Lindsay Jolly

APUSH B3

LAST ONE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1970s Study Guide and Vocab
1) Nixon sought a very different approach to Communist relations than previous
established by presidents such as Truman and Eisenhower. Rather than tense
relations against the Soviet Union and China, Nixon supported Dtente policies and
worked towards demilitarization with the Soviet Union with policies, such as salt, I
and II that limited the number of nuclear arms both side could have. Nixon also
worked towards with outward shows of neutrality by being the first president to visit
China, let alone communist China. This was largely beneficial for the United States
as people were less concerned about nuclear war or communism as a pressing
threat.

2) The war in Vietnam started under the proxy-containment idea that communism
couldnt be allowed to spread. Nixon however, played to both the silent majority and the
anti-war movement by calling for an end to the war. He did this by weaning Vietnam off
of American troops and leaving the South Vietnamese to their own fighting. While this
was said, the soldiers pulled out of Vietnam were instead sent to Cambodia to flank the
Vietcong. This was a massive failure and led to the destabilization of Vietnam and the
rise of the Khmer Rouge. When this came to light the Anti-War movement had come to
a crescendo and the call for the end of the war was deafening.
3) Watergate really showed the problems with an extremely powerful central
government and gave rise to the underlying conservative feelings felt by the silent
majority. That being said, the Republican Party was left in shambles after the incident,
leaving the Democratic Party to pick up their foul with President Carter.
4) Following Americas support of democratic Israel, the US really had its first brush with
Middle Eastern politics as OPEC raised prices against America, to which America
responded with an oil embargo. After this, the Iranian Islamic revolution turned out to be
massively against the US, and led to further increase in anti-American sentiments in the
Middle East. This was followed by President Carters statement that force would be
used if necessary in the Middle East.
5) Carters failure as a president came from a his inability to really reach what the
public wanted, doing virtually nothing about the recession, and failing to effectively
handle the Middle East issues in Iran. Carters decision to cut market shares and
exports drastically impacted the economy as imports outweighed exports and American

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APUSH B3

companies such as Ford, GM, and Chrysler suffered. Large industrial manufacturing
jobs had to lay off nearly half of their employees, leading to a sharp decline in domestic
production. This coupled with the Oil Embargo led to deep economic upset in the United
States.

VOCAB
Henry Kissinger - National Security Advisor and Secretary of State during the Nixon
Administration, he was responsible for negotiating an end to the Yom Kippur War as well
as the Treaty of Paris that led to a ceasefire in Vietnam in 1973
Vietnamization - Nixon's policy that involved withdrawing 540,000 US troops from South
Vietnam over an extended period of time. It also included a gradual take over of the
South Vietnamese taking responsibility of fighting their own war by American-provided
money, weapons, training, and advice.
Nixon Doctrine - Created during the Vietnam War. Stated that the US would honor its
existing defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their
own wars without support of American troops.
Kent State - Massacre of four college students by National Guardsmen on May 4, 1970,
in Ohio. In response to Nixon's announcement that he had expanded the Vietnam War
into Cambodia, college campuses across the country exploded in violence.
My Lai - 1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and
children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.
Pentagon Papers - Top-secret documents, published by The New York Times in 1971,
that showed the blunders and deceptions that led the United States into the Vietnam
War.
Paris Accords of 1973 - promised cease fire and free elections in North Vietnam
Detente - Relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major
Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China.
SALT - (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) Treaty signed in 1972 between the U.S. and
the USSR. This agreement limited the number of missiles in each nation and led to the
SALT II discussions and a slowdown of the arms race between the two countries. A
second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and
the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of
weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of
Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.
New Federalism - System in which the national government restores greater authority
back to the states.

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Stagflation - During the 60's and 70's, the U.S. was suffering from 5.3% inflation and 6%
unemployment. Refers to the unusual economic situation in which an economy is
suffering both from inflation and from stagnation of its industrial growth.
Title IX - Provision of the 1972 Education Amendments that prohibited gender
discrimination and opened sports and other arenas to women
Roe v. Wade (1973) - 1973 All state laws prohibiting abortions were made
unconstitutional based on a woman's right to privacy
Watergate - The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National
Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House
involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of
impeachment.
War Powers Act (1973) - passed by congress in 1973; the president is limited in the
deployment of troops overseas to a sixty-day period in peacetime (which can be
extended for an extra thirty days to permit withdrawal) unless congress explicitly gives
its approval for a longer period.
Impeachment - Special committee led by Ervin began impeachment talks about Nixon.
Impeachment hearing were opened May 9, 1974 against Nixon by the House Judiciary
Committee. The Committee recommended 3 articles of impeachment against Nixon:
taking part in a criminal conspiracy to obstruct justice, "repeatedly" failing to carry out
his constitutional oath, and unconstitutional defiance of committee subpoenas. Nixon
resigned on August 9.
Gerald Ford - president 1974-77, Nixon's Vice president, only person not voted into the
White House, appointed vice president by Nixon: became president after Nixon
resigned
Fall of Saigon - final assault of north vietnamese on south Vietnam's capital city in 1975;
occasion of surrender of South Vietnam
Jimmy Carter - President who stressed human rights. Because of the Soviet war in
Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the
1980 Olympics in Moscow
Panama Canal Treaty (1978) - Passed by President Carter, these called for the gradual
return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided
for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality.
Camp David Accords (1978) - The Camp David Accords were the peace accords signed
by Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat to finally end the Israeli-Egyptian disputes. The
achievement by Carter is considered his greatest achievement in office.
Iranian Hostage Crisis - The 444 days in which American embassy workers were held
captive by Iranian revolutionaries after young Muslim fundamentalists overthrew the
oppressive regime of the American-backed shah, forcing him into exile. These

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revolutionaries triggered an energy crisis by cutting off Iranian oil. The crisis began
when revolutionaries stormed the American embassy, demanding that the United States
return the shah to Iran for trial. The episode was marked by botched diplomacy and
failed rescue attempts by the Carter Administration. After permanently damaging
relations between the two countries, the crisis ended with the hostage's release the day
Ronald Reagan became president.
Soviet Afghanistan Invasion - Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan on December 1979;
Carter placed embargo on wheat shipments to Russia, increased spending on defense,
and an Olympic boycott.
Cesar Chavez - Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the
National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers. He helped to
improve conditions for migrant farm workers and unionize them.
American Indian Movement - (AIM) A Native American organization founded in 1968 to
protest government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans; in 1973,
organized the armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota.
Indian Self-Determination Act (1975) - Authorized Secretaries of the Interior and of
Health, Education and Welfare to open negotiations with recognized native american
tribes.
Gay Liberation Movement - In the 1970s, homosexuals began an effort to win social and
legal acceptance and to encourage gays to affirm their sexual identity. Despite some
advances, the movement was slowed by the onset of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s
and the insistence of the military on banning openly gay individuals from the armed
services.
Earth Day (1970) - International day of celebration and awareness of global
environmental issues launched by conservationists on April 22, 1970.
Three Mile Island - (March 28, 1979) (Carter) A mechanical failure and a human error at
this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16
mile radius.
Chernobyl - Nuclear accident in Ukraine in 1986 that released huge volumes of
radioactive materials.
Clean Air Act (1970) - The law that charged the Department of Transportation with the
responsibility to reduce automobile emissions.
Enviromental Protection Agency (EPA) - A governmental organization signed into law by
Richard Nixon in 1970 designed to regulate pollution, emissions, and other factors that
negatively influence the natural environment. The creation of the it marked a newfound
commitment by the federal government to actively combat environmental risks and was
a significant triumph for the environmentalist movement.
Endangered Species Act (1973) - Identifies threatened and endangered species in the

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U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations.

1980s/1990s Study Guide and Vocab
1) Reagan's rise to presidency reshaped american politics in many ways. Obviously
there is the tax reduciton, the increased military investments, and him putting a woman
into the Senate, but what did all this do for us Americans? It changed the way our politcs
work. Reagan put us in a conservative time period and spent his time focussing on us,
the United States. This wasn't something that was commonly found in presidents. In
fact, people were so impacted that they actually thought the Democratic party wouldn't
return to the white house, at least not for a while. While President Reagan did great
things for our country, he also put is into a lot of debt due to the miltitary investments.
However, this would somewhat be fixed in later presidencies.
2) Reagan's 1981 Program for Economic Recovery had four major policy objectives: (1)
reduce the growth of government spending, (2) reduce the marginal tax rates on income
from both labor and capital, (3) reduce regulation, and (4) reduce inflation by controlling
the growth of the money supply. These major policy changes, in turn, were expected to
increase saving and investment, increase economic growth, balance the budget, restore
healthy financial markets, and reduce inflation and interest rates. These goals, however,
did not "reverse" prior friscal trends, it only moderated them.
3) Due to Russian threats of nuclear warfare, the United States as a whole was scared
and ready for anything. We didn't know anything of what our immidiate future held,
therefore we put our religious and moral issues in the forefront of our political worries.
4) There are four international developments that will shape humanitarian assistance in
the next decade and beyond. These include:
a. the reordering of Western power resulting from the end of the Cold War;
b. the resurgence of Islamic power;
c. the reemergence of ethno-nationalism; and
d. the shift towards market-based democracies.
Each of these presents new opportunities, as well as posing new constraints on
international relief and development agencies.
5) There are four international developments that will shape humanitarian assistance in
the next decade and beyond. These include: the reordering of Western power resulting
from the end of the Cold War; the resurgence of Islamic power; the reemergence of
ethno-nationalism; and the shift towards market-based democracies.Each of these
presents new opportunities, as well as posing new constraints on international relief and
development agencies.
6) Clinton's bigest failure in my opinion was Somalia. Clinton dispached American
troops for a peice keeping mission in 1993, Somali rebels killed more than a dozen
Americans. In March 1994 Clinton withdrew American troop without having

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accompished any goal. His biggest success, however, was China. Clinton tried to
improve trade relations in China. In May 2000 congress passed a China trade bill makin
China a trading partener of the U.S.
VOCAB
Political Actions Committees - Funding vehicles created by the 1974 campaign finance
reforms. A corporation, union, or some other interest group can create a political action
committee (PAC) and register it with the Federal Election Commission, which will
meticulously monitor the PAC's expenditures.
Religious Fundamentalism - Along with political conservatives and political action
committees were opposed to big government, New Deal liberalism, gun control,
feminism, gay rights, welfare, affirmative action, sexual permissiveness, abortion, and
drug use, which were, in their views, responsible for undermining family and religious
values, the work ethic and national security.
Televangelists - Evangelical ministers to reach a large nationwide audience.. Baptist
Billy Graham, and Oral Roberts, and Roman Catholic Fulton J. Sheen took to the
television airwaves to spread Christianity.
Moral Majority - Coalition of very conservative, evangelical Christians known as the
religious right. 1979 Jerry Falwell founded a political organization called the Moral
Majority. It registered 2-3 million voters.
Reverse Discrimination - During the 1970's, white workers and students felt that they
were being discriminated against by employers and admission offices because too
much weight was put on race and ethnic background. In the court case, Bakke vs.
California, the Supreme Court declared that preference in admissions to a college could
not be given to a certain race, but racial factors could be taken into account in a school's
overall admissions policy.
Ronald Reagan - First elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a
campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of
California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran
released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed
Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many
welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid
conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He
was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.
Supply-Side Economics (Reaganomics) - Reaganomics (the federal economic polices
of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist
fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce
the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth) policy based on the
theory that allowing companies the opportunity to make profits, and encouraging
investment, will stimulate the economy and lead to higher standards of living for
everyone. Argued that tax cuts can be used stimulate economic growth. Move money
into the hands of the people and they will invest, thus creating prosperity.

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"Trickle Down" economy - Coolidge would assist the hard pressed railroads,banks, and
rural credit corporations in the hope that if financial health were restored at the top of
the economic pyramid, unemployment would be relieved at the bottom on a trickle down
basis. Got Congress to spend $2.25 billion on useful public works.
Sandra Day O'Connor - The first woman to be in the Supreme Court. Appointed by
Ronald Regan, O'Connor was an Associate Justice from 1981 until 2006.
William Rehnquist - a new chief justice scaled back affirmative action in hiring and
promotions limited roe v. wade.
Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) - Popularly known as "Star Wars," President
Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, antimissile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics
claimed that SDI could never be perfected.
Iran-Contra Affair - Scandal that erupted after the Reagan administration sold weapons
to Iran in hopes of freeing American hostages in Lebanon; money from the arms sales
was used to aid the Contras (anti-Communist insurgents) in Nicaragua, even though
Congress had prohibited this assistance. Talk of Reagan's impeachment ended when
presidential aides took the blame for the illegal activity.
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) - A political and paramilitary organization
regarded by the Arab league since October 1974 as the "sole legitimate representative
of the Palestinian people."
Yasser Arafat - In 1993 Clinton presided over a historic meeting at the White House
between Israeli premier Yitzshak Rabin and Palestine Liberation Organization leader
Yasir. They agreed in principle on self-rule for the Palestinians within Israel.
Mikhail Gorbachev - Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold
War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931).
Glasnost - Openness to end political repression & move toward a greater political
freedom for soviet citizens.
Peresroika - An economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union. Intended to
increase automation and labor efficiency but it led eventually to the end of central
planning in the Russian economy.
Tiananmen Square (1989) - Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers
gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed
by Chinese military with great loss of life.
Berlin Wall Falls (1989) - In 1989, the Berlin Wall came down. The fall of the wall
marked an end to Soviet influence in the country and allowed for Germany to become
reunited.
Soviet Union Breakup - Came about by the swift mrach of events and the nationalist
desire for self determination; gorbachev and the soviet union were overwhelmed.

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Boris Yeltsin - Was the first President of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 1999. His
era was a traumatic period in Russian historya period marked by widespread
corruption, economic collapse, and enormous political and social problems. By the time
he left office, he was a deeply unpopular figure in Russia, with an approval rating as low
as two percent by some estimates.
George H. W. Bush - Was the 42nd president of the United States, previously being
Ronald Reagan's vice-president. His policies and ideals derived heavily from his
predecessor and were built on them. He was a well-to-do oil tycoon before devoting
himself to the public. He served as a congressman, emissary to China, ambassador to
the UN, director of the CIA, and vice president before becoming president.
Saddam Hussein - Saddam Hussein was the leader of Iraq during the middle of the
Cold War. Although initially supported by the U.S. to fight Iran, his invasion of Kuwait
made him a prime enemy of America.
Persian Gulf War (1991) - After Iraq invaded Kuwait, the US invaded Iraq to liberate
Kuwait; Iraq set Kuwait's oil fields on fire so the Americans couldn't gain the oil; this
conflict caused the US to set military bases in Saudi Arabia; also called Operation:
Desert Storm.
Operation Desert Storm - The United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war
that lasted 100 hours , The code name for the liberation of Kuwait during the Perisan
Gulf War of 1991.
Clarence Thomas - This man was an African American jurist, and a strict critic of
affirmative action. He was nominated by George H. W. Bush to be on the Supreme
Court in 1991, and shortly after was accused of sexual harassment by Anita Hill.
Hearings were reopened, and he became the second African American to hold a seat in
the Supreme Court.
Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) - An act that prohibited discrimination against
citizens with physical and mental disabilities in hiring, transportation, and public
accommodation.
William (Bill) Clinton - Was the 42nd president of the United States, the first of the
"Baby-Boomer" era. He claimed to be a "new Democrat" to combat allegations against
him. His main goals were to fix the economy, which he did by suppressing
unemployment rates, controlling inflation, funding social programs, and installing
NAFTA. He was also caught in a scandal involving Monica Lewinsky, a White House
intern.
NAFTA - Established free trade zone between Canada, United States and Mexico, net
gain in jobs due to opening of Mexican markets.
Brady Bill - Gun-control law named for presidential aide James Brady who had been
wounded and disabled by gunfire in the assassination attempt on Reagan in 1981.
Newt Gingrich - Promoter of the "Contract with America" and the first Republican

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speaker in 40 years.
Oklahoma City Bombing - Bombing of Murrah Federal Building. The blast, set off by
Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, killed 168 people, including 19 children in the
building's day-care center.
Welfare Reform - Bill that made reductions in welfare grants and required able welfare
recipients to find employment.
Clinton Impeachment - After Clinton confessed before a jury that he and Lewinsky had
an improper relationship, the prospect of impeachment became an issue, especially in
the congressional elections. The House narrowly approved 2 counts of impeachment;
lying to the grand jury and obstructing justice, and the matter moved to the Senate
where a trial continued for weeks without generating any significant public support. It
ended with a decisive acquittal of the president.
Madeleine Albright - The first woman to serve as secretary of state; proved to be more
assertive in the use of american power.
Yugoslavia Breakup - The 6 republics split up, had civil war, and joined together.
Balkan Wars - Two wars (1912-1913) that were fought over the last of the European
territories of the Ottoman Empire and that left the area around Constantinople (now
Istanbul) as the only Ottoman territory in Europe.
European Union (EU) - Economic union between countries in Europe for mutual gain.
Originally formed in 1951 as the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), it later
became the European Community in 1967, then the European Union in 1991.
World Trade Organization - International trade organization that prompted strong
protests from anti-global trade forces in Seattle, Washington in 1999.