16th International Middle- East Power Systems Conference -MEPCON'2014

Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, December 23 - 25, 2014

Utilizing the Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System

for Reducing Transformer Inrush Current
Hany A. Abdelsalam

Abdelsalam Ahmed

Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz

Electrical Engineering Department

Faculty of Engineering
Kafrelshikh University, Egypt
hanyahmed2008@yahoo.com

Electrical Power and Machines Dept.

Faculty of Engineering
Tanta University, Egypt
dr.abdelsalamahmed@yahoo.com

Electrical Power and Machines Dept.

Faculty of Engineering
Ain Shams University, Egypt
almoatazabdelaziz@hotmail.com

AbstractIntegration of photovoltaic (PV) energy into the

electrical power system is increasing with the development in the
PV technology. Transformer magnetizing inrush current problem
occurs due to switching the transformer into the service. This
paper proposes an inrush current reduction technique using the
PV power. The proposed procedure is to apply an opposite flux on
the transformer using the PV power, then connect the
transformer with the electrical power network at a suitable
instant of the grid voltage waveform. The switching instant
depends upon the flux produced in the transformer primary
winding by the PV system. The proposed procedure is applied on
a single phase example and simulated in MATLAB
R2012a/SIMULINK. The simulation results illustrate the suitable
instant of switching to reduce the magnetizing inrush current and
the corresponding total harmonic distortion (THD).
Index Terms Grid-connected photovoltaic system,
transformer inrush current reduction, total harmonic distortion

I. INTRODUCTION

NTEGRATION of renewable energy resources in power

system increases with the continuous development in the
renewable energy generation technology. Photovoltaic (PV)
energy is one of these resources. The PV source generates
clean energy from the sunlight. The PV source, also called the
PV system, consists of: a PV farm (for large energy
generation), booster, inverter and coupling transformer. The
PV farm is constructed from a group of PV arrays. Each PV
array contains number of PV modules. The PV module
contains the PV cells. For the purpose of the integration with
the power system, the PV system is connected with the power
system either in the distribution system level or in the
transmission system level. For some integration situations, the
PV system is connected with a substation.
Connection of the transformer with the electrical grid (as
shown in Fig. 1) results in an inrush current flow in the
primary winding of the transformer (the switch side), which
results in strong magnetic fields and deteriorating of the
windings insulation properties [1]. Practically, the high current
(inrush current) will be leading to tripping the breaker.
Several methods have been proposed to limit the inrush
currents [1] - [9]. In reference [1], authors introduced a
systematic switching study to minimize the inrush current
without residual flux estimation. References [2] and [3] have

presented a flux compensation technique combined with a

transformer switching control for the uninterruptible power
supply (UPS) to avoid inrush current when a transformer is
switched on. In [4], authors used a grounding resistor
connected at a transformer neutral point for inrush current
reduction. In [5], a voltage compensation-type inrush current
limiter is used to reduce the inrush current by inserting high
impedance during the high current period. Reference [6] has
studied the effects of residual flux for optimal closing instant to
minimize inrush current. The authors in [7] used the
conventional superconducting fault current limiter to reduce
the inrush current. Reference [8] has reduced the inrush current
by using series compensator. The work in [9] presented an
inrush current reduction strategy which sets the residual flux of
a single-phase transformer to a large magnitude and specific
polarity in a method described as preflux and then energizes
the transformer at a specified system voltage angle based on
the flux polarity. This method does not need to measure the
residual flux during the de-energizing of transformer.
The above methods for reduction of inrush current require
additional devices which are either unavailable at all the
transformers or have high cost. This paper proposes the PV
system to reduce the inrush current. This paper uses the PV
system to produce the preflux of the transformer instead of the
UPS in order to reduce the magnetizing inrush current. This
paper is organized as follows: section II presents the method of
inrush current reduction. Section III describes the gridconnected PV system. Section IV presents the inrush current
reduction simulation results and the transformer inrush current
harmonic analysis. Section VI introduces the conclusion.
Substation

Electrical
Power
Network

Switch

PV System

Transformer
Load

Fig. 1. Transformer connecting a power grid with PV system and load

16th International Middle- East Power Systems Conference -MEPCON'2014

Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, December 23 - 25, 2014
C. Switching Instant

II. INRUSH CURRENT REDUCTION METHOD

Energizing the transformer drives the iron core into
saturation, which result in high-amplitude magnetizing inrush
current [5]. The peak values of inrush current are due to the
impact of the voltage angle at the time of connecting the
transformer with the power grid. The value of the transformer
inrush current is a function of various factors, such as the
switching angle of the power grid voltage, the residual flux of
the core, the transformer design and the power system
impedance.
A. Flux relationship
The instantaneous voltage applied on the transformer from
the power grid (shown in Fig. 1) side can be written as

Vs Vs m sin( t )

(1)

where is the instant of energizing the transformer from the

power grid, Vs m is the voltage peak value. For N turns of the
transformer primary winding, the transformer core flux is

Vs m
N

sin( t ) dt

To avoid increasing the flux produced by

the best switching instant is the zero crossing of the grid

voltage Vs waveform. Choosing the suitable zero crossing (the
switching cycle) depends upon the prefluxing and the residual
flux. The simulation results, in section (IV-A), study the
suitable energizing cycle for the transformer.
III. GRID-CONNECTED PV SYSTEM
A. Study System
This paper considers the single phase system shown in Fig.
2 as an example to illustrate the use of the PV system for
reducing the transformer inrush current. It consists of an
alternating current (AC) source (represents the power grid).
The transmission line impedance is neglected. The AC grid is
connected with the primary winding of a saturable transformer
throw a normally open switch. The transformers secondary
winding is connected with a resistive-inductive (R-L) load and
a PV system. The saturable transformer is used for the purpose
of the MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation because it has the
core saturation characteristics [10].

(2)

Vpv
Ipv

Boost converter
control (MPPT)

Lpv

Ipv

m cos( t ) r
m

flux depends on the de-energizing instant of the transformer

and can be calculated from equation (3) at the initial conditions
t = 0 and = 0 ( r m cos ).
Equation (3) implies that the core flux is affected by the
the

and the residual flux r . Existing of

and the random changing of

force the flux into the

saturation region and cause high magnetizing inrush current.

Two actions are needed to reduce the inrush current; applying a
suitable preflux on the transformer core and adjusting the
instant of connection with the power grid.
B. Prefluxing
Prefluxing is the applying of a voltage on the secondary
winding of the transformer (the load and PV system side in
Fig.1). This voltage will generate a flux p in the primary
winding which opposite to the flux
overall flux becomes

ipv
Vdc

[6], [9]. In this case, the

1 p , which reduces the flux and

escapes from the saturation region and hence reduce the inrush
current.

L2

L1

ipv

Rpv

(3)

m Vs / N , r is the core residual flux. Residual

instant of energizing

vpv

Single-phase
vector control

PV array

the integration gives

where

Vs more than m ,

C1
Vpv

Vdc

Cinv

C2

vpv
1-ph
Inverter
Coupling
transformer

LCL filter

Lg

Switch

Rg
RL
AC
source

LL

AC grid

Saturable
transformer

Load

Fig. 2. A single phase grid-connected PV system

B. PV System
The PV system [11] - [17] consists of a PV array, DC-DC
boost converter, DC link capacitor, single-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI) [11] and its controller, LCL filter, step-up
coupling transformer for interfacing with the saturable
transformer secondary side. The PV array is connected to a
DC-DC boost converter for step up the DC PV voltage to the
level of the allowable maximum line voltage using a maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) controller [12], [13]. The MPPT
controller is achieved through a current estimator of the PV
array, and generates the reference voltage for the DC-DC boost

16th International Middle- East Power Systems Conference -MEPCON'2014

Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, December 23 - 25, 2014

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS

the grid voltage Vs with the transformer primary winding

voltage V1 (produced by 1), illustrate the magnetizing inrush
current Im and show the core flux .
5

Voltage (V)

x 10

Vs

t=1/f V1

3
1
-1
-3

(A)

800
600
400
200
0
-200

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08 0.1 0.12

Time (sec)

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

1000
Flux (Wb)

converter. The single-phase VSI with LCL filter converts a DC

input voltage into AC voltage by using appropriate switch
signals to make the output current in phase with utility voltage
and unity power factor [14].
The PV array is modeled as the SunPower SPR-305-WHT
module [10], [17]. The array consists of 6600 strings of 5
series-connected modules connected in parallel (6600*5*305.2
W= 10 MW). Irradiance is the primary effecting factor of
parameters of PV array model so that the system operating
point will change with the variation of irradiance.
There are three considerations have been guaranteed under
control in this paper. These considerations are:
1) Unity power factor for the output of the PV system; i.e.,
both voltage and current are in phase, for controlling the
active and reactive powers individually.
2) The voltage of the PV system is synchronized to the grid
voltage.
3) The MPPT technique is applied for maximizing power
transfer for the grid-load system.

500
0
-500

A. Study of Inrush Current Reduction

The inrush current reduction method explained in section II
is applied on the study system described in section III. The PV
grid-connected system data is considered as shown in Table I.

Fig. 3. Transformer energizing at t= 1/f sec

VSI system
LCL filter
Coupling
transformer

(A)
m

DC-DC boost
converter
DC filter

-3

800
600
400
200
0
-200

x 10

t=2/f V
1

Vs

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08 0.1 0.12

Time (sec)

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

1000
Flux (Wb)

Element
Grid
Saturable
transformer
Load
PV array

Table I
Study system data
Data
198.2 kV, 60 Hz, Rg=40 , Lg=0.65 H.
35 MVA, 60 Hz, 199.2 kV/15 kV, 500 core
loss resistance, 74.7 Wb residual flux.
15 kV, 30 MW, 10 MVAR.
10 MW maximum power at 1000 W/m2
irradiance
5 kHz, 500V boost converter with MPPT
controller.
0.01 F, 50 H, 0.05 m for output of the PV
array.
0.6 F capacitor for inverter input.
10 MW, 500V DC/260V AC with single phase
vector control.
5 H inductor, 500 kVAR capacitor bank with
50 kW active power.
10 MVA, 60 Hz, 260V/15kV.

Voltage (V)

5
3
1
-1

500
0
-500

Fig. 4. Transformer energizing at t= 2/f sec

In the PV system, the DC/AC inverter (VSI) starts to

operate in a power transfer mode at t=0.05 sec, that equivalent
to t=3/60 sec. The prefluxing (section II-B) and the instant of
energizing the transformer (section II-C) are studied by using
the results in Fig. 3 to Fig. 11. In these figures, the switch
connects the primary side of the transformer with the electrical
grid at different instants: t=1/60, t=2/60, t=3/60, t=4/60, t=5/60,
t=6/60, t=7/60, t=8/60 and t=9/60 sec. These figures compare

Figures 3, 4 and 5 represent the cases of energizing the

transformer without the PV system. In these cases the
switching instants are either before (t=1/f and t=2/f) or exactly
(t=3/f) at the instant of applying the PV power to the secondary
side of the transformer. The magnetizing inrush current Im is
very high (817 A at t=1/f) and reaches about 4.6 % of the rated
current. The other two cases have also high inrush current and

16th International Middle- East Power Systems Conference -MEPCON'2014

Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, December 23 - 25, 2014
close to the previous value as shown in Figures 4 and 5.
The PV system produces a preflux starting from t=3/f sec.
So the preflux effect is starting from the energizing instant
t=4/f sec as seen in Fig. 6. In Fig. 6, the maximum value of
inrush current is Im = 497.7 A. Figure 7 represents the best
energizing instant case with maximum value of inrush current
Im = 2.38 A. With delaying the energizing instant beyond t=5/f
sec, the maximum value of the inrush current is increased as
shown in Fig. 8 to Fig. 11 and reaches Im = 866.87 A at t=9/f
sec.
5

x 10

t=3/f V
1

Vs

1
-1
-3

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

Voltage (V)

Voltage (V)

In contrast, delay the switching of the grid some cycles and

the phase angle between the grid voltage Vs and the voltage
produced across the primary (by the PV generation) V1 governs
the best energizing instant. During the delayed periods, the
induced voltage waveform on the primary windings V1 is
phase-shifted to the grid voltage Vs; therefore the flux produced
in the core of the transformer is in a reverse direction that
opposites the grid effect. Maximum negative flux produced in
the core occurs when the phase shift becomes 1800. Minimum
inrush current is investigated when both voltage waveforms (Vs
and V1) are in phase and also when enough negative flux
produced in the core.

(A)
m

(A)

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.02

Flux (Wb)

1000

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08 0.1 0.12

Time (sec)

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

Flux (Wb)

Fig. 5. Transformer energizing at t= 3/f sec

1
-1
0

4
2
0
-2
-4

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

1000
500
0
-500
-1000

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08 0.1 0.12

Time (sec)

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

Fig. 7. Transformer energizing at t= 5/f sec

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

Voltage (V)

Vs
5
3
1
-1
-3

Vs

V1

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08 0.1 0.12

Time (sec)

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

150

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

50

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08 0.1 0.12

Time (sec)

0.14

0.16

Fig. 6. Transformer energizing at t= 4/f sec

0.18

0.2

Flux (Wb)

-50

1000
500
0
-500
-1000

x 10

250
(A)

600
400
200
0
-200

t=4/f V
1

5
3
1
-1
-3

x 10

(A)

Voltage (V)

t=5/f

500

-500

Flux (Wb)

Vs

V1

-3

800
600
400
200
0
-200

x 10

1000
500
0
-500
-1000

Fig. 8. Transformer energizing at t= 6/f sec

16th International Middle- East Power Systems Conference -MEPCON'2014

Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, December 23 - 25, 2014
control methods, the optimal switching instant can be
identified in real-time at different PV energy and power system
size and conditions.

Vs

V1

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08 0.1 0.12

Time (sec)

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

Fig. 9. Transformer energizing at t= 7/f sec

Flux (Wb)

(A)

Voltage (V)

5
3
1
-1
-3

800
600
400
200
0
-200

1000
500
0
-500
-1000

x 10

Vs

V1

x 10

Vs

V1

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08 0.1 0.12

Time (sec)

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

500
0
-500

Flux (Wb)

Flux (Wb)

1000
500
0
-500
-1000

5
3
1
-1
-3

1000

0.2
(A)

(A)

450
300
150
0
-150

x 10

Voltage (V)

Voltage (V)

5
3
1
-1
-3

1000
500
0
-500
-1000

Fig. 11. Transformer energizing at t= 9/f sec

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

B. Harmonic Analysis
Total harmonic distortion (THD) is the measure of the
harmonic distortion and is defined as the ratio of the sum of the
powers of all harmonic components to the power of the
fundamental frequency. The higher THD shows that the
waveform is more different from a pure sinusoidal waveform
than the one with lower THD. For example, THD for the
magnetizing inrush current Im can be calculated as

I
THD =
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08 0.1 0.12

Time (sec)

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

Fig. 10. Transformer energizing at t= 8/f sec

It can be concluded from analyzing the results that there are

two main factors for getting the best grid-switching time. First,
enough negative magnetizing flux is produced in the core; the
second is the instance that the voltage of both grid and PV are
synchronized as depicted in Fig. 7. After studying many
operational cases, the best switching instance is found
different. It mainly depends on the solar irradiance and power
rating of the PV array with respect to the connected load.
Therefore, for a specified systems condition, there is one
optimum switching time. The above results are obtained using
simple and specific model to illustrate the proposed reduction
method. With the direction towards smart grid strategies and

n=2

I m1

2
mn

100 %

(4)

where I m1 is the magnitude of the fundamental frequency (60

Hz) component of the magnetizing current, and I mn is the nth
order harmonic current. The following analysis considers up to
the 11th order harmonics.
Table II shows the THD for the saturable transformer
magnetizing inrush current Im, primary winding voltage V1 and
the core flux using fast Fourier transform (FFT) [10] at
different energizing instants. The lower THD is found at the
instant t=5/f sec. Table III shows the dc component,
fundamental and the harmonic currents for the inrush current
Im obtained from the FFT analysis. The Im components have
the best (low) values at the t=5/f sec energizing instant. This
results confirm the analysis in section (IV-A).

16th International Middle- East Power Systems Conference -MEPCON'2014

Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, December 23 - 25, 2014
Table II
THD at different switching instants
1/f
2/f
3/f
4/f
5/f
6/f
7/f
8/f
9/f

Im
(%)
75.71
74.76
73.35
98.33
4.31
137.04
96.44
71.78
53.78

V1
(%)
22.8
23.93
25.33
21.00
2.19
10.64
18.14
24.55
29.67

[2]

Flux
(%)
10.03
10.68
11.51
8.71
4.3
4.51
7.5
10.82
13.24

[3]

[4]

[5]

Table III
Harmonic components of magnetizing current Im (RMS value) at
different energizing instants
1/f
2/f
3/f
4/f
5/f
6/f
7/f
8/f
9/f

DC
(A)
65.69
71.74
69.09
33.03
0.01
8.39
25.02
39.91
46.13

Fundamental
(A)
131.36
126.44
121.26
61.64
1.27
17.21
47.12
70.64
76.45

3rd
(A)
43.88
40.87
37.78
32.14
0.02
12.55
23.86
20.11
8.21

5th
(A)
1.21
0.53
1.00
5.55
0.01
7.21
2.71
4.43
3.46

7th
(A)
0.95
1.09
1.59
2.59
0.01
2.33
3.00
0.41
1.33

9th
(A)
1.42
1.55
1.30
1.15
0.01
0.57
0.48
0.69
0.41

11th
(A)
0.41
0.15
0.55
0.14
0.00
1.23
0.64
0.37
0.26

[6]

[7]

[8]

V. CONCLUSION
This paper utilized the PV energy to overcome the
transformer magnetizing inrush current. A single-phase system
was constructed as an example for this study. The PV system
produced a prefux in the core to compensate the energizing
instant flux. The inrush current of the transformer was
minimized by suitable choice of the number of delayed cycles
before energizing. The inrush current reduction technique
depends on both of the instant of switching and the energy
injected into the electric grid by the PV at the same time. For
the specified grid-connected PV system, the most suitable
instant for connecting the grid to the transformer is after 5
delay cycles at 1000 W/m2 solar irradiance. Harmonic analysis
was achieved to confirm the simulation results. From analyzing
additional results, it concluded that applying the proposed
inrush current reduction technique depends on the energy
injected into the electric grid by the PV installation. As the
power system has been pushed towards the smart grid and the
wide area measurements and control will be available in the
near future, the PV and storage control can consider the
optimal switching instant of the transformer for elimination of
the inrush current and the corresponding harmonics whatever
the system operating condition.

[9]

[10]
[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]
[15]

[16]

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