private, once a year. Every
company must in each year hold an annual general meeting. Not more than 15
months must elapse between two annual general meetings.
A notice of at least 21 days before the meeting must be given to members. The
notice must state that the meeting is an annual general meeting. The time, date
and place of the meeting must be mentioned in the notice. The notice of the
meeting must be accompanied by a copy of the annual accounts of the company,
directors report on the position of the company for the year and auditors report on
the accounts. Companies having share capital should also state in the notice that a
member is entitled to attend and vote at the meeting and is also entitled to appoint
proxies in his absence. A proxy need not be a member of that company. A proxy
form should be enclosed with the notice. The proxy forms are required to be
submitted to the company at least 48 hours before the meeting.

The AGM must be held on a working day during business hours at the registered
office of the company or at some other place within the city, town or village in
which the registered office of the company is situated.

Business to be Transacted at Annual General Meeting :

At every AGM, the following matters must be discussed and decided. Since such
matters are discussed at every AGM, they are known as ordinary business. All other
matters and business to be discussed at the AGM are special business.
The following matters constitute ordinary business at an AGM :a.

Consideration of annual accounts, directors report and the auditors report

b.

Declaration of dividend

c.

Appointment of directors in the place of those retiring

d.

Appointment of and the fixing of the remuneration of the statutory auditors.

In case any other business ( special business ) has to be discussed and decided
upon, an explanatory statement of the special business must also accompany the
notice calling the meeting

C. Extraordinary General Meeting

Every general meeting (i.e. meeting of members of the company) other than the
statutory meeting and the annual general meeting or any adjournment thereof, is
an extraordinary general meeting. Such meeting is usually called by the Board of
Directors for some urgent business which cannot wait to be decided till the next
AGM. Every business transacted at such a meeting is special business. An
explanatory statement of the special business must also accompany the notice
calling the meeting.

Notice of General Meeting

A meeting cannot be held unless a proper notice has been given to all persons
entitled to attend the meeting at the proper time, containing the necessary
information. A notice convening a general meeting must be given at least 21 clear
days prior to the date of meeting. Notice of every meeting of company must be sent
to all members entitled to attend and vote at the meeting. Notice of the AGM must
be given to the statutory auditor of the company.

Where notice is sent by post, service is effected by properly addressing, pre-paying

and posting the notice. A notice calling a meeting must state the place, day and
hour of the meeting and must contain the agenda of the meeting. If the meeting is
a statutory or annual general meeting, notice must describe it as such. Where any
items of special business are to be transacted at the meeting, an explanatory
statement setting out all materials facts concerning each item of the special
business.
Proxy
Any member of a company entitled to attend and vote at a meeting of the company
shall be entitled to appoint another person (whether a member or not) as his proxy
to attend and vote instead of himself. Every notice calling a meeting of the
company must contain a statement that a member entitled to attend and vote is
entitled to appoint a proxy and that the proxy need not be member of the company.
A member may appoint another person to attend and vote at a meeting on his
behalf. Such other person is known as Proxy. The member appointing a proxy must
deposit with the company a proxy form at the time of the meeting or prior to it
giving details of the proxy appointed. The proxy form must be in writing and be
signed by the member.
A proxy is not entitled to vote except on a poll. Therefore, a proxy cannot vote on
show of hands.

Quorum
Quorum refers to the minimum number of members who must be present at a
meeting in order to constitute a valid meeting. A meeting without the minimum
quorum is invalid and decisions taken at such a meeting are not binding. The
articles of a company may provide for a quorum without which a meeting will be
construed to be invalid. Unless the articles of a company provide for larger quorum,
5 members personally present (not by proxy) in the case of a public company and 2
members personally present (not by proxy) in the case of a private company shall
be the quorum for a general meeting of a company.
It has been held by Courts that unless the articles otherwise provide, a quorum
need to be present only when the meeting commenced, and it was immaterial that
there was no quorum at the time when the vote was taken. Further, unless the
articles otherwise provide, if within half an hour from the time appointed for holding
a meeting of the company, a quorum is not present in the person, the meeting :a.

if called upon the requisition of members, shall stand dissolved;

b.
in any other case, it shall stand adjourned to the same day in the next week, at
the same time and place, or to such other day and time as the Board of Directors
may determine.
If at the adjourned meeting also, the quorum is not present within half an hour from
the time appointed for holding the meeting, the members present shall a quorum.
Kinds of Resolutions
Resolutions mean decisions taken at a meeting. A motion, with or without
amendments is put to vote at a meeting. Once the motion is passed, it becomes a
resolution. A valid resolution can be passed at a properly convened meeting with
the required quorum. There are broadly three types of resolutions :-

1. Ordinary Resolution :
An ordinary resolution is one which can be passed by a simple majority. I.e. if the
votes (including the casting vote, if any, of the chairman), at a general meeting cast
by members entitled to vote in its favour are more than votes cast against it. Voting
may be by way of a show of hands or by a poll provided 21 days notice has been
given for the meeting.

2. Special Resolution :
A special resolution is one in regard to which is passed by a 75 % majority only i.e.
the number of votes cast in favor of the resolution is at least three times the
number of votes cast against it, either by a show of hands or on a poll in person or
by proxy. The intention to propose a resolution as a special resolution must be
specifically mentioned in the notice of the general meeting. Special resolutions are
needed to decide on important matters of the company. Examples where special
resolutions are required are :a.
To alter the domicile clause of the memorandum from one State to another or
to alter the objects clause of the memorandum.
b.
To alter / change the name of the company with the approval of the central
government
c.

To alter the articles of association

d.

To change the name of the company by omitting Limited or Private Limited.

Adjournment
Adjournment means suspending the proceedings of a meeting for the time being so
that the meeting may be continued at a later date and time fixed in that meeting

itself at the time of such adjournment or to decided later on. Only the business not
finished at the original meeting can be transacted at the adjourned meeting.
The majority of members at a meeting may move an adjournment motion at a
meeting. If the chairman adjourns the meeting, ignoring the views of the majority,
the remaining members can continue the meeting. The chairman cannot adjourn
the meeting at his own discretion without there being a good cause for such an
adjournment. Where the chairman, acting bona fide within his powers, adjourns the
meeting as per the view of the majority, the minority members cannot to continue
with such meeting and, if they do the proceedings there will be null and void.
An adjourned meeting is merely the continuation of the original meeting and
therefore, a fresh notice is not necessary, if the time, date and place for holding the
adjourned meeting are decided and declared at the time of adjourning it. If a
meeting is adjourned without stipulation as to when it will be continued, fresh notice
of the adjourned meeting must be given.

Postponement
Postponement of a meeting means defering the holding of the meeting itself at a
later date. Postponement is done by the Board of Directors or by the person
convening the meeting. In case of adjournment, it is the decision of the majority of
the members present at the meeting itself.

189. ORDINARY AND SPECIAL RESOLUTIONS.

(1) A resolution shall be an ordinary resolution when at a general meeting of which
the notice required under this Act has been duly given, the votes cast (whether on a
show of hands, or on a poll, as the case may be), in favour of the resolution
(including the casting vote, if any, of the chairman) by members who, being entitled
so to do, vote in person, or where proxies are allowed, by proxy, exceed the votes, if
any, cast against the resolution by members so entitled and voting.
(2) A resolution shall be a special resolution when
(a) the intention to propose the resolution as a special resolution has been duly
specified in the notice calling the general meeting or other intimation given to the
members of the resolution;
(b) the notice required under this Act has been duly given of the general meeting;
and
(c) the votes cast in favour of the resolution (whether on a show of hands, or on a
poll, as the case may be) by members who, being entitled so to do, vote in person,

or where proxies are allowed, by proxy, are not less than three times the number of
the votes, if any, cast against the resolution by members so entitled and voting.

The Companies (Passing of the Resolution by Postal Ballot) Rules, 2001

Postal Ballot includes voting by share holders by postal or electronic mode
instead of voting personally by presenting for transacting businesses in a general
meeting of the company,
(c) Requisite majority with regard to Special Resolution means votes cast in
favour of the business is three times more than the votes cast against, with
regard to ordinary resolution, votes cast in favour is more than the votes cast
against.
*2A. Method for sending notice,(a) The company may issue notices either,(i) under Registered Post Acknowledgement Due; or
(ii) under certificate of posting; and
(b) with an advertisement published in a leading English Newspaper and
in one vernacular Newspaper circulating in the State in which the
registered office of the company is situated, about having despatched the
ballot papers.
3. Applications:These Rules shall be applicable to listed companies and in case of resolutions
relating to such businesses as are specified under rule 4.
4. List of businesses in which the resolutions shall be passed through
Postal
Ballot.
(a) alteration in the Object Clause of Memorandum;

(b) alteration of Articles of Associations in relation to insertion of provisions

defining private company;
(c) buy-back of own shares by the company under sub-section (1) of section 77A;
(d) issue of shares with differential voting rights as to voting or dividend or other
wise under sub-clause (ii) of clause (a) of section 86;
(e) change in place of Registered Office out side local limits of any city, town or
village as specified in sub-section (2) of section 146;
(f) sale of whole or substantially the whole of undertaking of a company as
specified under sub-clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 293;
(g) giving loans or extending guarantee or providing security in excess of the limit
prescribed under sub-section (1) of section 372A;
(h) * election of a director under proviso to sub-section (1) of section 252 of the
Act ;
(i) * deleted w.e.f. 11/10/2001
(j) variation in the rights attached to a class of shares or debentures or other
securities as specified under section 106.
5. Procedure to be followed for conducting business through Postal
Ballot:(a) The company may make a note below the notice of General Meeting for
understanding of members that the transaction(s) at Sl. No. requires consent of
shareholders through postal ballot;
(b) The board of directors shall appoint one scrutinizer, who is not in employment
of the company, may be a retired judge or any person of repute who, in the
opinion of the board can conduct the postal ballot voting process in a fair and
transparent manner;
(c) * The scrutinizer shall submit his report as soon as possible after the last date of
receipt of Postal Ballots.;

(d) The scrutinizer will be willing to be appointed and he is available at the

Registered Office of the company for the purpose of ascertaining the requisite
majority;
(e) The scrutinizer shall maintain a register to record the consent or otherwise
received, including electronic media, mentioning the particulars of name,
address, folio number, number of shares, nominal value of shares, whether the
shares have voting, differential voting or non-voting rights and the Scrutinizer
shall also maintain record for postal ballot which are received in defaced or
mutilated form. The Postal Ballot and all other papers relating to postal ballot
will be under the safe custody of the Scrutinizer till the Chairman considers,
approves and sign the minutes of the meeting. Thereafter, the Scrutinizer shall
return the ballot papers and other related papers/register to the company so as to
preserve such ballot papers and other related papers/register safely till the
resolution is given effect to;
(f) * The consent or otherwise received after thirty days from the date of issue of
notice shall be treated as if reply from the member has not been received.