Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Only parties in a contract may enforce or annul the contract. However, creditors
may rescind those contracts created in fraud of their rights.
Stipulations POUR AUTRUI; requisites
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
From the moment a contract is perfected, the parties are bound not only to
fulfillment of what has been expressly stipulated but also to all consequences
which, according to their nature, may be in keeping with good faith, usage and law.
The name of the contract which is given by the parties is totally immaterial since
the nature of the contract is determined not by the parties but by the law. We must
distinguish between the validity of the stipulation in a contract and the juridical
qualification of a contract.
Art. 1316 Real contracts; delivery is essential
Art. 1317 Contracts in the name of another; lack of authority makes the contract
unenforceable unless ratified before it is revoked.
Ratification retroacts to the time of its celebration. Without ratification, the person
in whose name the contract was executed is no liable. Whether the representative
becomes liable to the other party or not will depend on whether in entering into
the contract he gives notice of his lack of authority or excess of authority. He would
be liable if did not inform of suck lack of authority. On the other hand, the one
informed is not entitled to damages if he know or should have known that he was
dealing with a person lacking of authority.
Art. 1318 Essential requisites of contracts; Consent, Object and Cause
The essence of consent is the conformity of the parties to the terms of the contract.
Hence, it is defined as the concurrence of the offer and the acceptance over the
thing and the cause which constitute the contract.
Requisites of consent
a. Plurality of subjects a contract therefore requires not two persons but two
parties; not two wills but two declaration of wills.
b. Capacity of the contracting parties
c. Intention of the parties
d. Manifestation the intention of the parties
e. Concurrence between the intention of the parties and its manifestation
Elements of consent
a. The offer
b. The acceptance
It is only the general rule, exception is, where other matter besides the thing and
the cause are consired material by the parties, in which case, the area of
agreement must include those other things which are considered material by the
parties.
Requisites of an offer
a. It must be definite
b. It must be complete
c. It must be made with the intention to be bound
d. It must be directed to the person or persons with whom the offeror intends
to enter into a contract. modern law of contracts recognize definite offers
which are directed to the public in general in the case of promises or
rewards.
Requisites of acceptance
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
It must be absolute
It must be directed to the offeror
It must be made with the intention to be bound
It must be within the proper time
Communicated to the offeror and learned by him
Any modification or variation from the terms of the offer annuls the latter and frees
the offeror, because it would be considered a qualified acceptance or a counteroffer and a counter-offer has the effect of extinguishing the offer.
Acceptance through intermediaries, unless the intermediary convey the
acceptance to the principal the offer is not yet accepted. However, in cases of an
agent, the acceptance conveyed to the agent is accepted from the time the
acceptance is communicated to the same.
The offeror is not bound by the acceptance by letter or telegram until the same
came to his knowledge. This requirement should be understood rationally, so if the
offeror delays in bad faith his knowledge of the acceptance by not reading nor
opening the letter or telegram of acceptance, the contract is deemed perfected.
Since it is not the intention of the law to leave the perfection of the contract to the
caprice of the offeror
Will silence on the part of the offeree constitute acceptance? The answer must be
qualified. When circumstance imply a duty to speak on the part of the person for
whom an obligation is proposed, his silence can be construed as consent. Provided,
there is no other interpretation of such silence.
The law on Agency have cases when acceptance of the agency may be implied from
silence of the agent under circumstances.
Art. 1320 An acceptance may be expressed or implied; acceptance may also
be presumed, for instance, the failure on the part of the heir to reject the
inheritance within 30 days from notice of the order of the court distributing estate.
Art. 1321 Terms of acceptance; offerror may fix time, place and manner of
acceptance.
Art. 1322 An offer made through an agent is accepted from the time
acceptance is communicated to him
Art. 1323 Extinguishment of the offer; death, civil interdiction, insanity or
insolvency of either party before acceptance is conveyed.
In addition, offer is also extinguished when: upon the rejection by the offeree, upon
the lapse of period stated in the offer without acceptance being conveyed, when
renders the contract void. Thus, if a person delivers a thing by way of sale and the
other receives it, thinking it was a lease, there is no meeting of the minds, and
hence, there is no contract, whether of sale or of lease.
Art. 1335 Violence or intimidation; former, physical while, latter, moral force
or compulsion
In order both may vitiate consent, it must prevent the will of the victim from freely
making a choice.
When a person is under compulsion, he becomes a mere instrument by the
offender, he acts against his will. He loses the personality of the actor.
Violence; requisites
a. Force employed is serious or irresistible, or of such a degree that the victim
has no other course, but to submit
b. That it is the determining cause of consent
c. That it is not justified
d. That it is sufficient
Intimidation; requisites
a.
b.
c.
d.
Note that the offender must have the capability to inflict the harm threatened. Age,
sex and condition must be borne in mind.
Exception; when threat is enforced to a legal claim Such a threat cannot
constitute duress even if the claim proves the unfounded so long as the creditor
believes that it was his right to do so (Berg vs, Natl City Bank of New York)
Art. 1337 Undue Influence; there is still freedom of choice but the same is
unreasonably restrained must be distinguished from reverential fear which is the
fear of displeasing a person to whom respect and obedience is due.
Art. 1338 - Fraud; insidious words and machinations, in the procurement of
consent.
Kinds of fraud
a. Fraud in the performance of the obligation (malice or bad faith), fraud dealt
with in Art. 1171
b. Fraud in the celebration of the contract (deceit), fraud referred to in Art.
1338.
- Dolo causante (substantial fraud), which affects the substance of the
agreement so that without it the party would not have consented.
- Dolo incidente (incidental fraud), which affects the incidentals of the
agreement so that without it the party would not have consented but
under different term.
Fraud; requistes
a. There must be concealment or representation of a fact
b. It must be serious
c. It must be employed by one of the contracting parties and not by a third
person
d. It must not be employed by both contracting parties
e. It must be made in bad faith, that is, with the knowledge of its falsity
Art. 1339 Failure to disclose facts, when there is a duty to reveal them
constitutes fraud; concealment must refer to a material fact that induced the other
party to give his consent and there must be a duty to disclose such fact that may
arise from confidential relations.
Art. 1340 - Exaggerations in trade; dealers talk not fraud
Art. 1341 Expression of opinion does not constitute fraud unless made by an
expert which the other party relied on the formers knowledge
Art. 1342 Fraud employed by a third person does not vitiate consent, unless
such misrepresentation has created substantial mistake and the same is mutual;
exception is, when there is conspiracy between the third person and the other
party.
Art. 1343 Misrepresentation in good faith is not fraudulent but may constitute
error.
Art. 1344 Dolo Causante; in order that fraud may vitiate consent it must be a
dolo causante. Where the fraud is dolo incidente, it will only give rise to an action
for damages against the guilty party but the contract is not voidable.
Art. 1345 Simulation of a contract may be absolute or relative. The former
takes place when the parties do not intend to be bound at all, the latter, when the
parties conceal their true agreement.
Simulation involves a defect in the declaration of the will; requisites
a. A deliberate declaration contrary to the will of the parties
b. Agreement of the parties to he apparently valid act
c. The purpose is to deceive or to hid from third persons although it is not
necessary that the purpose be illicit or for purposes of fraud.
Do not confuse intention to deceive from intention to damage.
Art. 1346 Absolute simulated contract is void, a relative simulated contract,
when it does not prejudice a third person and is not intended for any purposes
contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order or public policy binds the
parties to their real agreement.
Art. 1347 Object of contracts; not outside the commerce of men even future
things or transmissible rights, exception is, future inheritance save in cases
expressly authorized by law, also services which are not contrary to law, morals,
etc.
Rescission is different from mutual dissent in a way that the former operates by
law while the latter is a mutual agreement of the parties.
Art. 1381 Contracts that are rescissible:
(1) Those which are entered into by guardians whenever the wards whom they
represent suffer lesion by more than one-fourth of the value of the things which are
the object thereof;
(2) Those agreed upon in representation of absentees, if the latter suffer the lesion
stated in the preceding number;
(3) Those undertaken in fraud of creditors when the latter cannot in any other
manner collect the claims due them;
(4) Those which refer to things under litigation if they have been entered into by
the defendant without the knowledge and approval of the litigants or of competent
judicial authority;
(5) All other contracts specially declared by law to be subject to rescission.
1 and 2 are based on lesion, note that the guardian and representative should refer
to contract of administration where the ward suffers necessary lesion and not to
contract of disposition, save in cases of judicial approval, where it will prevent the
rescissory action.
3 refers to Actio Pauliana, which requires; the existence of a credit, that said credit
existed prior to the contract of be rescinded, the existence of fraud or that the
debtor has the intention to injure by acting knowingly and in bad faith which
fraud or bad faith can either be presumed or proved and that the creditors cannot
in any other way recover their credits. Note that, rescission is a subsidiary remedy
a remedy of last resort.
4 refers to those things under litigation. Note that, it is not necessary that the
alienation be effected after the filing of the answer to the complaint, it is enough if
it is made after service of summons.
5 refer to special cases governed by special provision such as in Art. 1189, 1191,
1526, 1534, 1538, 1542, 1556, 1560, 1567, and 1659. E. g suspensive period or
conditions, payment by an insolvent.
Art. 1382 Payment by insolvent; insolvent of fact not judicial insolvency
Art. 1383 Rescission is subsidiary; remedy of last resort
Art. 1384 Extent of rescission; shall only be to the extent necessary to cover
the damage caused. Meaning in the exercise of the debtors right, he is only
entitled to the extent of his credit and shall not get the totality of the debtors
property. Note that, rescission can only be brought by the injured party.
Art. 1385 Effects of rescission; Abrogation of the contract and mutual
restitution. Restitution cannot be made if the object of the contract is in the hands
of a third person who acted in good faith, the only remedy is indemnification for
damages.
Art. 1386 Rescission referred to in No. 1 and 2 of Art. 1381 shall not take place
with respect to contracts approved by the courts.
Art. 1387 Presumption of fraud; in gratuitous alienations of property, there
arises a presumption of fraud when the donor did not reserve sufficient property to
pay all debts contracted before the donation. In onerous alienation there arises a
rebuttable presumption of fraud in case the conveyance is made after issuance of
the writ of attachment or judgement be issued. The latter need not be final and in
case of the former, even before service or execution. The decision or attachment
need not refer to the property alienated and need not have been obtained by the
party seeking rescission.
Art. 1388 Purchaser in bad faith; if the property is already in the hands of a
third person, whether the action will prosper or not will depend on the good or bad
faith of the first transferee. Note that, if the thing cannot be returned, the only
remedy is damages.
Art. 1389 The action to claim rescission must be commenced within 4
years, to be counted from the celebration of the contract except in cases of
guardianship or absentees, where the period of 4 years shall not begin until the
termination of the formers incapacity or until the domicile of the latter is known.
Art. 1390 Voidable contracts; valid until annulled.
a. Those where one of the parties is incapable of giving consent to a contract.
b. Those where consent is vitiated by mistake, violence, intimidation, undue
influence or fraud.
Art. 1391 Annulment must be brought within 4 years; counting of period
will begin:
a. Intimidation, violence or undue influence defect of the consent ceases
b. Mistake or fraud Time of discovery
c. Minors and incapacitated persons from the time guardianship ceases
Note that where minority is used as a defense and no positive relief is prayed for,
the four year period will not apply.
Art. 1392 Ratification extinguishes the action to annul a voidable contract;
requisites
a.
b.
c.
d.
a right to invoke it, should execute an act which necessarily implies an intention to
waive his right. For example, acceptance of payment and benefits by a debtor.
Art. 1394 Ratification by guardian
Art. 1395 Ratification does not require the conformity of the contracting party
who has no right to bring the action for annulment; hence, should the innocent
party choose to ratify the contract, the consent of guilty party is not necessary.
Art. 1396 Ratification cleanses the contract from all its defects the moment it
was constituted; ratification retroacts to the perfection of the contract.
Art. 1397 Who can bring action to annul; requisites
a. The plaintiff must be bound by the contract principally or subsidiarily
(guarantor, mortgagor et al), no stranger to the contract can bring an action
to annul.
b. The victim or the injured party and not the party responsible for the defect is
the person who must assert the annulment of contract.
Art. 1398 Mutual restitution; after the annulment has been granted, the same
shall produce the effect of mutual restitution, both parties must return things that
was given by one to the other and in case of services rendered, the value thereof
shall be the basis for damages. Mutual restitution is a condition precedent for
annulment of a contract.
Art. 1399 Restitution by incapacitated party; the incapacitated person has no
obligation to make restitution except insofar as he has been benefited by the thing
or the price received by him.
Such benefit consists not simply in the delivery to the incapacitated person of the
things or the price, but in proof that the enrichment resulted in an increase or
benefit of the incapacitated persons patrimony. Thus, there is benefit even
without increase of fortune, if the thing received is used for food, clothing,
dwelling, health or education.
Art. 1400 Loss by defendant; the above article refers to loss by the defendant
of the thing he is obliged to return after the decree of annulment. If the loss occurs
through his fault, then defendant must return the fruits and received and the value
of the thing at the time of the loss with interest from the same date. If the loss
occurs without the fault of the defendant then he is still bound to return the fruits
and the value of the thing under the principle of RES PERIT DOMINO, but since
the loss was without his fault, he is not bound to pay interest.
Art. 1401 Loss by plaintiff; the action for annulment of contract is extinguished
However, when the right of action is based upon the incapacity of any one of the
contracting parties, the loss of the thing shall not be an obstacle to the success of
the action, unless said loss took place, through the fraud or fault of the plaintiff. If
the incapacitated person himself lost the thing through fraud or fault, he is liable.
If it was lost in his possession but not through the incapacitated persons act
himself, there will be no action for annulment.
Art. 1402 As long as one of the contracting parties does not restore what in
virtue of the decree of annulment he is bound to return, the other cannot be
compelled to comply with what is incumbent upon him.
Art. 1403 Unenforceable contracts unless ratified
a. Lack or excess of authority
b. Contracts which are required to comply by the requirements laid down in
the Statute of Frauds but requirements was not complied with.
c. Both parties are incapable of giving consent
Statute of frauds does not affect the validity of contracts or for the enforceability
thereof, and is only applicable to actions for the specific performance of the
contract or for the violation thereof. Only executory contracts, contracts which are
yet to be performed are covered and not those already partially or totally executed
or performed.
Please memorize codal provision of statute of frauds.
a. Performance within one year full performance must exceed a year
b. Guaranty- may include liability for tort
c. In consideration of marriage marriage settlements and donation propter
nuptias
d. Sale of personal property not less than P500
e. Lease or sale of real property lease for a period longer than one year and
executory real sale of real property. In case of agency, the same must also be
in writing
f. Representation as to credit liability arises from quasi-delict
Art. 1404 Law on unauthorized contracts Title X of Civil Code
Art. 1405 Ratification of contracts that must comply rather offended the
requirements laid down by the statute of frauds; by the failure to object the
presentation of oral evidence to prove the same, or by the acceptance of benefits
under them. This is an implied ratification.
Art. 1406 When a contract is enforceable under the Statute of Frauds, and a
public document is necessary for its registration in the Registry of Deeds, the
parties may avail themselves of the right under Art. 1357
Art. 1407 Mutual incapacity; when one either partys parent or guardian
ratifies the contract, the contract becomes voidable. If then both partys parent or
guardian ratifies the contract, the contract is validated from inception.
Art. 1408 Unenforceable contracts cannot be assailed by third persons.
Art. 1409 Void contracts
a. Cause, object or purpose is contrary to law, morals, good customs, public
order or public policy
b. Absolutely simulated contracts
c. Cause or object did not exist at the time of the transaction
d. Object is outside the commerce of men
e. Impossible service
f. The intention of the parties relative to the principal object of the contract
cannot be ascertained
g. Expressly prohibited or declared void by law
These contracts cannot be ratified. Neither can the right to set up the defense of
illegality be waived.
Art. 1410 The action or defense for the declaration of existence of a
contract does not prescribe.
Art. 1411 Criminal contracts
In pari delicto
a. The parties shall have no action against each other
b. Both shall be prosecuted
c. The things or the price of the contract, as the effects or instruments of the
crime, shall be confiscated in favor of the Government.
In delicto The rule on Par. 1 of Art. 1411 applies only to the guilty party. The
innocent one or the less guilty may claim what he has given and shall not be bound
to comply with his promise.
Art. 1412 Unlawful contracts; but the act does not constitute a criminal
offense
In pari delicto
a. Neither party may recover what he has given by virtue of the contract
b. Neither party may demand the performance of the others undertaking
In delicto (only one party is guilty)
a.
b.
c.
d.
The
The
The
The
Articles 1411 and 1412 embody the general principle of in pari delicto and refuses
them every remedy and leaves them where they are. Proceeding articles admit its
exceptions.
Art. 1413 Recovery of usurious interest Recoverable only the excess of
interest paid, since usury law is suspended
Art. 1414 When money is paid or property delivered for an illegal purpose, the
contract may be repudiated by one of the parties before the purpose has been
accomplished, or before any damage has been caused to a third person. In such
case, the courts may, if the public interest will thus be subserved, allow the party
repudiating the contract to recover the money or property
Art. 1415 Where one of the parties to an illegal contract is incapable of giving
consent, the courts may, if the interest of justice so demands, allow recovery of
money or is thereby enhanced, recover what he has paid or delivered.
Art. 1416 When the agreement is not illegal per se but is merely prohibited, and
the prohibition by law is designed for the protection of the plaintiff, he may, if
public policy is thereby enhanced, recover what he has paid or delivered.
Art. 1417 Price fixed by law; recovery
Art. 1418 Hours of labor; recovery
Art. 1419 Minimum wage; recovery
Art. 1420 In case of a divisible contract, if the illegal terms can be separated
from the legal ones, the latter may be enforced.
Exceptions
a. When the nature of the contract requires indivisibility
b. Where the intention of the parties is that the contract be entire.
Art. 1421 The defense of illegality of contracts is not available to third persons
whose interests are not directly affected
Art. 1422 - A contract which is the direct result of a previous illegal contract, is
also void and inexistent.